• Water for future
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 1988

Analyzed was the circulation phenomena in the open channel with sudden expansion, by applying the Galerkin's finite element method to the depth-averaged 2-dimensional continuity and momentum equations. Wave tests were done in the simplified channel in order to review the validity of this newly developed model and the computed results were within 0.5% of $L_2$-norm error, and application of this model to the simulation of simplified dam-break gave very close results compared with the analytical solution, thus, it can be concluded that this model is valid and efficient. The main flow in the expanded channel was defined as a new initial condition with given velocity and the flow in the expanded portion was at rest in simulating the circulation, and besides the Neumann's condition the slip boundary condition for lateral wall was found to be proper condition than the no-slip condition. It can be concluded, from the numerical tests in the sudden expension, that the circulating phenomena depend mainly on the convective inertia and the effect of turbulence due to bottom shear and lateral shear is insignificant.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.33-52
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• 2020

Some consumers question the safety of imported fashion products. We examine the effects of the use of an ecolabel, product category, and country of origin on consumer responses such as perceived physical risk, attitude towards a product, subjective norm, and intention to purchase imported fashion products. A sample of 508 adults in their 30s to 40s participated in online survey experiments. The survey experiments used 2 (the use of the ecolabel vs no label) × 4 (country of origin: China, Dominican Republic, Norway, and the United States) between-subjects and 4 (product category: men/women's wear, children's wear, underwear, and accessories) within-sub-jects factorial design. A total of 32 product-catalog images (stimuli) and eight versions of the questionnaire were developed. The use of the ecolabel is identified as having a significantly lower perceived physical risk than the no-label. The consumers' perceived physical risk also differs depending on product category and country of origin. Consumers perceive a higher physical risk about children's wear and underwear than other product categories as well as fashion products sourced from developing countries than from developed countries. The reduction of physical risk is found to facilitate consumers' purchase decision-making process.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2004

The primary goal of six sigma is to improve patient satisfaction, and thereby profitability, by reducing and eliminating defects. Defects may be related to any aspect of customer satisfaction: high product quality, schedule adherence, cost minimization, process capability indices, defects per unit, and yield. Many six sigma metrics can be mathematically related to the others. Literally, six means six standard deviations from the mean or median value. As applied to quality metrics, the term indicates that failures are at least six standard deviations from the mean or norm. This would mean about 3.4 failures per million opportunities for failure. The objective of six sigma quality is to reduce process output variation so that on a long term basis, which is the customer's aggregate experience with our process over time, this will result in no more than 3.4 defect Parts Per Million(PPM) opportunities (or 3.4 Defects Per Million Opportunities. For a process with only one specification limit (upper or lower), this results in six process standard deviations between the mean of the process and the customer's specification limit (hence, 6 Sigma). The results of applicative six sigma experiment studied on 18 items TP, ALB, T.B, ALP, AST, ALT, CL, CK, LD, K, Na, CRE, BUN, T.C, GLU, AML, CA tests in clinical chemistry were follows. Assessment of process performance fits within six sigma tolerance limits were TP, ALB, T.B, ALP, AST, ALT, CL, CK, LD, K, Na, CRE, BUN, T.C, GLU, AML, CA with 72.2%, items that fit within five sigma limits were total bilirubin, chloride and sodium were 3 sigma. We were sure that the goal of six sigma would reduce test variation in the process.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.402-413
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• 1999

The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationships among the degree of delinquency and clothing buying behavior information search and fashion involvement and to examine the causal relationships of adolescent delinquency demographic variables and fashion involvement on information search. Subjects for this study were 537 high school students(male ; 225, female : 312) in Seoul Korea. the results of the study were as follow. 1. Four factors of adolescent's delinquency derived by factor analysis : F. 1 'general position delinquency' F. 2 'school-norm delinquency' F3. 'personal delinquency' : F.4 'sexual delinquency'. 2. There were partially significant correlations between the degree of adolescent's delinquency and information search and fashion involvement. There were significant relationships between degree of delinquency and degree of clothing purchasing frequency. companion while shopping and source of clothing expenses. 3. In the case of male students fashion involvement and sexual delinquency had a direct effect on information search(R2 =.278) General position delinquency and allowance had a indirect effect on information search through Father's level of education had a direct effect on allowance. the present findings provide that in general the more allowance students received the higher the general position delinquency for both males and females, The higher the general position delinquency the higher the degree of fashion involvement and information search. Therefore it can be concluded that relatively mild delinquency acts such as drinking. smoking and going to discothque have more influence on fashion involvement and information search that serious delinquency acts such as violence and robbery.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.1569-1586
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• 2015

