• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.560-569
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• 1999

Blood supply rather than nerve supply implies pulp vitality. To evaluate pulp vitality clinically, electric pulp test and thermal test which are based on sensory nerve response have been used in addition to many auxiliary data such as past dental history, visual inspection, radiographic examination, percussion, palpation and transillumination test. However, reactivity of the nerves to the stimulation is not synonymous with normalcy. Therefore measurement of pulpal blood flow using a laser Doppler flowmeter became a new trial to test the pulp vitality. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate normal pulpal blood flow level of maxillary teeth in adult to provide a guideline in determining the vitality of dental pulp. Pulpal blood flow was measured in maxillary central and lateral incisors, canines, first and second premolars and first molars of seventy nine adults of 22 - 30 years old using a laser Doppler flowmeter (PeriFlux 4001, Perimed Co., Stockholm, Sweden, 780 nm infrared laser, 1mW). For directly-made splints, silicone rubber impressions were taken directly from the mouth. For indirectly-made splints, alginate impressions were taken from the mouth and stone cast were made. After making depressions on the buccal surfaces of the cast teeth to indicate the hole positions, second impressions with vinyl polysyloxane putty were taken from the cast. Holes for the laser probes were made at the putty impressions 4mm above the gingival level. Laser probe (PF416 dental probe, 1.5mm) was inserted in the prepared hole and the splint was set in the mouth. After 10 minutes of patient relaxing, pulpal blood flow was recorded for 5 minutes on each tooth. The recorded flow was saved in the computer and calculated with a software 'Perisoft' version 5.1. Pulpal blood flow was also recorded in six teeth of five individuals with no response to electric pulp test and cold test, with periapical radiolucency, or with history of root canal treatment to compare with nonvital teeth. The difference between the mean flow values of each group of teeth were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Duncan's Multiple Range test. The results were as follows: 1. The average pulpal blood flow values of all the tested teeth of each location were between 9 - 16 Perfusion Unit. Pulpal blood flow value was highest in maxillary lateral incisors, followed by first premolars, second premolars, canines, central incisors, and then first molars (p<0.01). 2. In six anterior teeth, indirectly-made splint group showed higher pulpal blood flow values than directly-made splint group (p<0.01). In posterior teeth, however, there was no significant flow value difference between directly-made splint group and indirectly-made splint one (p>0.05). 3. Teeth with vital pulps showed higher signal values than teeth with nonvital pulps (p<0.01), and the flow photographs showed heartbeat-synchronous fluctuations and vasomotions, while those were absent in non vital tooth.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.104-111
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• 1993

Background: Gram-negative bacterial endotoxin induced septicemia is known to be a leading cause in the development of adult respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS). The mechanism of endotoxin induced lung injury is mainly due to the activated neutrophils which injure the capillary endothelial cells by releasing oxidant radical and resulted in pulmonary edema. We studied the change of antioxidant enzyme in the case of large or small, intermittant dose of endotoxin infused rat lungs. Methods: Endotoxin was given to the rat through the peritoneal cavity in the dose of 7 mg/kg body weight in the large dose group and 1 mg/kg for 10 days in the small dose group. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was done and rats were killed at 6, 12, 24 hours after single endotoxin injection in the large dose group and 3, 7, 10 days after daily endotoxin injection for 10 days in the small dose group. The lungs were perfused with normal saline through the pulmonary artery to remove the blood and were homogenized in 5 volume of 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer containing 0.1 mM EDTA. After centrifuging at 100,000 g for 60 minute, the supernatent was removed and stored at $-70^{\circ}C$ until measuring for superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and protein. Results: We observed the following results. 1) The lung wet/dry weight ratio and albumin concentration in the BAL fluids were increased to peak at 12 hours and neutrophil number in the BAL fluids were peak at 6 hours after endotoxin injection in the large dose group. 2) Cu, Zn SOD (IU/mg protein) was significantly decreased after 6, 12 hours after endotoxin injection in the large dose group. 3) There were no singnificant change in the level of Mn SOD, catalase, GSH-Px after endotoxin injection in both groups. Conclusion: Endotoxin in the large dose group produced the acute pulmonary edema and decreased the Cu, Zn SOD in the lung tissue after injecting endotoxin at 6 and 12 hours. These phenomenon may be due to the cell membrane damage by endotoxin. Further research would be necessary whther giving SOD by intratracheal route or method to increase the synthesis of SOD may lessen the acute lung injury by endotoxin.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.683-693
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• 1993

