• 생태와환경
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• 제39권4호통권118호
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• pp.481-488
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• 2006

최근 우리나라에서는 유역단위로 배출되는 오염원의 40% 이상을 차지하고 있는 비점오염원의 제어가 중요해졌다. 유역의 비점오염원제어를 위해 전세계적으로 인공습지가 많이 이용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 비점오염원 제어를 위한 현장실험을 2002년 6월부터 2004년 6월까지 실시하였다. 인공습지와 유수지가 하나의 시설로써 각각 4개씩 조성되어있으며, 면적은 0.88 ha이다. 습지의 식생은 식재를 하지 않고, 자연적 활착을 유도하였으며, 3번의 생장기를 거친 2004년도 식생조사 결과 각 습지별로 평균 약 90% 정도의 식생피도를 나타내었다. $BOD_5$, TSS, TN, TP의 평균 제거율은 각각 5.6%, 46.6%, 45.7%, 54.8%로 나타났다. $BOD_5$의 제거율은 낮게 나타났는데, 이는 유입수의 농도가 낮기 때문에 제거효율이 낮게 나타난 것으로 판단된다. 유수지-습지의 배치가 습지-유수지 배치보다 전체적으로 더 좋은 수질을 나타내었다. 일차반응모형 (First-order analysis)결과 TP는 온도에 많은 영향을 받지 않으며, $BOD_5$와 TSS는 TN보다는 온도에 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과 인공습지는 유역에서 유입되는 비점오염원의 처리시설로 효과적인 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2007

최근 환경정책의 변화는 수질오염총량관리제 및 비점오염원관리로 요약된다. 이는 과거 30년 동안의 급격한 환경기술의 발전에도 불구하고 상수원수인 수질의 악화에 기인한다. 수질오염총량관리제란 환경시설에서의 농도규제가 아닌, 하천에서의 비점오염원을 포함한 총량규제를 위한 제도로 점오염원관리와 더불어 비점오염원 관리가 필수적으로 요구된다. 비점오염원이란 각종 토지이용을 의미하며, 개발사은 비점오염원의 부하량 증대에 큰 영향을 끼치는 원인이다. 이에 개발사업에 따른 비점오염원을 제어하기 위해서 비점저감시설등의 설치가 의무화 되고 있다. 비점저감시설 중 자연형 비점관리시설등의 규모산정에 관한 내용은 환경부에서 제시하고 있으며, 이에 관한 규정에서 강우량 해석을 기초로 하여 시설의 규모를 산정할 것을 요구하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 리조트 스키장 개발사업에서 발생 가능한 비점오염물질을 처리하기 위한 자연형 비점오염물질관리시설인 저류지의 규모를 산정하기 위하여 최근 5년간 및 10년간의 강우사상을 분석하였다. 강우량 해석을 통하여 적정 처리를 위한 강우량을 해석한 결과, 적정 저류지 용량은 누적강우량 기준으로 7.4mm가 가장 경제적인 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국관개배수논문집
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.181-193
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• 2007

The characteristics of non-point source pollutant loads in middle-stream of Nakdong River Were studied through analysis of pollutant loads of 8 sub-watersheds divided based on administrative district. The pollutant concentration of each sub-watershed was collected from Nakdong-River Water Research Institute and Daegu Regional Environmental Office, respectively. Pollution items analysed in this study were BOD, SS, T-N and T-P. High degree of non-point pollution was observed from Gumi, Goryeong, Gyeongsan, Daegu and Sungju, and pollution was usually increased during rainy season. This result indicates that a given pollution condition within the watershed can be more sensitive than location factor to the level of water quality. The main sources of non-point pollution were population and livestock, as well as landuse factor, and were found to significantly contribute to the water pollution. Alternative solutions for controlling pollution sources, therefore, should be provided to meet target levels of water quality in this region.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농공학회 2002년도 학술발표회 발표논문집
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• pp.389-392
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• 2002

The objectives of the paper are to develop the total maximum daily loads simulation system, TOLOS that is capable of estimation annual nonpoint source pollution from small watersheds, to monitor the hydrology and water quality of the Balhan HP#6 watershed, and to validate TOLOS with the field data.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농공학회 1999년도 Proceedings of the 1999 Annual Conference The Korean Society of Agricutural Engineers
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• pp.739-746
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• 1999

Discharge characteristics of organic materials and nutrients were estimated in the catchment area of relaimed area-Saemankeum-. Discharge load of BOD5 was high in the domestic system, while nitrogen and phosphorous were discharged mainly from the livestock system and the land . Load was so dependent on the precipitation that it increased in the rainy season, particulary in nitrogen and phosphorus. Loads from nonpoint sources in this area were higher compared with others.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.525-532
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• 2007