This paper considers the optimal cell association and resource allocation for load balancing in a heterogeneous cellular network subject to user's quality-of-service (QoS) constraints. We adopt the proportional fairness (PF) utility maximization formulation which also accommodates the QoS constraints in terms of minimum rate requirements. With equal resource allocation this joint optimization problem is either infeasible or requires relaxation that yields a solution which is difficult to implement. Nevertheless, we show that this joint optimization problem can be effectively solved without any priori assumption on resource allocation and yields a cell association scheme which enforces single BS association for each user. We re-formulated the joint optimization problem as a network-wide resource allocation problem with cardinality constraints. A reweighted heuristic l₁-norm regularization method is used to obtain a sparse solution to the re-formulated problem. The cell association scheme is then derived from the sparsity pattern of the solution, which guarantees a single BS association for each user. Compared with the previously proposed method based on equal resource allocation, the proposed framework results in a feasible cell association scheme and yields a robust solution on resource allocation that satisfies the QoS constraints. Our simulations illustrate the impact of user's minimum rate requirements on cell association and demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves load balancing and enforces single BS association for users.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.31-42
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• 1986

It is generallybelieved that the values of female students are different depending on the cultural enviromment of society. The purpose of this paper is to discern the value orientation of female students in Korea and America, and how they are related to the clothing behavior. 300 female students were selected as sample from the Univ. of Minnesota and 158 students filled out the questionnair. 420 female students were selected from five unversities in Jinju, Taegy and Pusan. RESULTS : 1) Korean students had highly evaluated theaethetic, political, religious and social values, and American students had higher evaluation on the economic and American students had higher evaluation on the economic and theoretical values. 2) Korean students tended to regard modesty, conformity and management as important factors when they chose new clothes, and for American students, appearance and tool were important. 3) The impact of values on clothing vehavior was as follows. a) Korean students who emphasized theoretical values did not use clothes as an instrument of status symbol and modesty. b) American students who emphasized the economic values tended to have an interest in purchase and wearing of clothes on purpose. c) Korean students who had positive attitudes on the aethetic values tended to be conservative, but they wanted to use the clothes as a demonstration of self exaggeraton. d) Korean students who regarded social values important tended to have a higher interest in the management of clothes. e) Korean students who had highly evaluated the religious values tended to be conservative when the selected new clothes. American students did not want to conform to the group norm when they chose new clothes. On the whole, American students did not put on clothes to achieve a specific goal. In short, it can be concluded that Korean students and American students have different values and they have a great impact on their clothing behavior.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.32 no.7C
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• pp.658-666
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• 2007

In general, the earlier linear-phase MAXFLAT(maximally flat) lowpass FIR filters have the main disadvantage of a gain response in the half frequency band $(0{\leq}w{\leq}{\pi}/2)$ by the closed form transfer functions used in design techniques for realizing them. Moreover, most of them has existent problems as follows : ripple error in the stopband, gentle-cutoff attenuation, phase and group delay and inexact cutoff frequency response. It is due to the approximation algorithms such as Chebyshev norm and Remez exchange which are used to approach MAXFLAT and linear-phase characteristics in frequency domain. In this paper, a new mathematically closed-form transfer function is introduced for the design of MAXFLAT lowpass FIR filters which have the zero-phase and wideband-gain response. In addition, we verify that the closed-form transfer function is easily realized due to our generalized formulas derived newly by using MAXFLAT conditions including an arbitrary cutoff point. This method is, therefore, useful for "simple and quick designs". Conclusively, we propose a technique for the design of new zero-phase wideband MAXFLAT lowpass FIR filters which can achieve sharp-cutoff attenuation exceeding 250 dB almost everywhere.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.31-53
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• 2000

