• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.1540-1553
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• 2019

A nuclear power plant (NPP) is a highly complex system-of-systems as manifested through its internal systems interdependence. The negative impact of such interdependence was demonstrated through the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster. As such, there is a critical need for new strategies to overcome the limitations of current risk assessment techniques (e.g. the use of static event and fault tree schemes), particularly through simulation of the nonlinear dynamic feedback mechanisms between the different NPP systems/components. As the first and key step towards developing an integrated NPP dynamic probabilistic risk assessment platform that can account for such feedback mechanisms, the current study adopts a system dynamics simulation approach to model the thermal dynamic processes in: the reactor core; the secondary coolant system; and the pressurized water reactor. The reactor core and secondary coolant system parameters used to develop system dynamics models are based on those of the Palo Verde Nuclear Generating Station. These three system dynamics models are subsequently validated, using results from published work, under different system perturbations including the change in reactivity, the steam valve coefficient, the primary coolant flow, and others. Moving forward, the developed system dynamics models can be integrated with other interacting processes within a NPP to form the basis of a dynamic system-level (systemic) risk assessment tool.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.49-60
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• 2022

Motivated by the high-resolution properties of high-order Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory (WENO) and flux limiter (FL) for steep-gradient problems and the robust convergence of Jacobian-free Newton-Krylov (JFNK) methods for nonlinear systems, the preconditioned JFNK fully implicit high-order WENO and FL schemes are proposed to solve the transient two-phase two-fluid models. Specially, the second-order fully-implicit BDF2 is used for the temporal operator and then the third-order WENO schemes and various flux limiters can be adopted to discrete the spatial operator. For the sake of the generalization of the finite-difference-based preconditioning acceleration methods and the excellent convergence to solve the complicated and various operational conditions, the random vector instead of the initial condition is skillfully chosen as the solving variables to obtain better sparsity pattern or more positions of non-zero elements in this paper. Finally, the WENO_JFNK and FL_JFNK codes are developed and then the two-phase steep-gradient problem, phase appearance/disappearance problem, U-tube problem and linear advection problem are tested to analyze the convergence, computational cost and efficiency in detailed. Numerical results show that WENO_JFNK and FL_JFNK can significantly reduce numerical diffusion and obtain better solutions than traditional methods. WENO_JFNK gives more stable and accurate solutions than FL_JFNK for the test problems and the proposed finite-difference-based preconditioning acceleration methods based on the random vector can significantly improve the convergence speed and efficiency.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• 제6권5호
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• pp.445-452
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• 2022

We developed an adaptive optics test bench using an optical simulator and two rotating phase plates that mimicked the atmospheric turbulence at Bohyunsan Observatory. The observatory was reported to have a Fried parameter with a mean value of 85 mm and standard deviation of 13 mm, often expressed as 85 ± 13 mm. First, we fabricated several phase plates to generate realistic atmospheric-like turbulence. Then, we selected a pair from among the fabricated phase plates to emulate the atmospheric turbulence at the site. The result was 83 ± 11 mm. To address dynamic behavior, we emulated the atmospheric disturbance produced by a wind flow of 8.3 m/s by controlling the rotational speed of the phase plates. Finally, we investigated how closely the atmospheric disturbance simulation emulated reality with an investigation of the measurements on the optical table. The verification confirmed that the simulator showed a Fried parameter of 87 ± 15 mm as designed, but a little slower wind velocity (7.5 ± 2.5 m/s) than expected. This was because of the nonlinear motion of the phase plates. In conclusion, we successfully mimicked the atmospheric disturbance of Bohyunsan Observatory with an error of less than 10% in terms of Fried parameter and wind velocity.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.15-29
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• 2022

