• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.1460-1468
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• 2011

This study investigated the quality changes and characteristics (0, 3, 6, 9%) of pound cake made with flour that included gamma irradiated (50 kGy) hot water extracts of Undaria pinnatifida sporophyll (WEUS). The pH of pound cakes decreased with increasing powder concentration, and gamma-irradiated pound cakes had lower pH than non-irradiated pound cakes at the same powder concentrations. The height, volume, specific loaf volume, and baking loss showed no significant differences between control and experimental groups. With increasing powder concentration, the L value of the crust and crumbs decreased, but the a value increased. The b value showed different tendencies between crust and crumb. The crust value was reduced with higher content of WEUS, but the crumb value increased. Gamma-irradiated pound cakes were also less hard than non-irradiated pound cakes. On the other hand, adhesiveness and springiness decreased with increasing powder concentration, but were not significantly different from the control. Also, gumminess and chewiness decreased but not significantly so. The hardness after several days of storage (5, 10, and 15 days) was higher than the control, and the springiness and cohesiveness were significantly reduced with increasing concentration compared to the control. The retrogradation increased in the control group, but it did not in the experimental groups. Results of radical scavenging activity using DPPH indicated that the gamma-irradiated group was higher than the non-irradiated group and it was also higher with higher concentrations of powder. In a sensory evaluation, when compared to the control, pound cake with 3% WEUS was superior in taste, flavor, and overall preference. Therefore, it was found that pound cake with 3% WEUS powder with gamma irradiation of 50 kGy added could improve the yield, taste, and antioxidant activity of pound cake.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.31 no.3 s.62
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• pp.490-502
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• 1998

This study purports to find the predictor of hospital bankruptcy in Korea and to examine the predictive power of the discriminant function model of hospital bankruptcy. Data on 17 financial and 4 non-financial indicators of 31 bankrupt and 31 profitable hospitals of 1, 2, and 3 years before bankruptcy were obtained from the hospital performance databank of Korea Institute of Health Services Management. Significant variables were identified through mean comparison of each indicator between bankrupt and profitable hospitals, and the discriminant function model of hospital bankruptcy was developed. The major findings are as follows 1. As for profitability indicators, net worth to total assets, operating profit to total capital, operating profit ratio to gross revenues, normal profit to total assets, normal profit to gross revenues, net profit to total assets were significantly different in mean comparison test in 1, 2, and 3 years before hospital bankruptcy. With regard to liquidity indicators, current ratio and quick ratio were significant in 1 year before bankruptcy. For activity indicators, patients receivable turnover was significant in 2 and 3 years before bankruptcy and added value per adjusted inpatient days was significant in 3 years before bankruptcy. 2. The discriminant function in 1, 2, and 3 years before bankruptcy were; $Z=-0.0166{\times}quick$ ratio-$0.1356{\times}normal$ profit to total assets-$1.545{\times}total$ assets turnrounds in 1 year before bankruptcy, $Z=-0.0119{\times}quick$ ratio-$0.1433{\times}operating$ profit to total assets-$0.0227{\times}value$ added to total assets in 2 years before bankruptcy, and $Z=-0.3533{\times}net$ profit to total assets-$0.1336{\times}patients$ receivables turn-rounds-$0.04301{\times}added$ value per adjusted $patient+0.00119{\times}average$ daily inpatient census in 3 years before bankruptcy. 3. The discriminant function's discriminant power in 1, 2, and 3 years before bankruptcy was 77.42, 79.03, 82.25% respectively.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.123-130
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• 2017

Purpose - This research aims to examine the effect of e-business adoption on firm's growth and profitability in the distribution industry. The value added from the distribution industry acts as the cost of other industries. As the distribution industry develops, its stage becomes shorter and the distribution margin becomes smaller. Therefore, e-business is expected to have a different effect on the distribution industry than other industries. Research design, data and methodology - The previous research generally used e-business adoption as an independent variable and firm's performance as a dependent variable. This study elaborated the model using a dynamic panel model that includes the performance variable of the previous year as an independent variable. By employing system GMM (Generalized Method of Moments), the endogeneity problem in the dynamic panel model can be solved. For the analysis, I extracted the distribution companies as the raw data in the National Statistical Office's Business Activity Survey over the period 2006 to 2012. Results - The growth rate of firms adopting e-business was 0.299%p higher than that of the non-adopter. However, only ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), KMS (Knowledge Management System) and SCM (Supply Chain Management) contributed positively to the growth rate. In the case of profitability, it was 0.04%p higher than the distribution companies that did not adopt e-business. ERP and LMS (Learning Management System) improve profitability, while SCM reduces profitability. Consequently, while ERP improves both growth and profitability, SCM improves growth but reduces profitability. In addition, KMS improves firm's growth only, and LMS does only profitability, showing that each e-business has a differentiated effect. Conclusions - Since the distribution industry has different characteristics from manufacturing and other service industries, the introduction of e-business may not guarantee the growth and profitability of distribution companies. Careful introduction considering the characteristics of the distribution industry is required. In particular, it is necessary to select an e-business meeting the characteristics and needs of a distribution company, and thereafter, it is required for the company's own efforts to internalize it within the system.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.141-148
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• 2015

