• Computers and Concrete
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.329-334
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• 2019

Traffic flow capacity of some old road bridges is insufficient due to limited deck width. In such cases bridge deck widening is a common solution. For multi-girder reinforced concrete (RC) bridges it is possible to add steel-concrete composite girders as the new outermost girders. The deck widening may be combined with bridge strengthening thanks to thickening of the existing deck slab. Joint action of the existing and the added parts of such bridge span must be ensured. It refers especially to the horizontal plane at the interface of the existing slab and the added concrete layer as well as to the vertical planes at the external surfaces of the initially outermost girders where the added girders are connected to the existing bridge span. Since the distribution of the added concrete is non-uniform in the span cross-section the structure is particularly sensitive to the added concrete shrinkage. The shrinkage induces shear forces in the aforementioned planes. Widening of a 12 m long RC multi-girder bridge span is numerically analysed to assess the influence of the added concrete shrinkage. The analysis results show that: a) in the vertical plane of the connection of the added and the existing deck slab the longitudinal shear due to the shrinkage of the added concrete is comparable with the effect of live load, b) it is necessary to provide appropriate longitudinal reinforcement in the deck slab over the added girders due to tension induced by the shrinkage of the added concrete.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.450-465
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• 2021

In this study, an attempt has been made to investigate the water-entry characteristics of the high-speed parallel projectile numerically. The shear stress transport k-𝜔 turbulence model and the Zwart-Gerber-Belamri cavitation model based on the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes method were used. The grid independent inspection and grid convergence index is carried out and verified. The influences of the parallel water-entry on flow filed characteristics, trajectory stability and drag reduction performance for different values of initial water-entry speed (𝜈₀ = 280 m/s, 340 m/s, 400 m/s) and clearance between the parallel projectiles (L_p = 0.5D, 1.0D, 2.0D, 3.0D) are presented and analyzed in detail. Under the condition of the parallel water-entry, it can be found that due to the intense interference between the parallel projectiles, the distribution of cavity is non-uniform and part of the projectile is exposed to water, resulting in the destruction of the cavity structure and the decline of trajectory stability. In addition, the parallel projectile suffers more severe lateral force that separates the two projectiles. The drag reduction performance is impacted and the velocity attenuation is accelerated as the clearance between the parallel projectiles reduces.

• 대한조선학회논문집
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.73-86
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• 1993

균일 유동장 중에서 작동 중인 선박 프로펠러의 정상 성능 추정을 위하여 포텐셜을 기저로한 패널법을 기술하고 있다. 본 방법은 법선 다이폴과 쏘오스를 프로펠러 날개, 허브, 후류면에 분포함으로써 다이폴의 세기를 미지수로 하는 적분방정식을 얻고, 이산화과정을 거쳐 수치적으로 계산된다. 비평면 사각형 패널위에 있는 법선 다이폴에 의해 유기되는 포텐셜을 구하기 위하여 쌍곡면 요소를 채택하고 있다. Kutta 조건은 반복계산에 의해 날개 뒷날에서의 압력 점프를 없앰으로써 만족시킨다. 수렴성을 보이기 위하여 상세한 수치시험을 수행하였으며, 동시에 후류면 모형화가 성능에 미치는 영향도 조사하였다. 프로펠러의 단독 모형시험 결과와 수치추정 결과가 잘 일치하는 것을 보였다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.947-957
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• 2023

Curved cylindrical structures such as elbows have a non-uniform thickness distribution due to their fabrication process, and as a result have a number of complex mode shapes, including circumferential and axial nodal patterns. In nuclear power plants, material degradation is induced in pipes by flow accelerated erosion and corrosion, causing the wall thickness of carbon steel elbows to gradually thin. The corresponding frequencies of each mode shape vary according to the wall thinning state. Therefore, the thinning state can be estimated by monitoring the varying modal characteristics of the elbow. This study investigated the varying modal characteristics of artificially thinned carbon steel elbows for each thinning state using numerical simulation and experimental methods (MRIT, Multiple Reference Impact Test). The natural frequencies of specified mode shapes were extracted, and results confirmed they linearly decreased with increasing thinning. In addition, by comparing single FRF (Frequency Response Function) data with the results of MRIT, a concise and cost effective thinning estimation method was suggested.