Concrete-filled steel tubes (CFSTs) are increasingly used as composite sections in structures owing to their excellent load bearing capacity. Therefore, predicting the mechanical behavior of CFST sections under axial compression loading is vital for design purposes. This paper presents the first study on the nonlinear analysis of heated CFSTs with high-strength concrete core containing steel fiber and waste tire rubber under axial compression loading. CFSTs had steel fibers with 0, 1, and 1.5% volume fractions and 0, 5, and 10% rubber particles as sand alternative material. They were subjected to 20, 250, 500, and 750℃ temperatures. Using flow rule and analytical analysis, a model is developed to predict the load bearing capacity of steel tube, and hoop strain-axial strain relationship, and axial stress-volumetric strain relationship of CFSTs. An elastic-plastic analysis method is applied to determine the axial and hoop stresses of the steel tube, considering elastic, yield, and strain hardening stages of steel in its stress-strain curve. The axial stress in the concrete core is determined as the difference between the total experimental axial stress and the axial stress of steel tube obtained from modeling. The results show that steel tube in CFSTs under 750℃ exhibits a higher load bearing contribution compared to those under 20, 250, and 500℃. It is also found that the ratio of load bearing capacity of steel tube at peak point to the load bearing capacity of CFST at peak load is noticeable such that this ratio is in the ranges of 0.21-0.33 and 0.31-0.38 for the CFST specimens with a steel tube thickness of 2 and 3.5 mm, respectively. In addition, after the steel tube yielding, the load bearing capacity of the tube decreases due to the reduction of its axial stiffness and the increase of hoop strain rate, which is in the range of about 20 to 40%.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.173-183
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• 2022

The galloping of iced conductors has long been a severe threat to the safety of overhead transmission lines. Compared with normal transmission lines, the ultra-high-voltage (UHV) transmission lines are more prone to galloping, and the damage caused is more severe. To control the galloping of UHV lines, it is necessary to conduct a comprehensive analysis of galloping characteristics. In this paper, a large-span 1000-kV UHV transmission line in China is taken as a practical example where an 8-bundled conductor with D-shaped icing is adopted. Galerkin method is employed for the time history calculation. For the wind attack angle range of 0°~180°, the galloping amplitudes in vertical, horizontal, and torsional directions are calculated. Furthermore, the vibration frequencies and galloping shapes are analyzed for the most severe conditions. The results show that the wind at 0°~10° attack angles can induce large torsional displacement, and this range of attack angles is also most likely to occur in reality. The galloping with largest amplitudes in all three directions occurs at the attack angle of 170° where the incoming flow is at the non-iced side, due to the strong aerodynamic instability. In addition, with wind speed increasing, galloping modes with higher frequencies appear and make the galloping shape more complex, indicating strong nonlinear behavior. Based on the galloping amplitudes of three directions, the full range of wind attack angles are divided into five galloping regions of different severity levels. The results obtained can promote the understanding of galloping and provide a reference for the anti-galloping design of UHV transmission lines.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.215-230
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• 2022

Majority of transmission line system failures at many locations worldwide have been caused by severe localized wind events in the form of tornadoes and downbursts. This study evaluates the structural response of two different transmission line systems under equivalent F2 tornadoes obtained from real incidents. Two multi-span self-supported transmission line systems are considered in the study. Nonlinear three-dimensional finite element models are developed for both systems. The finite element models simulate six spans and five towers. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are used to develop the tornado wind fields. Using a proper scaling method for geometry and velocity, full-scale tornado flow fields for the Stockton, KS, 2005 and Goshen County WY, 2009 are developed and considered together with a previously developed tornado wind field. The tornado wind profiles are obtained in terms of tangential, radial, and axial velocities. The simulated tornadoes are then normalized to the maximum velocity value for F2 tornadoes in order to compare the effect of different tornadoes having an equal magnitude. The tornado wind fields are incorporated into a three-dimensional finite element model. By varying the location of the tornado relative to the transmission line systems, base shears of the tower of interest and peak internal forces in the tower members are evaluated. Sensitivity analysis is conducted to assess the variation of the structural behaviour of the studied transmission lines associated with the location of the tornado relative to the tower of interest. The tornado-induced forces in both lines due to the three different normalized tornadoes are compared with corresponding values evaluated using the simplified load case method recently incorporated in the ASCE-74 (2020) guidelines, which was previously developed based on the research conducted at Western University.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.197-207
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• 2022