The presence of phenols in treated palm oil mill effluent (POME) is an environmental concern due to their phytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity. In this study, phenol-degrading bacteria, Methylobacterium sp. NP3 and Acinetobacter sp. PK1 were immobilized on oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFBs) for removal of phenols in the treated POME. The bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS) were responsible for cell adhesion to the EFBs during the immobilization process. These immobilized bacteria could effectively remove up to 5,000 mg/L phenol in a carbon free mineral medium (CFMM) with a greater degradation efficiency and rate than that with suspended bacteria. To increase the efficiency of the immobilized bacteria, three approaches, namely activation, acclimation, and combined activation and acclimation were applied. The most convenient and efficient strategy was found when the immobilized bacteria were activated in a CFMM containing phenol for 24 h before biotreatment of the treated POME. These activated immobilized bacteria were able to remove about 63.4% of 33 mg/L phenols in the treated POME, while non-activated and/or acclimated immobilized bacteria could degrade only 35.0%. The activated immobilized bacteria could be effectively reused for at least ten application cycles and stored for 4 weeks at $4^{\circ}C$ with the similar activities. In addition, the utilization of the abundant EFBs gives value-added to the palm oil mill wastes and is environmentally friendly thus making it is attractive for practical application.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2005

To investigate potential characteristics of clay minerals (illite, kaolin, zeolite, vermiculite, and bentonite) for food industry application, antioxidative properties of clay minerals, electron-donating ability (EDA), peroxide value (POV), and thiobabituric acid (TBA) were measured, and antimicrobial activity against several food spoilage microorganisms were evaluated by minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) method. Changes in components by cooking clay minerals added to stored rice were measured by GC-MS. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) analysis results revealed bentonite has strongest EDA at 20.6%. Antioxidant activities measured based on POV were similar to DPPH results. Induction period of linoleic acid with vermiculite was longest among. TBA results revealed zeolite hasstrongest antioxidant ability. Growth inhibition against E. coli and S. aureuswas observed in illite, vermiculite, and zeolite. Aroma components indicated decrease in hex anal, pent anal, non anal, linoleate, stearic acid, and oleic acid when clay minerals were added to stored rice. These results indicate that several clay minerals have antioxidative and antimicrobial abilities and improve flavor profiles in stored rice.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.438-447
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• 2016

This study was conducted in order to investigate the physiochemical properties and antioxidative activity of red ginseng manufactured using the high temperature high pressure (HTHP) process, which is faster and simpler than the conventional process. According to increasing the steaming temperature, pressure and time, the content of minor non-polar ginsenosides, such as Rg3, Rk3, Rh4, Rk1 and Rg5 gradually increased. Also, the contents of acidic polysaccharide, total phenolic compounds and maltol gradually increased. Based on the results of the physiochemical properties and appearance quality, the optimum conditions of HTHP process were estimated as $140^{\circ}C$, $3kg/cm^2$ in 20 min. The total phenolic compounds and maltol contents of the HTHP process red ginseng (1.0% and 2.49 mg%, respectively) were higher than those of conventional red ginseng (0.23% and 0.60 mg%, respectively). In addition, the antioxidative activity was investigated using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS (2,2'-aziono-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radical scavenging activity. DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of HTHP process red ginseng increased by 3.4 and 3.6 folds, respectively, compared with conventional red ginseng. In addition, total phenolic compounds and maltol contents, as well as the antioxidant activity of the HTHP process red ginseng were similar to black ginseng. The present results suggest that the HTHP process is available for the development of value-added red ginseng products.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-29
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• 2023

The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated digital transformation across all industries and daily life. Edutech is spreading in the education field, also bringing changes in university education. Non-face-to-face online-only classes at universities have spread after the COVID-19 pandemic physical distancing started. Online-only or real-time online classes showed diverse educational imitations. 'Metaverse' started to attract attention as a learning space and community activity support platform that may solve the limitations of online education and communication. It is time to prepare an introduction strategy for the actual application of education using metaverse. This study, first, by examining previous studies and cases of metaverse application, and second, establishing a metaverse introduction framework based on the technology lifecycle model and the innovation diffusion theory. Finally, we provide an introduction strategy in steps, a specialized introduction plan according to the main users is established and presented as a scenario. We expect that this study will provide the theoretical background of the new technology introduction and the spread of metaverse research. Also, we present an efficient introduction strategy, the basis for a service model, and a practical basis for the university's value-added strategy.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.53-68
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• 1969

