• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.65-84
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• 2001

We recently demonstrated that bee venom (BV) injection into acupoint (i.e. Zusanli) produced more potent anti-inflammatory and antinociciptive effect in Freunds adjuvant induced rheumatoid arthritis (RA) model as compared with that of non-acupoint injection(i.e back). However, the precise components underlying BV-induced antinociceptive and/or anti-inflammatory effects have not been fully understood. Therefore, we further investigated the anti-arthritic effect of BV after extracting the whole BV according to solubility (water soluble: BVA, ethylacetate soluble: BVE). Subcutaneous BVA treatment (0.9 mg/kg/day) into Zusanli acupoint was found to dramatically inhibit paw edema and radiological change (i.e. new bone proliferation and soft tissue swelling) caused by Freunds adjuvant injection. In addition, the increase of serum interleukin-6 by RA induction was normalized by the BVA treatment as similar with that of non-arthritic animals. On the other hand, BVA therapy significantly reduced arthritis induced nociceptive behaviors (i.e., nociceptive score for mechanical hyperalgesia and thermal hyperalgesia). Furthermore, BVA treatment significantly suppressed adjuvant induced Fos expression in the lumbar spinal cord at 3 weeks post-adjuvant injection. However, BVE treatment (0.05 mg/kg/day) has not any anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effect on RA. Based on the present results, we demonstrated that BVA might be a effective fraction in whole BV for long-term treatment of RA-induced pain and inflammation. However, it is clear necessary that further fraction study about BVA was required for elucidating an effective component of BVA.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.1132-1137
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• 2009

Successive application of Saccharomyces cerevisiae DSM 70424 and Saccharomyces rouxii DSM 2535 or DSM 2531 in the production of non-alcoholic beer was investigated. The aim of the study was to consider the impact of the 2 mentioned strains of S. rouxii on the reduction of alcohol content in wort fermented at 12 or $24^{\circ}C$ for 96 hr, applying periodic aeration. The 2 S. rouxii strains were added at the $48^{th}$ hr of fermentation after thermal inactivation of S. cerevisiae cells. The greatest alcohol decrease rate was observed for the treatment containing S. rouxii DSM 2535-fermented at $24^{\circ}C$ (from 1.56 to 0.36%). The concentration of acetaldehyde, diacetyl, and 2,3-pentandione, that have a key role in appearance of 'wort' and 'buttery' off flavors, were significantly lower in S. rouxii-containing treatments fermented at $24^{\circ}C$. S. rouxii-containing treatment fermented at $24^{\circ}C$ showed slightly lower overall flavor acceptability compared to S. cerevisiae-containing treatment fermented at the same temperature. Such score was improved for the products obtained at $12^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.59 no.6
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• pp.559-563
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• 2016

Objective : Low back pain, caused intervertebral disc degeneration has been treated by thermal annuloplasty procedure, which is a non-surgical treatement. The theoretical backgrounds of the annuloplasty are thermal destruct of nociceptor and denaturization of collagen fiber to induce contraction, to shrink annulus and thus enhancing stability. This study is about temperature and its distribution during thermal annuloplasty using 1414 nm Nd : YAG laser. Methods : Thermal annuloplasty was performed on fresh human cadaveric lumbar spine with 20 intact intervertebral discs in a $37^{\circ}C$ circulating water bath using newly developed 1414 nm Nd : YAG laser. Five thermocouples were attached to different locations on the disc, and at the same time, temperature during annuloplasty was measured and analyzed. Results : Thermal probe's temperature was higher in locations closer to laser fiber tip and on lateral locations, rather than the in depth locations. In accordance with the laser fiber tip and the depth, temperatures above $45.0^{\circ}C$ was measured in 3.0 mm depth which trigger nociceptive ablation in 16 levels (80%), in accordance with the laser fiber end tip and laterality, every measurement had above $45.0^{\circ}C$, and also was measured temperature over $60.0^{\circ}C$, which can trigger collagen denaturation at 16 levels (80%). Conclusion : When thermal annuloplasty is needed in a selective lesion, annuloplasty using a 1414 nm Nd : YAG laser can be one of the treatment options.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.151-158
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• 1997