• 지질공학
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.447-455
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 다공질 지반체내의 투수계수를 계산하기 위하여 정방형의 배열형태를 갖는 유동관망(pipe network) 유동해석 모델을 개발하였다. 본 유동관망을 통한 유체의 흐름 메커니즘은 통계적 침투이론(percolation theory)에 기초하여 정의된다(Stauffer and Aharony, 1994). 여기서, 개별 유동관의 직경들이 주어진 다공질 매질의 공극률과 공극크기 분포특성을 기초로 하여 통계적으로 지정됨으로 계산된 유체흐름은 불균일한 채널 유동 형태로 나타난다. 본 유동해석에서는 유동관망 모델의 한쪽 경계면에 가압된 유체가 투입되고 다른 측면 경계면들은 흐름을 억제하는 경계조건을 두어 한 방향으로 유동관망을 통해 유체의 흐름을 유도하여 모델링된다. 이때, 흐름을 허용할지를 정의하는 확산조건(percolation condition)이 각 유동관에 부여되며, 이는 각 유동 경로의 직경과 재료면 특성을 기초로 계산된 삼투압(capillary pressure) 수준에 의해 정의된다. 유체가 유입되는 면의 수압에 대해 전체 유동관망 모델 내의 수압 분포가 평형을 이루면 유출되는 면의 수압이 일정해 지며, 유입면의 수압과 계산된 유출면의 수압 및 유동량을 Darcy 방정식에 적용하면 유동관망 모델로 모사된 다공질 매질의 투수계수를 얻어 낼 수 있다. 본 연구에서는, 민감할 것으로 예상된 유동 격자망의 규모의 투수계수 결과값에 대한 민감도를 검토하였으며, 실제 석유개발 현장에서 수집된 시추코어에 대해 측정된 투수계수값과 제안 네트워크 모델을 이용한 계산값과 비교하여 합리적인 범위 내에서 잘 부합됨을 보였다.

• 한국음향학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국음향학회 2002년도 하계학술발표대회 논문집 제21권 1호
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• pp.469-474
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• 2002

In recent years, modularization of engine parts has increased the application of plastic products in air intake systems. Plastic intake manifolds provide many advantages including reduced weight, contracted cost, and lower intake air temperatures. These manifolds, however, have some weakness when compared with customary aluminium intake manifolds, in that they have low sound transmission loss because of their lower material density. This low transmission loss of plastic intake manifolds causes several problems related to flow noise, especially when the throttle is opened quickly. The physical processes, responsible for this flow noise, include turbulent fluid motion and relative motion of the throttle to the airflow. The former is generated by high-speed airflow in the splits between the throttle valve and the inner-surface of the throttle body and surge-tank, which can be categorized into the quadrupole source. The latter induces the unsteady force on the flow, which can be classified into the dipole source. In this paper, the mechanism of noise generation from the turbulence is only investigated as a preliminary study. Stochastic noise source synthesis method is adopted for the analysis of turbulence-induced, i.e. quadrupole noise by throttle at quick opening state. The method consists of three procedures. The first step corresponds to the preliminary time-averaged Navier-Stokes computation with a $k-\varepsilon$ turbulence model providing mean flow field characteristics. The second step is the synthesis of time-dependent turbulent velocity field associated with quadrupole noise sources. The final step is devoted to the determination of acoustic source terms associated with turbulent velocity. For the first step, we used market available analysis tools such as STAR-CD, the trade names of fluid analysis tools available on the market. The steady state flows at three open angle of throttle valve, i.e. 20, 35 and 60 degree, are numerically analyzed. Then, time-dependent turbulent velocity fields are produced by using the stochastic model and the flow analysis results. Using this turbulent velocity field, the turbulence-originated noise sources, i.e. the self-noise and shear-noise sources are synthesized. Based on these numerical results, it is found that the origin of the turbulent flow and noise might be attributed to the process of formulation and the interaction of two vortex lines formed in the downstream of the throttle valve. These vortex lines are produced by the non-uniform splits between the throttle valve and inner cylinder surface. Based on the analysis, we present the low-noise design of the inner geometry of throttle body.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.1156-1162
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• 2005

