• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.325-331
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• 2011

Nonylphenol (NP), which is well known as an endocrine disrupter, has been detected widely in untreated sewage or waste water streams. Given the necessity of discovering an eco-friendly method of degrading this toxic organic compound, this study was conducted to isolate NP-degrading microorganisms from the aqueous environment. NP-degrading microbes were isolated through NP-containing enrichment culture. Finally, a microbial consortium, SW-3, capable of degrading NP with high efficiency, was selected from the mixture sample. The microbial consortium SW-3 was able to degrade over 99% of 100 ppm NP in the culture medium for 40 days at $25^{\circ}C$. The microbial consortium SW-3 seemed to utilize NP as a carbon source, since NP was the sole carbon source in the culture medium. In order to isolate the NP-degrading bacterium, we further conducted single colony isolation using the microbial consortium SW-3. Four strains isolated from SW-3 exhibited lower NP-degradation efficiency than that of SW-3, suggesting that NP was degraded by the co-metabolism of the microbial consortium. We suggest that the microbial consortium obtained in this study would be useful in developing an eco-friendly bioremediation technology for NP degradation.

• 분석과학
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.248-255
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• 1999

국내 주요 하수 슬러지(Z-1, Z-2시)에서 내분비계 장애물질로 의심 받는 여러 가지 물질 중 octylphenol(OP), nonylphenol(NP), di-octylphthalate(DOP)를 이 염화메탄을 이용하여 Soxhlet 장치로 추출한 후 GC/MS-SIM 방법으로 그들의 함량을 결정하였다. Z-1시 하수 슬러지의 경우 octylphenol, nonylphenol, di-octylphthalate의 함량이 각각 $3.25{\pm}0.07{\mu}g/g$, $1168{\pm}36{\mu}g/g$, $1172{\pm}57{\mu}g/g$이었고, Z-2 하수 슬러지는 octylphenol, nonylphenol, di-octylphthalate가 각각 $0{\mu}g/g$, $10.8{\pm}0.1{\mu}g/g$, $80{\pm}62{\mu}g/g$이 검출되었다. 특히 Z-1하수 슬러지에서 검출된 nonylphenol과 di-octylphthalate의 양은 매우 높은 값으로 생태계로 순환될 경우 매우 위험한 수준으로 평가되었으며, 또한 인간의 건강과 생식능력에 영향을 미칠 것으로 사료된다.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.308-310
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• 2002

Effect of 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs), on glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (GOT) and glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) were investigated in the plasma of juvenile rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli. Fish were injected with 4­NP (10, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg body weight) in $70\%$ ethanol twice at 3-day intervals and plasma sampling were extracted at 7 days after the last injection. Controls received solvent only. 4-NP significant increased GOT in a dose-dependent manner. GPT was markedly elevated to $61\%$ (P<0.05) and $82\%$ (P<0.01) than that of the control at the 4-NP doses of 100 and 200mg, respectively. These results suggest that the estrogenic activity of 4-NP increase plasma GOT and GPT by toxic effect on hepatocyte.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.91-97
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• 2012

To isolate a nonylphenol (NP)-degrading bacterium, we isolated a single colony from the NP-degrading microbial consortium SW-3, which was previously isolated from an aqueous environment. Ten colonies that exhibited different cell morphologies were isolated and the strains were named SW-3-A, -B, -C, -D, -E, -F1, -F2, -G, -H, and -I. The ability of isolates to degrade NP was evaluated by kinetic analysis by the constant of NP degradation rate ($k_1$) and the half-life time of NP degradation ($t_{1/2}$). SW-3-F1, -F2, -G, and -I strains were superior at degrading NP. The $k_1$ and $t_{1/2}$ values of the four strains were sixfold higher and one-sixth lower, respectively, than those of the consortium strain. Additionally, SW-3-F1, -G, and -I strains were tested for their ability to degrade NP during coculture. NP degradation by coculture with a combination of all three strains was inferior to that of culture conducted with single isolates, suggesting that the three strains are antagonistic toward each other during NP degradation.