The nutriophysiological response of rice plant to root environment was investigated with eye observation of root development and rhizosphere in situation. The results may be summarized as follows: 1) The quick decomposition of organic matter, added in low yield soil, caused that the origainal organic matter content was reached very quickly, in spite of it low value. In high yield soil the reverse was seen. 2) In low yield soil root development, root activity and T/R value were very low, whereas addition of organic matter lowered them still wore. This might be contributed to gas bubbles around the root by the decomposition of organic matter. 3) Varietal difference in the response to root environment was clear. Suwon 82 was more susceptible to growth-inhibitine conditions on low-yield soil than Norin 25. 4) Potassium uptake was mostly hindered by organic matter, while some factors in soil hindered mostly posphorus uptake. When the organic matter was added to such soil, the effect of them resulted in multiple interaction. 5) The root activity showed a correlation coeffieient of 0.839, 0.834 and 0.948 at 1% level with the number of root, yield of aerial part and root yield, respectively. At 5% level the root-activity showed correlation-coefficient of 0.751, 0.670 and 0.769 with the uptake of the aerial part of respectively. N, P and K and a correlation-coefficient of 0.729, 0.742 and 0.815 with the uptake of the root of respectively N.P. and K. So especially for K-uptake a high correlation with the root-activity was found. 6) The nitrogen content of the roots in low-yield soil was higher than in high-yield soil, while the content in the upper part showed the reverse. It may suggest ammonium toxicity in the root. In low-yield soil Potassium and Phosphorus content was low in both the root and aerial part, and in the latter particularly in the culm and leaf sheath. 7) The content of reducing sugar, non-recuding sugar, starh and eugar, total carbohydrates in the aerial part of plants in low yield soil was higher than in high yield soil. The content of them, especially of reducing sugar in the roots was lower. It may be caused by abnormal metabolic consumption of sugar in the root. 8) Sulfur content was very high in the aerial part, especially in leaf blade of plants on low yield soil and $P_2O_5/S$ value of the leaf blade was one fifth of that in high yield soil. It suggests a possible toxic effect of sulfate ion on photophosphorization. 9) The high value of $Fe/P_2O_5$ of the aerial part of plants in low yield soil suggests the possible formation of solid $Fe/PO_4$ as a mechanical hindrance for the translocation of nutrients. 10) Translocation of nutrients in the plant was very poor and most nutrients were accumulated in the root in low yield soil. That might contributed to the lack of energy sources and mechanical hindrance. 11) The amount of roots in high yield soil, was greater than that in low yield soil. The in high-yield soil was deep, distribution of the roots whereas in the low-yield soil the root-distribution was mainly in the top-layer. Without application of Nitrogen fertilizer the roots were mainly distributed in the upper 7cm. of topsoil. With 120 kg N/ha. root were more concentrated in the layer between 7cm. and 14cm. depth. The amount of roots increased with the amount of fertilizer applied.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.680-689
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• 2016

The present study evaluated the validation method for isoflavone contents of fermented soybean extracts by bioconversion as well as their antioxidant activities. Our results show that the total isoflavone contents of non-fermented and fermented soybean extract ranged between 119.8 to $637.7{\mu}g/g$ and between 567.3 to $2,074.6{\mu}g/g$, respectively. Moreover, fermented soybean extracts had higher contents of isoflavone aglycones, including daidzein, glycitein, and genistein than non-fermented soybean extracts as well as lower contents of isoflavone glucosides such as daidzin, glycitin, and genistin. FRAP and ORAC values ranged between 0.15 to 0.22 and between 195.24 to $753.79{\mu}M$ Trolox equivalents/g in non-fermented and fermented soybean extracts, respectively. These results indicate that fermented soybean extracts had higher total isoflavone contents and antioxidant activities than non-fermented soybean extracts. Bioconversion process in this study may have the potential to produce isoflavone-enriched natural antioxidant agents with high added value from soybean matrices.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.790-798
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• 2014

The nutritional compositions and antioxidative activities of the Kimcheon lowbush and Pyungtaek highbush blueberries cultivated in South Korea were investigated. The approximate compositions, pH, and soluble-solid and mineral contents of P, Ca, Mg, Na, and Zn were determined. Both blueberry cultivars had mainly fructose and glucose as free sugars while disaccharides such as sucrose, maltose, and lactose were not detected in both. Oleic, linoleic, and linolenic fatty acids were the major fatty acids in both types of blueberries. The total of 16 free amino acids, including seven essential and nine non-essential amino acids, were higher in the Pyungtaek highbush blueberry. Among the amino acids, arginine was especially much higher in the Pyungtaek highbush blueberry. The anthocyanin, resveratrol, and polyphenol compounds, which are the important biologically active compounds in blueberries, were found. The anthocyanin contents of the Kimcheon lowbush and Pyungtaek highbush blueberries were 22.0 and 18.1 mg/100 g, respectively; the resveratrol contents by HPLC, 0.12 and 0.11 mg/100 g; and the total polyphenol contents, 141.3 and 138.4 mg/100 g. The electron-donating ability determined based on the DPPH radical scavenging activity was increased in a concentration-dependent manner, and it was higher than that of the Pyungtaek highbush blueberries, which implies that it is highly correlated with the higher amounts of total polyphenol, anthocyanin, and resveratrol in it. In conclusion, the two varieties of Korean blueberries can be suggested as potential sources of high-value-added functional foods.