Background: During movement the major inputs to nervous system come from firstly the muscle and joint to maintain posture and motion and secondly the chemoreceptors and baroreceptors to adjust the cardiovascular and respiratory function. Their complex relationships are generally studied for many years but the direct relation between the joint and respiratory system is not studied thoroughly until now. So this experiment was performed to determine whether the natural movement of knee joint can cause the enhancement of respiratory function by observation of the changes of respiratory rate, phrenic nerve activity and inspiratory neuron activity during the stimulation of knee joint in cat anesthetized with $\alpha$-chloralose. Method: Twenty six male adult cats were used and the extracelluar recording using bipolar platinum electrode and carbon filament electrode was done to record the changes in the activities of phrenic nerve and inspiratory neuron movement of knee joint, injection of chemicals into the joint cavity and electrical stimulation of articular nerve were done. Results: The 60 Hz. could not but 120 Hz. flexion-extension movement of knee joint increased respiratory rate(R.R.), tidal neural activity(TNA) and minute neural activity(MNA). Intra-articular injection of lactate could not increase R.R. but significantly increase TNA and MNA which represented the enhanced respiratory function. Injection of potassium chloride showed similar effects with the case of lactate but the duration of effect was shorter. The electrical stimulation of medial articular nerve with IV strength which could activate only group I and II afferents showed increased TNA and MNA during stimulation but 20 V stimulation which could activate all the afferents increased all the respiratory parameters. The changes of inspiratory neuron activity by knee joint stimulation was similar to that of phrenic nerve. Conclusion: The respiratory center could be directly stimulated by the activation of group I and II articular afferents and it seemed that the magnitude of the respiratory center enhancement is proportional to the amount of sensory information from the knee joint. These facts might suggest that the respiratory function could be enhanced even by the normal movement of knee joint.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.324-332
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the stress distribution of teeth and jaw on load by differentiating property of materials according to each layer of widely used mouthguard. Materials and methods: A Korean adult having normal cranium and mandible was selected to examine. A customized mouthguard was constructed by use of DRUFOMAT plate and DRUFOMAT-TE/-SQ of Dreve Co. according to Signature Mouthguard system. The cranium was scanned by means of computed tomography with 1mm interval. It was modeled with CANTIBio BIONIX/Body Builder program and simulated and interpreted using Alter HyperMesh program. The mouthguard was classified as follows according to the layers. (1) soft guard (Bioplast)(SG) (2) hard guard (Duran)(HG) (3) medium guard (Drufomat)(MG) (4) soft layer + hard layer (SG + HG) (5) hard layer + soft layer (HG + SG) (6) soft layer + hard layer + soft layer (SG + HG + SG) (7) hard layer + soft layer + hard layer (HG + SG + HG) The impact locations on mandible were gnathion, the center of inferior border, and the anterior edge of gonial angle. And the impact directions were oblique ($45^{\circ}$). The impact load was 800 N for 0.1 sec. The stress distribution was measured at maxillary teeth, TMJ and maxilla. The statistics were conducted using Repeated ANOVA and in case of difference, Duncan test was used as post analysis. Results: In teeth and maxilla, the mouthguard contacting soft layer of mandibular teeth presented lowest stress measure and, in contrast, in condyle, the mouthguard contacting hard layer of mandibular teeth presented lowest stress measure. Conclusion: For all impact directions, soft layer + hard layer + soft layer, the mouthguard with three layers which the hard layer is sandwiched between two soft layers, showed relatively even distribution of stress in impact.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.416-426
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• 2005

Intravenous sedation have many advantages of rapid onset and recovery, ability of control sedation levels and duration through titration. Midazolam is most commonly used intravenous medication for sedation in pediatrics, endoscopy, oncologic procedures and so on. But in dentistry, midazolam intravenous sedation is usually for adult, and there are few reports for children. Todays, children who need sedation become more and older, intravenous sedation technique is going a matter of concern in pediatric dentistry. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the efficacy of sedation and clinical success for different initial dosage of midazolam in intravenous sedation for pediatric dental patients. 16 healthy children (male 10, female 6), mean age $54.7{\pm}10.7$ months, who needed at least two separate treatment visits requiring local anesthesia were chosen for this study. Every children were taken 0.3mg/kg, maximum 5mg of midazolam by intramuscular route, and then 30~50% $N_2O-O_2$ for 10 minutes was given. On every visits, one of the following 2 different initial dosage was given by intravenous route : (1) Group I : 0.1mg/kg Midazolam (2) Group II : 0.2mg/kg Midazolam. Additional dosage was half of the first dose. Physiologic parameters (oxygen saturation, heart rate, respiratory rate, end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure) was recorded by ten procedure steps. Behavior was videotaped and rated using Ohio State University Behavioral Rating Scale and Automated Counting System by one investigator, blind to administered dosage. After the treatment, operator evaluated the clinical success. Physiologic parameters were stable and within normal range during treatment in both groups. The analyzed sedative effect, in behavioral evaluation, ratio of favorable Quiet was higher in group II, and clinical success rate of group II was better than group I. Induction time was rapid in group II, and recovery time was rapid in group I. And there was no statistically difference between two groups in every results.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2013