The seismic holding behaviors of plate anchor embedded into submerged coarse-grained soils were investigated considering different anchor inclinations. The limit equilibrium method and the Pseudo-Dynamic Approach (PDA) were employed to calculate the inertia force of the soils within the failure rupture. In addition, assuming the permeability of coarse-grained soils was sufficiently large, the coefficient of hydrodynamic force applied on the inclined plate anchor is obtained through adopting the exact potential flow theory. Therefore, the seismic holding resistance was calculated as the combination of the inertia force and the hydrodynamic force within the failure rupture. The failure rupture can be developed due to the uplift loads, which was assumed to be an arc of a circle perpendicular to the anchor and inclines at (π/4 - φ/2). Then, the derived analytical solutions were evaluated by comparing the static breakout factor N_γ to the published experimental and analytical results. The influences of soil and wave properties on the plate anchor holding behavior are reported. Finally, the dynamic anchor holding coefficients N_γd, were reported to illustrate the anchor holding behaviors. Results show that the soil accelerations in x and z directions were both nonlinear. The amplifications of soil accelerations were more severe at lower normalized frequencies (ωH/V) compared to higher normalized frequencies. The coefficient of hydrodynamic force, C, of the plate anchor was found to be almost constant with anchor inclinations. Finally, the seismic anchor holding coefficient oscillated with the oscillation of the inertia force on the plate anchor.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.341-352
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• 2024

This study investigates the heat and mass transfer characteristics of a MoS₂ nanoparticle suspension in ethylene glycol over a porous stretching sheet. MoS₂ nanoparticles are known for their exceptional thermal and chemical stability which makes it convenient for enhancing the energy and mass transport properties of base fluids. Ethylene glycol, a common coolant in various industrial applications is utilized as the suspending medium due to its superior heat transfer properties. The effects of variable thermal conductivity, variable mass diffusivity, thermal radiation and thermophoresis which are crucial parameters in affecting the transport phenomena of nanofluids are taken into consideration. The governing partial differential equations representing the conservation of momentum, energy, and concentration are reduced to a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations using appropriate similarity transformations. R software and MATLAB-bvp5c are used to compute the solutions. The impact of key parameters, including the nanoparticle volume fraction, magnetic field, Prandtl number, and thermophoresis parameter on the flow, heat and mass transfer rates is systematically examined. The study reveals that the presence of MoS₂ nanoparticles curbs the friction between the fluid and the solid boundary. Moreover, the variable thermal conductivity controls the rate of heat transfer and variable mass diffusivity regulates the rate of mass transfer. The numerical and statistical results computed are mutually justified via tables. The results obtained from this investigation provide valuable insights into the design and optimization of systems involving nanofluid-based heat and mass transfer processes, such as solar collectors, chemical reactors, and heat exchangers. Furthermore, the findings contribute to a deeper understanding of stretching sheet systems, such as in manufacturing processes involving continuous casting or polymer film production. The incorporation of MoS₂-C₂H₆O₂ nanofluids can potentially optimize temperature distribution and fluid dynamics.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제22권10호
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• pp.1905-1919
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• 2000