In order to establish and implement the total maximum daily load (TMDL) management plan in Korea, it is necessary to set the source units and calculate discharge loads for non-point source pollutants such as BOD, COD, SS, TN and TP. This study analysed the corelation between stormwater runoff characteristics and event mean concentrations (EMCs) of non-point source pollutants. As the result of the corelation analysis, we knew that all the antecedent dry days (ADD) and the rainfall correlated lowly with non-point source pollutants in the urban areas such as resident area, industrial area, business area, road area and parking area. Therefore, it is necessary to get all samples from stormwater starting point to stormwater ending point and standardize the sampling method of stormwater in order to obtain more accurate EMCs for landuse.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.294-299
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• 2006

The Ministry of Environment in Korea has introduced Total Pollution Load Management System (TPLMS) in major 4 large rivers to protect the water quality from possible pollutants. In order to successfully achieve the TPLMS, the nonpoint source should be controled by applying the best management practices in highly polluted areas. Of the various nonpoint sources, the highways are stormwater intensive landuses because of its high imperviousness and high pollutant mass emissions. The EMC (Event Mean Concentration) is an important parameter to correctly determine the pollutant mass loadings from nonpoint sources. However, it has wide ranges because of various reasons such as first flush phenomenon, rainfall and watershed characteristics. Even though the EMC is closely related to the first flush phenomenon, the relationship have not proven until present. Therefore, in this paper, the dynamic EMC method will be introduced to clearly make the relationship between EMC and first flush phenomenon. Also by applying the dynamic EMC method to monitored data, we found that the highly concentrated stormwater runoff was washed off within 20~50 minutes storm duration. The first flush criteria for economical treatment was also determined to 5~10 mm (mean=7.4 mm) as a cumulative rainfall.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.256-267
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• 2009

A method of estimating pollutant delivery ratios considering watershed physical and meteorological characteristics and flow conditions using SWAT-K watershed model was described, and pollutant delivery characteristics during dry and rainy seasons, for monthly and seasonally, and with flow regimes were investigated for the Chungju dam watershed. Delivery ratios for sediment, T-N, and T-P showed higher values over 100% during dry and winter seasons with low pollutant loads and flows, and showed relatively uniform ones under 100% during rainy and summer seasons with concentrated loads and flows. It was found that mainly wet flows during summer seasons played very important roles in investigating the delivery characteristics of total or nonpoint pollutant loads, because more than 90% of total loads were influenced by nonpoint source, and discharged with the flows. From the results, we could find out the delivery characteristics with various watershed and flow conditions which are difficult to consider by actual measurement, and could get a foothold of estimating more reasonable and scientific allocated loads for water quality standard using the reliable method of estimating delivery ratios with a watershed model.

• Water Engineering Research
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.141-154
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• 2003

Nonpoint source pollutants from agriculture are identified as one of the main causes of water quality degradation in the United States. The Hydrological Simulation Program-Fortran (HSPF) was used to simulate runoff, nitrogen, and sediment loads from an urbanizing watershed; the Polecat Creek watershed located in Virginia. Model parameters related to hydrology and water quality were calibrated and validated using observed hydrologic and water quality data collected at the watershed outlet and at several sub-watershed outlets. A comparison of measured and simulated monthly runoff at the outlet of the watershed resulted in a correlation coefficient of 0.94 for the calibration period and 0.74 for the validation period. The annual observed and simulated sediment loads for the calibration period were 220.9 kg/ha and 201.5 kg/ha, respectively. The differences for annual nitrate nitrogen ($NO_3$) loads between the observed and simulated values at the outlet of the watershed were 5.1% and 42.1% for the calibration and validation periods, respectively. The corresponding values for total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) were 60.9% and 40.7%, respectively. Based on the simulation results, the calibrated HSPF input parameters were considered to adequately represent the Polecat Creek watershed.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.417-426
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate runoff characteristics of non-point pollutants source at the urban and rural zones in sangju area. The monitoring was conducted with seven events for ten months and Event mean Concentration(EMC) and First Flush Effect(FFE) of SS and BOD were calculated on the result of the water quality parameters. During rainfall event, the peak concentrations of SS and BOD were observed after 3~4 hours of rainfall in rural areas. Whereas, the peak concentrations occurred within 1~2 hours after rainfall and then the highest concentration of NPS pollutants sharply decreased, showing strong first flush effect in urban areas. The cumulative load curves for NPS pollutants showed above the $45^{\circ}$ straight line, indicating that fist flush effect occurred in urban areas. The mean SS EMC values of rural areas ranged from 0.9~3.3mg/L, it was higher value when compare to urban areas. While the mean BOD values of urban areas were shown the highest values.