Burley leaf tobacco extracts has been heated at loot for 2 hours and changes in non-volatile fructosazines and volatile components were investigated. Major changes for the heat treatment with corn syrup of burley leaf tobacco extracts were as follows, increases in the contents of 2,5-deoxyfructosazine and 2,5-fructosazine that is produce for the heating reaction of sugar and ammonia, production of pyraEine compounds, such as 2,6-dimethyl pyrazine,2,4-dimethyl pyrazine, ethrnyl pyrazine, methylethyl pyraxine, trimethyl pyrazine, 2-ethenyl-5-methyl pyrazine, 2-acetyl parazine and 2-acetyl-3-methyl pyrazine, increases in the content of furfuryl alcohol derived from sugar degrad ation, production of 2,5-dimethyl-4-hydroxy-3(2H)-furanone and 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4H-pyran-4-one derived from thermal degradation of Amadori compounds.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.287-291
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• 2013

Nowadays, terms such as 'Smart Textile', 'Intelligent Textile' and 'Wearable Computing' are commonly used in everyday contexts. And radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the use of a wireless non-contact system that uses radio-frequency electromagnetic fields to transfer data from a tag attached to an object, for the purposes of automatic identification and tracking. These products are required technologies which are textile treatments, printing, ink, etc. Durability of textile substrates is an essential marker for conductive ink printing process. Especially, heat stability is important, since conductive ink should be processable (annealing, curing) at temperatures below $150^{\circ}C$. This study was application of RFID on textiles. The textile pre-treatment processes should be carried out to use RFID antenna on textiles.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.156-168
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• 2023

Objectives : This study aimed to determine the status of thermal stimulation devices approved in Korea for medical applications over the past 10 years, and based on this, to obtain insight for future thermal treatment in Korean medical institutions. Methods : We searched the item classification list entitled "Regulations on Medical Device Items and Rating by Item" from the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety Notice No. 2021-24, 2021 (Enforced March 19, 2021; www.mfds.go.kr) for individually licensed heaters using the terms "heat" and "heating". Results : We identified 17 items of thermal stimulation product group, of which 1,308 devices were licensed by February 4, 2022, and 53.2% of them (n=696) were devices with valid permits for distribution in Korea. Among the licensed devices, heating pad systems under/overlay (electric, home use) were approved the most, but combinational stimulator (for medical use, home use; Grade 2) accounted for the highest percentage among the current valid permission. Moxibustion apparatuses were licensed separately for electrical use and non-electrical use, and occupied a low percentage of the total devices. We analyzed 307 devices that were accompanied by technical documents and found that the heat sources were wires in 145 (47.2%), infrared rays in 44 (14.3%) and ultrasonic waves in 42 (13.7%) devices. Most (83.1%) devices were used for pain relief, while other applications included beauty, cancer treatment, maintenance of infant body temperature, and healing fractures. Conclusions : Thermal stimulation devices accounted for about 0.9% of all medical devices, and among them, combinational stimulators and heating pad systems under/overlay had the most valid permits. Thermal stimulation devices using heating wires and infrared rays were the most prevalent, and most were used to relieve pain. In order to develop a range of thermal stimulation devices that can be utilized in Korean medical institutions, it is imperative that they have potential applications beyond pain management, addressing various medical purposes. To achieve this, foundational research is necessary to effectively apply diverse heat sources based on medical objectives.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.196-199
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• 2000

Electroless plating is the desirable surface treatment method which is being widely used to all kinds of material such as requiring corrosion resistance, wear resistance and conductivity, especially plating of nonconductive material. Electroless nickel deposit has particular characteristics including non-magnetic property, amorphous structure, wear resistance, corrosion protection and thermal stability. In this study, electroless nickel plating was studied with an change in hardness and corrosion resistance of electroless nickel-phosphorus deposit depending on heat treatment. The highest hardness value was obtained by heat treatment at $500^{\circ}C$ Corrosion resistance of deposit, which had been heated at $300^{\circ}C$, was excellent when it was immersed in 1M $H_2SO_4$ solution for 60 hrs.