• 생태와환경
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.379-386
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• 2007

계면활성제의 주된 원료이며 Estrogenic hormone으로 알려진 nonylphenol이 수중생태계 먹이망의 하등생물군 성장에 미치는 독성영향을 파악하고자, 배양중인 조류(Microcytis aeruginosa), 편모충(Diphylleia rotans), 소형 (Brachionus calyciflorus) 및 대형동물플랑크톤(Daphnia magna)에 다양한 농도로 제작된 NP을 처리하고 각 개체군의 성장 및 동물플랑크톤 B. calyciflorus, D. magna의 발생특성을 각각 조사하였다. 예비실험을 통하여, 투여농도는 개체군에 따라 조류(0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 1.00mg $L^{-1}$), Diphylleia rotans (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$), Brachionus calyciflorus (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2.5, 5 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$), Daphnia magna (0.5, 1, 5, 10, 50 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$) 등으로 $4{\sim}5$단계 농도를 처리하였으며, 독성효과는 각 개체군의 현존량 변화로 산정 하였으며 실험은 각각 3회씩 반복 실행하였다. 분석결과, 예상했던 것처럼 모든 개체군은 NP농도가 증가할수록 강한 성장 억제를 보였다. 조류실험에서는 0.05 mg $L^{-1}$, D. rotans와 B. calyciflorus는 공히 10 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, 대형동물플랑크톤 D. magna는 5.0 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$부터 각각 유의한 성장억제를 보였다. Nonylphenol에 대한 각 개체군의 $EC_{50}$은 B. calyciflorus (2.49 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$) < D. rotans (3.49 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$) < D. magna (7.61 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$) < M. aeruginosa (47 ${\mu}g\;L^{-1}$) 의 순으로 나타나 NP에 대해 조류세포가 가장 강한 내성을 보인 반면 B. calyciflorus가 가장 약한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 동물플랑크톤의 발생에 있어서 B. calyciflorus는 NP농도$(0.1{\sim}1{\mu}g\;L^{-1})$, D. magna는 이보다 약간 높은 NP농도 $(0.5{\sim}5{\mu}g\;L^{-1})$에서 공히 내구란이 형성되지 않았다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 조류섭식자인 편모충이나 동물플랑크톤은 모두 nonylphenol에 대하여 조류보다 내성이 극히 약하며 특히 발생계에 치명적인 영향을 받기 때문에 NP가 유입되는 수계에 있어서 섭식자 소멸로 인한 식물플랑크톤 대발생의 인자로 작용할 수 있음을 시사해 주고 있다.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.113-117
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• 2008

Biomonitoring of nonylphenol (NP), an endocrine disrupting chemical, is required in Korea to perform its proper regulation. Thus, we analyzed exposure levels of nonlyphenol (NP) in breast milk from the mothers who delivered babies within 10 days (N=325). We analyzed free and total forms of NP in breast milk with LC/MS/MS (LOD, 0.5 ppb). In addition, we obtained questionnaires concerning lifestyle from the subject. As results, ranges of total NP were ${\mu}g/L$ (median, $3.51{\pm}4.98{\mu}g/L$ vs. normal, N=281, $2.07{\pm}3.76{\mu}g/L$; p<0.05). In conclusion, we suggest that exposure monitoring of NP should be continuously performed, even though the risks of NP are not clear, yet.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.215-222
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• 1999

Nonylphenol (NP) is a widespread environmental pollutant that has been shown to exert both toxic and estrogenic effects on mammalian cells. As the effects of NP on the reproductive system of adult male vertebrates are virtually unknown, we investigated not only the changes of reproductive hormone secretion in serum after chronic exposure to NP but also, in order to identify the site of its action, the reproductive hormone secretion in serum 48 hours after microinfusion of NP within hypothalamic preoptic area (POA). In the chronic exposure, the luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone in serum were decreased but prolactin (PRL) concentrations were increased. The LH, FSH, and testosterone in serum were decreased through the direct infusion of NP into POA, while there was no difference in mean serum prolactin between NP and control groups. These observations suggest that NP as endocrine disruptor has modulatory effects on hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis and that the site of action of NP could be hypothalamic POA.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.161-167
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• 2010