Currently, commercially available phantom can reproduce and evaluate only a static situation, the study is incomplete research on phantom and system which is can confirmed functional situation in the kidney by time through dynamic phantom and blood flow velocity, various difference according to the amount of radioactive. Therefore, through this study, it has produced the dynamic kidney phantom to reproduce images through the dynamic flow of the kidney, it desires to evaluate the usefulness of nuclear medicine imaging. The production of the kidney phantom was fabricated based on the normal adult kidney, in order to reproduce the dynamic situation based on the fabricated kidney phantom, in this study, it was applied the volume pump that can adjust the speed of blood flow, so it can be integrated continuously radioactive isotopes in the kidney by using $^{99m}Tc$-pertechnate. Used the radioactive isotope was supplied through the two pump. It was confirmed the changes according to the infusion rate, radioactive isotopes and the different injection speeds on the left and right, analysis of the acquired images was done by drawn five times ROI in order to check the reproducibility of each on the front and rear of the kidney and bladder. Depending on the speed of injection, radioisotope was a lot of integrated and emissions up when adjusting the pressure of the pump as 30 stroke, it was the least integrated and emissions up when adjusting as 40 stroke. The integration of the left & right kidney was not reached in the amount of the highest when adjusting as 10 stroke. In the changes according to the amount of the radioactive isotope, 0.6 mCi(22.2 MBq), 0.8 mCi (29.6 MBq)was showed up similar tendency but, in the result of the different injection 0.8 mCi, it was showed up counts close to double of 0.6 mCi. In the result of the differently injection speed of the left & right kidney, as a result of different conditions that injection speed was 20 stroke through left kidney phantom, the injection speed was 30 stroke through right kidney phantom, it was enough difference in the resulting image can be easily distinguished with the naked eye. Through this study, the results showed that the dynamic kidney phantom system is able to similarly reproduce renogram in the actual clinical practice. Especially, the depicted over time for the flow to be excreted through the kidney into the bladder was adequately reproduce, it is expected to be utilized as basic data to check the quality of the dynamic images. In addition, it is considered to help in the field of functional imaging and quality control.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.488-493
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• 1998

In the preoperative evaluation before coronary artery bypass surgery, review of the coronary arteriogram is the most important step. Expected "normal" lumen diameter at a given coronary anatomic location is a basis for quantative estimation of coronary disease severity that could be more useful than the traditional "percent stenosis". The distribution and number of major coronary artery branches are determinants of number of bypass grafts needed. We reviewed the coronary artery anatomy in 174 adult patients who revealed no coronary pathology in angiographic studies done from September 1994 to June 1996. Quantative analysis was done in all cases by a single person using a Computerized System (Arripro 35ⓡ). The results were follows; 1) The mean diametre of left main coronary artery was 4.45 mm(range 2.74~6.72). The pattern of branching was bifurcation in 67.24%, trifurcation in 28.74% and quadrifurcation in 4.02% of the patients. 2) The mean diametre of left anterior descending artery was 3.17 mm(range 2.10~5.85), 2.79 (range 1.55~5.59) and 2.17 mm(range 1.37~3.81) in the proximal, mid, and the distal portions, respectively. The number of diagonal branches of left anterior artery was from one to four(mode=2). 3) The mean diametre of proximal and distal left circumflex artery were 3.17mm(range 1.74~4.89) and 2.19 mm(range 1.21~4.46). The number of obtuse marginal branches of left circumflex artery is from one to six(mode 2). 4) The mean diametre of proximal and distal right coronary artery, the posterior descending artery and the largest posterolateral branch were mean 3.51 mm(range 2.07~5.67), 2.09 mm (range 1.42~3.60), 2.09 mm(range 1.02~3.60) and 2.30 mm(range 1.39~4.39). 5) The right coronary artery dominant was 163 cases(93.68%) of the total 174 cases. 6) The large significant acute marginal artery was visualized in more than half of the people. half of the people.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.732-737
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• 2009