• Applied Science and Convergence Technology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.51-55
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• 2016

The surface treatment of a titanium implant is investigated with a non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma jet. The plasma jet is generated by the injection of He and $O_2$ gas mixture with a sinusoidal driving voltage of 3 kV or more and with a driving frequency of 20 kHz. The generated plasma plume has a length up to 35 mm from the jet outlet. The wettability of 4 different titanium surfaces with plasma treatments was measured by the contact angle analysis. The water contact angles were significantly reduced especially for $O_2/He$ mixture plasma, which was explained with the optical emission spectroscopy. Consequently, plasma treatment enhances wettability of the titanium surface significantly within the operation time of tens of seconds, which is practically helpful for tooth implantation.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.5
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• pp.1014-1023
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• 2023

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of incorporating black soldier fly (BSF) larvae and its processed form as an alternative source of protein to fish meal (FM) on the digestibility of amino acids (AA) in weaned pigs. Four cannulated pigs with an initial bodyweight of 13.25 ± 0.25 kg and aged 30 days were subjected to a 4 × 4 Latin square design with three treatments, as well as a nitrogen-free treatment. The diets used for each treatment consisted of a FM diet, a diet containing BSF larvae meal (BSFM), and a diet containing extruded BSF (BSFE). The study was conducted over four stages, with a total duration of 28 days. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of protein was higher in the FM treatment compared with the BSFM. Among essential AA, the AID of Arg, His, Leu, and Thr were higher in the FM compared with the BSFM and BSFE. A greater AID of Ile and Phe was observed in pigs in the FM treatment compared with the BSFM. The average AA digestibility did not show any difference between treatments. Among non-essential AA, the AID of Ala (p = 0.054) and Glu (p = 0.064) tended to be increased in the FM compared with the BSFM. Among essential AA, the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of Arg, His, Ile, and Leu were higher in the FM compared with the BSFM. Among non-essential AA, the SID of Cys (p = 0.074) tended to be increased in the FM compared with the BSFM. In conclusion, the processing and thermal conditioning techniques utilized for BSF larvae meal showed a tendency for increased AA digestibility. Therefore, when formulating a diet, it is important to take into account the difference in AA digestibility between FM and BSFM.

• CELLMED
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.3.1-3.8
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• 2014

Spa represents a treatment widely used in many rheumatic diseases (RD). The mechanisms by which immersion in mineral or thermal water ameliorates RD are not fully understood. The net benefit is probably the result of a combination of factors, among which the mechanical, thermal and chemical effects are most prominent. Buoyancy, immersion, resistance and temperature play important roles. According to the gate theory, pain relief may be due to the pressure and temperature of the water on skin; heat may reduce muscle spasm and increase the pain threshold. Mud-bath therapy increases plasma ${\beta}$-endorphin levels and secretion of corticotrophin, cortisol, growth hormone and prolactin. It has recently been demonstrated that thermal mud-bath therapy induces a reduction in circulating levels of prostaglandin E2, leukotriene B4, interleukin-$1{\beta}$ and tumour necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, important mediators of inflammation and pain. Furthermore, balneotherapy has been found to cause an increase in insulin-like growth factor-1, which stimulates cartilage metabolism, and transforming growth factor-${\beta}$. Beneficial anti-inflammatory and anti-degenerative effects of mineral water were confirmed in chondrocytes cultures, too. Various studies in vitro and in humans have highlighted the positive action of mud-packs and thermal baths, especially sulphurous ones, on the oxidant/antioxidant system. Overall, thermal stress has an immunosuppressive effect. Many other non-specific factors may also contribute to the beneficial effects observed after spa therapy in some RD, including effects on cardiovascular risk factors (e.g. adipokines) and changes in the environment, pleasant surroundings and the absence of work duties.