활성슬러지 공정에 기반을 둔 연속식반응기는 시스템이 가진 고유한 비선형성뿐만 아니라 계절, 기후 등의 환경변화에 따른 유입수의 유량 및 특성 등의 외부적인 조건의 변화를 고려하여 제어하여야 한다. 수학적 모델링 과정에서 고려하지 못했거나 무시되었던 부분을 포함한 시스템에 관련된 특징과 한정된 공간에서 기본적인 제어방법에 의한 현재의 운전방법을 고려하여 불 때 활성슬러지 공정은 개선할 수 있는 여지가 많다. 또한 숙련된 운전자의 지식을 구현할 수 있는 지능제어기법을 적용하여 전체적인 공정의 효율 향상을 도모할 수 있다. 제어방법의 적용에 앞서 제어대상공정인 활성슬러지 공정을 분석하여 이를 $Matlab^{(R)}5.3/Simulink^{(R)}3.0$을 이용하여 연속식반응기 모델을 구현하였다. IWA(International Water Association)와 COST(European Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical Research)에서 제시한 정상상태의 유입수 특성을 이용하여 모델의 정확성을 검증하였다. 본 논문에서는 이미 현장에서 사용중인 제어기법의 구현 및 성능 평가뿐만 아니라 다양한 고급제어기법들을 적용하여 새롭게 제안한 제어기법들이 실제 폐수처리장에 적용가능한지 여부를 검증하였다. 제어방법으로는 현장에서 일반적으로 사용되고 있는 비례-적분-미분제어기(Proportional-Integral-Derivative Controller; PID controller)와 PID제어기가 가진 장점과 퍼지 논리 제어기법이 가진 장점을 결합함과 동시에 제어기의 성능 향상 및 경제성을 높일 수 있는 퍼지 PID이득 조절기(fuzzy PID gain tuner)와 퍼지 셋포인트 변환기(fuzzy setpoint changer)를 적용하여 봄으로써 외란에 대해 강인한 제어기 설계의 가능성을 검증하였다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제27권12C호
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• pp.1288-1298
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• 2002

타원곡선 암호시스템을 GF(2$^{m}$ )상에서 고속으로 구현하기 위해서는 빠른 나눗셈기가 필요하다. 빠른 나눗셈 연산을 위해선 비트-패러럴 구조가 적합하나 타원곡선 암호시스템이 충분한 안전도를 가지기 위해서는 m의 크기가 최소한 163보다 커야 한다. 즉 비트-패러럴 구조는 0(m$^2$)의 면적 복잡도를 가지기 때문에 이러한 응용에는 적합하지 않다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 CF(2$^{m}$ )상에서 표준기저 표기법을 사용하여 모듈러 나눗셈 A(x)/B(x) mod G(x)를 고속으로 수행하는 새로운 비트-시리얼 시스톨릭 나눗셈기를 제안한다. 효율적인 나눗셈기 구조를 얻기 위해, 새로운 바이너리 최대공약수(GCD) 알고리즘을 유도하고, 이로부터 자료의존 그래프를 얻은 후, 비트-시리얼 시스톨릭 나눗셈기를 설계한다. 본 논문에서 제안한 나눗셈기는 0(m)의 시간 및 면적 복잡도를 가지며, 연속된 입력 데이터에 대하여, 초기 5m-2 사이클의 지연 후, m 사이클 마다 나눗셈의 결과를 출력한다. 제안된 나눗셈기를 동일한 입출력 구조를 가지는 기존의 연구 결과들과 비교 분석한 결과 칩 면적 및 계산 지연시간 모두에 있어 상당한 개선을 보인다. 따라서 제안된 나눗셈기는 적은 하드웨어를 사용하면서 고속으로 나눗셈 연산을 수행할 수 있기 때문에 타원곡선 암호화시스템의 나눗셈 연산기로 매우 적합하다. 또한 제안한 구조는 기약 다항식(irreducible polynomial) 선택에 있어 어떤 제약도 두지 않고, 단 방향의 신호흐름을 가지면서, 매우 규칙적이기 때문에 필드 크기 m에 대해 높은 유연성 및 확장성을 제공한다.였다. an extraction system, a new optical nonlinear joint transform correlator(NJTC) is introduced to extract the hidden data from a stego image in real-time, in which optical correlation between the stego image and each of the stego keys is performed and from these correlation outputs the hidden data can be asily exacted in real-time. Especially, it is found that the SNRs of the correlation outputs in the proposed optical NJTC-based extraction system has been improved to 7㏈ on average by comparison with those of the conventional JTC system under the condition of having a nonlinear parameter less than k=0.4. This good experimental results might suggest a possibility of implementation of an opto-digital multiple information hiding and real-time extracting system. 촉각에 있는 지각신경세포가 뇌의 촉각엽으로 뻗어 들어가 위의 5가지 신경연접중 어느 형을 형성하는지를 관찰하기 위하여 좌측 촉각의