This study investigated the estrogenicity of 4-nonylphenol (NP) and diethylstilbestrol (DES) in vitro during oocyte maturation in the marine fish, Tridentiger obscurus, using steroid hormone assays and GVBD assay. Vitellogenic (0.53mm diameter) and fully vitellogenic (0.75mm diameter) oocytes were in vitro exposed to NP (0.045 453.82 nM and DES (0.037 372.62 nM). In vitellogenic oocytes, 45.38 and 453.82nM NP and 3.73 372.62nM DES increas the estradiol-$17{\beta}$ (E2)/testosterone (T) ratio. In fully vitellogenic oocytes, 0.45, 45.38 and 453.82nM NP and 3.73nM DES increased E2/T. In the GVBD assay, 0.45 and 4.54nM NP and 0.037, 3.73 and 37.26nM DES inhibited GVBD. These results suggest that NP and DES have estrogen-agonistic effects in oocyte maturation in T. obscurus. In addition, NP and DES have different sensitivity according to the oocyte developmental stage, and the estrogenagonistic effects of DES were greater than were those of NP.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.213-220
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• 2023

Previously, we showed that a chronic-low-dose nonylphenol (NP) exposure resulted in histological changes with sexually dimorphic pattern in rat adrenal glands. We hypothesized that such structural changes are closely related to the hormonal secretory patterns. To test this hypothesis, we developed the short-term adrenal incubation method, and measured the levels of catecholamines and cortical steroids using the high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD) and specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. The norepinephrine (NE) levels in media from NP-treated female adrenal, except 100 pM NP, were significantly increased [control (CTL) vs 1 nM NP, p<0.001; vs 10 nM NP, p<0.05; vs 100 nM NP, p<0.001; vs 1 µM NP, p<0.01]. The NE secretion from male adrenal was higher when treated with 100 nM and 1 µM NP (CTL vs 100 nM NP, p<0.05; vs 1 µM NP, p<0.05, respectively). The aldosterone level in the female adrenal media treated with 100 pM NP was significantly decreased, on the other hand, that of media treated with 10 nM NP was significantly increased (CTL vs 100 pM NP, p<0.05; vs 10 nM NP, p<0.01). In male adrenal media, the aldosterone levels of 10 nM, 100 nM and 1 µM NP-treated media were significantly declined (CTL vs 10 nM NP, p<0.001; vs 100 nM NP, p<0.001; vs 1 µM NP, p<0.001). These results showed the NP treatment altered secretory pattern of aldosterone from adrenals of both sexes, showing sexual dimorphism. It may be helpful for understanding possible adrenal pathophysiology, and endocrine disrupting chemicals-related sexually dimorphic phenomena in adrenals.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.220-227
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• 2005

The estrogenic phenolic compounds, nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol(OP), bisphenol A (BPA) and nonylphenol mono- and diethoxylate ($NP_{1-2}EO$) were analyzed in 24 surface water samples from six rivers flowing into Masan Bay. All of the phenolic compounds were detected in all six rivers in high concentrations. The most abundant compound was $NP_{1-2}EO$ (86.0%), followed by NP ($10.1 \%$), BPA ($3.6\%$) and OP ($0.3\%$). The levels of phenolic compounds were 1.42-22.70 ${\mu}g$/L for $NP_{1-2}EO$, 0.15-1.68 ${\mu}g$/L for NP, 0.024-0.610 ${\mu}g$/L for BPA and 0.003-0.067 ${\mu}g$/L for OP. Especially, high concentrations were recorded in the rivers that pass through industrial complexes. The concentrations of phenolic compounds observed in these river waters were 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than the reported acute toxicity levels (hundreds of micrograms per liter). However, they were only slightly lower than the chronic toxicity levels. Most of the water samples also exceeded the Canadian nonylphenolic compounds water quality guideline, 1 ${\mu}g$/L, for the protection of aquatic life and the maximum permissible concentrations (MPC), 0.33 ${\mu}g$/L for NP and 0.12 ${\mu}g$/L for $NP_{1-2}EO$.