Background: Many video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) lobectomies are performed as a potential alternative to thoracotomy despite the controversy about the safety and the associated morbidity/mortality rates. Material and Method: Between November 2006 and August 2008, we performed 87 lobectomies (VATS 36, Thoracotomy 51) and we retrospectively reviewed the surgical treatment results. A VATS lobectomy was performed by a 4~5 cm thoracotomy without rib spreading and this included anatomic hilar dissection, individual vessel and bronchus stapling and lymph node dissection. Result: We studied 52 male and 35 female patients whose age ranged from 6 to 79 (average age: $59.8{\pm}15.0$ years). The cases were diagnosed with lung cancer (66) (SQC 24, ADC 38, others 4), pulmonary metastasis (2), carcinoid (2) and benign diseases (17). There was no intraoperative death. Postoperative complications were seen in 5 (15.6%) VATS and 33 (64.7%) thoracotomies, and perioperative death caused by adult respiratory distress syndrome occurred in 1 (2.8%) VATS and 3 (5.9%) thoracotomies. Three patients Underwent conversion to thoracotomy (8.3%). The mean time to chest tube removal was 6 days for VATS and 9.4 days for thoracotomy (p<0.001), and the mean length of the hospital stay was 8 days for VATS and 12.8 days for thoracotomy (p<0.001). Conclusion: VATS lobectomy can be performed safely with low morbidity/mortality rates. Furthermore, all the patients benefited from earlier postoperative rehabilitation and less pain and they were candidates for an earlier return to normal activities.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.479-485
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• 2011

The cardiopulmonary responses during total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) between remifentanil/propofol infusion and remifentanil/ketamine infusion in dogs were compared. Fourteen healthy adult beagle dogs were premedicated with acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg, SC) and medetomidine (20 ${\mu}g$/kg, IV), and anesthetized for 3 hr with remifentanil (0.5 ${\mu}g$/kg/min)/propofol (loading dose: 1 mg/kg, CRI: 0.3 mg/kg/min) CRI (group 'P') or remifentanil/ ketamine (loading dose : 5 mg/kg, CRI: 0.1 mg/kg/min) CRI (group 'K'), respectively. Hemodynamics, blood gas analysis and behavioral changes during recovery were measured. The level of anesthesia was determined by toe-web clamping test. The level of surgical anesthesia was maintained throughout the experiment in both groups. Systolic arterial pressure, mean arterial pressure, $PaO_2$ and $SpO_2$ in group 'K' were significantly higher than in group 'P', and were maintained near the normal ranges. In addition, $PaO_2$ in group 'K' was significantly lower than in group 'P'. However, diastolic arterial pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate were not significantly differed. Mean extubation time from the end of infusion was significantly reduced in group 'K', but mean sitting time was significantly reduced in group 'P'. Mean head-up time and mean walking time were not significantly differed. In group 'K', brief muscle rigidity, head waving and licking during recovery were observed. In conclusion, infusion rate of ketamine (0.1 mg/ kg/min) with remifentanil (0.5 ${\mu}g$/kg/min) is an appropriate for obtaining the surgical plane of anesthesia. These results showed that group 'K' had better cardiopulmonary function than group 'P'. That is, remifentanil/ketamine CRI is better TIVA protocol than remifentanil/propofol CRI for 3 hr surgery.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.556-566
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was designed to determine the relationship between health behaviors and high levels of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-cholesterol) according to cardiovascular risk factors among Korean adults. Methods: This cross-sectional study was based on the sixth Korea national health and nutrition examination survey (KNHANES VI). Participants were 13,841 adults aged 19 years and older. Cardiovascular risk factors were stroke, myocardial infarction or angina, diabetes mellitus, smoking, hypertension, aging, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-cholesterol) under 40 mg/dL and HDL-cholesterol over 60 mg/dL. Cardiovascular risk groups were classified as very high risk (stroke, myocardial infarction or angina), high risk (diabetes mellitus), moderate risk (over 2 risk factors), and low risk (below 1 risk factor). The prevalence of high LDL-cholesterol was calculated using the LDL-cholesterol target level according to cardiovascular risk group. Results: The prevalence of high LDL-cholesterol was 25.5% in males and 21.7% in females. Complex sample cross tabulation demonstrated that the high LDL-cholesterol and normal groups differed significantly according to age, education, body mass index, percentage of energy from carbohydrate, fat, saturated fat and n-6 in males and females. These two groups were also significantly different according to smoking in males and the percentage of energy from n-3 in females. Complex sample multiple logistic regression analysis adjusted for multiple confounding factors demonstrated that the probability of high LDL-cholesterol was significantly associated with current smoking (OR: 1.66, 95% CI: 1.40-1.99), obesity (OR: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.64-2.31) in males, and current smoking (OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.19-2.52), obesity (OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.39-1.90), percentage of energy from n-3 (quartile 1 vs. quartile 2; OR: 0.77, 95% CI: 0.62-0.96; quartile 1 vs. quartile 3; OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.56-0.94; quartile 1 vs. quartile 4: OR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.51-0.87) in females. Conclusion: This study reveals the impact of smoking, obesity, energy percentage of nutrient intake on LDL-cholesterol.