이 논문은 중궁의 가족적 특성과 츨상력의 관계를 보다 면밀하게 알아보기 위해 사회 문화적 특성을 근간으로 하는 가구유형을 분류, 이들간의 출산수준을 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 이 연구에서는 1990년에 실시된 제 4 차 중국인구센서스 자료 중에서 조선족이 밀집하여 거주하고 있는 길림성내 연변 조선족자치주의 50% 표본자료를 활용하였다. 가구유형별 출산수준을 분석하기 위해 자료를 가구구성특성에 따라 네가지 유형으로 재구성하였다. 가족경제의 생산단위와 세대구성을 기준으로 고립형, 병렬형, 직계형, 전통형의 네가지 가구유형을 분류하여 각각의 유형별 특성에 따른 차별출산력을 한족과 조선족의 네가지 가구유형을 분류하여 각각의 유형별 특성에 따른 차별출산력을 한족과 조선족을 중심으로 비교해 보았다. 이를 통해 농가와 비농가의 가구형태 또는 세대구성의 성격아 출산수준과 갖는 상관관계와 이에 영향을 미치는 주요 결정요인들을 파악하는데 중점을 두었다. 또한 중국의 사회 경제적요인과 결부하여 전통적으로 유지되던 가족관이 어떻게 변화하고 있는지를 민족별 출산수준을 통해 비교해 보았다. 연구결과 가부장적 가족주의를 해체하고 집단적 공동생산 체제를 대체시키려는 중국의 사회주의 정책이 현실적으로는 가족중심의 생산체제와 전통적 가족주의를 변화시키지 못한 것으로 보인다. 특히 가구유형에 따른 출산수준의 편차는 두 민족간에 차이를 보여 주었다. 한족이 여성의 직업이나 교육수준에 따라 가구유형별 출산수준의 편차가 크게 변화되는 것과는 달리 조선족은 비교적 전통적인 세대관 이 강조되는 다가구 유형에서 높은 출산수준을 나타내는 경향을 보여 주었다. 이는 중국의 인구정책과 경제개방 시행과정에서 약소민족인 조선족의 저출산력과 관련이 있는 것으로 보이며, 이에 따라 가구 유형별 출산수준에 대한 영향력이 한족에 비해 적었던 것으로 지적할수 있다.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.305-319
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• 2002

International capital movement has made progress at global liberalization of finance and foreign exchange, international monetary norm changing into floating exchange rate system, easiness of collection of information and trade at improvement of information communication technology from early of 1970's. Results of empirical test for relation between foreign exchange rate or various determination factors of foreign exchange rate and interest rate are followed by next sentences. First, according to relation between foreign exchange rate and interest rate, correlation for each of variables after OECD entrance is increased. But, long-term ＆short-term interest rate is affected by Hanbo ＆ Kia's bankruptcy, continuous large scale coporates bankruptcy and crisis of foreign exchange. Therefore, financial instability is occured. If portfolio investment fund has been inflow as it is mollified by continuous shortage of foreign exchange and fall of country's credit rating, it is expected to have positive effect for long-term & short-term interest rate from appreciation of won against dollar. Second, results from relation between determination factor of foreign exchange rate and interest rate are followed by next sentences. If surplus of current account and goods account is continued, yield of corporate bond is to be stable. But, margin of surplus is expected to diminish after second quarter 98, and difference between external and domestic interest (after adjusting foreign exchange rate) is to be diminished. And if net inflows of foreign investor's fund (stock and bond) is diminished, it is to have negative effect for yield of corporate bond. According to foreign investor's investment movement of previous years, hedge md were stayed at least during two years in Mexico. It means that sudden capital outflow is not to be happened at Korea. But if external factors from depreciation of yen and China's renminbi are instable, interest rate is expected to increase from capital's outflows. Third, if it is to decrease instability of foreign exchange rate from increase in surplus of future current account, credit rating's upwardness, stability of yen and renminbi, foreign exchange rate is expected to be stable. It is expected to have continuous stability from short-term interest rate to long-term interest rate in this empirical test.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.397-404
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• 2005

The propose of this study was to investigate taurine intake in formula-fed and breast-fed infants and to estimate the level of taurine of blood and urine in order to determine the requirement of taurine intake in infants. These results will be useful to suggest the guideline of requirement of taurine intake and may contribute toward the proper use of breast milk substitutes. Experimental groups were breast-fed infants (n=10) and formula-fed infants (n=10) of 20 normal delivery infants in general hospital. This study was longitudinal study from birth up to 16weeks (0 week, 4 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks, 16 weeks). The items of test were anthropometry(weight, height, head circumference, chest circumference), intake of taurine, taurine level of blood and urine in breast-fed and formula-fed infants. There were no significant differences between breast-fed and formula-fed infants in weight, height, head and chest circumference. There is a need for future studies of exclusive infants with larger samples to determine which growth pattern should be considered as the norm. Taurine concentration of plasma and urine did not differ between breast-fed and formula-fed infants. Taurine intake recommendations for infants is about 30mg/day from this study. This data will be useful for production of human-like formula milk and suggestion of an index of selection of a consumer in taurine.