In this study, a noble method is proposed to prevent the edge overcoating (EOC) that may develop near the edge of the steel strip in the gas wiping process of continuous hot-dip galvanizing. In our past study (Trans. of the KSME (B), Vol. 27, No. 8, pp. $1105\~1113$), it was found that EOC is caused by the alternating vortices which are generated by the collision of two opposed jets in the region outside the steel strip. When the two opposed jets collide at an angle much less than $180^{o}$, non-alternating stable vortices are established symmetrically outside the steel strip, which lead to nearly uniform pressure on the strip surface. In order to deflect both jets downward by a certain angle, a cylinder with small diameter is installed tangentially to the exit of the lower lip of the two-dimensional jet. In order to find an optimum cylinder diameter, the three dimensional flow field is analysed numerically by using the commercial code, STAR-CD. And the coating thickness is calculated by using an integral analysis method to solve the boundary layer momentum equation. In order to compare the present noble method with the conventional baffle plate method to prevent the EOC, the flow field with a baffle plate is also calculated. The calculation results show that the tangentially installed cylinder at the bottom lip of the jet exit is more effective than the baffle plate to prevent EOC.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.271-279
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• 2009

본 연구는 단순한 직사각형 하도에서 발생한 댐 붕괴 및 홍수전파 등에서 만족스러운 결과를 보였던 Riemann 근사해법을 이용한 1차원 유한체적기법을 불규칙한 하도형상의 자연하도에 적용하기 위하여 새로운 기법을 개발하는 것이 목적이다. 이를 위하여 자연하천 단면을 등가의 직사각형 단면으로 변환하는 개념을 도입하였으며, 그 결과, 운동량방정식이 수정되었다. 새롭게 개발된 기법을 정확해가 존재하는 삼각형 단면하도의 댐 붕괴 흐름에 적용하고 그 결과를 비교함으로써, 기법의 정확성 및 적용성이 검증되었다. 단면의 형상 및 단면간 거리가 균일하지 않는 자연하도에 적용한 결과는 실측수위와 비교하여 홍수파의 전파 양상, 도수의 발생 위치 및 크기, 그리고 전 구간에서의 최대 수위가 잘 일치함을 나타낸다. 본 연구결과로부터 기존의 균일한 단면을 사용하여 개발된 기법들을 복잡한 수치처리과정 없이 자연하천 단면에 직접 적용할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국전산유체공학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.39-46
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• 2011

A numerical study of a turbulent natural convection in an enclosure with the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is presented. The primary emphasis of the present study is placed on investigation of accuracy and numerical stability of the LBM for the turbulent natural convection flow. A HYBRID method in which the thermal equation is solved by the conventional Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equation method while the conservation of mass and momentum equations are resolved by the LBM is employed in the present study. The elliptic-relaxation model is employed for the turbulence model and the turbulent heat fluxes are treated by the algebraic flux model. All the governing equations are discretized on a cell-centered, non-uniform grid using the finite-volume method. The convection terms are treated by a second-order central-difference scheme with the deferred correction way to ensure accuracy and stability of solutions. The present LBM is applied to the prediction of a turbulent natural convection in a rectangular cavity and the computed results are compared with the experimental data commonly used for the validation of turbulence models and those by the conventional finite-volume method. It is shown that the LBM with the present HYBRID thermal model predicts the mean velocity components and turbulent quantities which are as good as those by the conventional finite-volume method. It is also found that the accuracy and stability of the solution is significantly affected by the treatment of the convection term, especially near the wall.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 2010년도 하계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.272-272
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• 2010

We have fabricated alumina thick films by inkjet printing technology. Two different types of ink system were formulated in order to understand their evaporation behaviors and their evaporation effects on the powder distribution on, the surface during inkjet-printed alumina thick films. Single solvent system was formulated with N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF), which led to coffee ring effects which non-uniformly distributed alumina particles on the substrate during the ink evaporation. However, Co-solvent system which consists of both Water and DMF produced relatively uniform distribution of the particles on the substrate. We believe that these two different distributions of alumina particles are attributed to the ink fluid flow directions in the ink droplets ejected from the different ceramic ink system. We have modulated inkjet parameters such as dot-to-dot distance, line-to-line distance, jetting velocity and jetting drop size in order to find out the optimum condition for the printing of alumina thick films from two different ink systems. The surface roughness, microstructures and dielectric properties of these inkjet-printed alumina thick films were investigated.