• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.139-147
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• 2003

The roots of teeth exposed by gingival recession, may be successfully covered by various type of gingival grafting procedures. Vascularization of the recipient site is an essential determinant of the grafts' survival during the first healing stages. It has been suggested that a procedure by which they stimulate the periosteum presurgically will induce the proliferation of neo-endothelium in the site to be operated. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the variations in the gingival blood flow during 4weeks after periosteal stimulation in patient scheduled to receive gingival grafts and to compare variations in the gingival blood flow between smoker and non-smoker. Laser Doppler Flowmetry(floLAB(R), Moor Instruments Ltd, England ; wave length = 780mm. Max. power =l.6mW) was used to measure the gingival blood flow. 112 sites of 68 male patients (32 smokers and 36 non-smoker), aged between 23 and 48 years (smoker : 24-44 years. mean=32.6, non-smoker : 23-48 years, mean=28.5) were monitored for the blood flow. Gingival blood flow measured at before periosteal stimulation, 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-weeks after periosteal stimulation from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. The difference of blood flow in each measuring time, each measuring site and between smokers and non-smokers were statistically analyzed by MANOVA. The results were as follows : (1) Blood flow stayed increased for 2 weeks, and then, it was a tendency to decrease(p<0.05). (2) There was no statistically significant difference of blood flow change between smokers and non-smokers. (3)The blood flow at middle site had lower than mesial and distal site during the measuring periods(p<0.05). The present study suggested that blood flow change following periosteal stimulation was significant difference, thus periosteal stimulation before gingival graft might induce favorable results in gingival recession patient.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.16-23
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• 2017

Purposes: Despite the positive health effects of both smokers and non-smokers, the non-smoking area policy is being negatively evaluated because of the vague fears of declining restaurant sales. The purpose of this study is to analyze the changes in sales of general restaurants(including liquor stores) and other restaurants that are considered to have the most applications of smoking cessation policy among the smoking facilities, and to examine the economic impact of the designation and expansion policies of non-smoking areas. Methodology: This study used the wholesale and retail trade survey data of the Korea National Statistical Office from 2011 to 2014 and analyzed 31,577 restaurants excluding missing values. For statistical analysis, t-test, ANOVA and Difference-in-differences(DID) models were used and the interaction term of area and year was entered. Findings: As the non-smoking area policy had been designated and expanded from December 2012 to December 31 2013, high restaurant sales in 2012 declined sharply in 2013. However, despite the expanding of the no-smoking area from January 1 2014 through December 31 2014, restaurant sales slightly recovered in 2014. In the case of other restaurants, there is no significant change in sales since the start of the policy in 2013. Practical Implications: The decline in restaurant sales due to the designation and expansion of non-smoking areas is temporary and can not be sustained over the long term. This result can be used to positively suggest negative perceptions of the designation and expansion policy of non-smoking areas. Also, this result can contribute to health promotion and smoking cessation policies by protecting non-smokers from the risk of secondhand smoking exposure and inducing smokers to decrease smoking rate and smoking amount.

• The Journal of Churna Manual Medicine for Spine and Nerves
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.17-32
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• 2010

Objectives : To investigate the association between cigarette smoking and clinical outcomes of conservative treatment for lumbar herniated disc. Methods : We reviewed 74 male patients with lumbar herniated disc who were hospitalized at the Jaseng Oriental Medicine Hospital. 74 patients were divided into 2 groups(smokers, non-smokers) and we measured age, ODI score, SF-36 score, VAS. Results : Between smokers and non-smokers, statically significant differences were found in clinical symptoms on the time of 6 months later, effective scores of treatments, value of ODI and value of VAS on the time of 6 months later. And in these values of measurements, non-smokers were higher than those of smokers. Conclusion : These results suggest that possibility of the association between cigarette smoking and clinical outcomes of conservative treatment for lumbar herniated disc.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2002

Objective : To examine the relationship between cigarette smoking, alcohol and cancer mortality in men in the Kangwha cohort after 12 years and 10 months of follow up. Methods : The subjects consisted of 2,681 men in the Kangwha cohort aged over 55 in 1985. Number of deaths and the time to death front all cancers and other cause were measured and the data for the smoking and drinking habits were obtained from the baseline survey data in 1985. All subjects were categorized into four groups according to their smoking habits: non-smokers, ex-smokers, mode(ate-smokers (1-19 cigarettes per day), heavy-smokers ($\geq$20 cigarettes per day). In addition, they were also categorized according to their drinking habits: non-drinkers, light-drinkers ($\leq$1 drink per week), moderate-drinkers (<3 drinks per day), heavy-drinkers ($\geq$3 drinks per day). The cancer specific death rates were calculated according to their smoking and drinking status. The adjusted risk ratio for all cancer deaths according to their smoking and drinking status were estimated using the Cox's proportional hazard regression model. Results : Using nonsmokers as the reference category, the adjusted risk ratio for all cancer deaths were 1.573(95% CI=1.003-2.468) for heavy-smokers. For lung cancer deaths, the adjusted risk ratios were 3.540(95% CI=1.251-10.018) for moderate-smoker and 4.114(95% CI=1.275-13.271) for heavy-smokers. Compared to non-drinkers, the adjusted risk ratio for stomach cancer was 2.204(95% CI=1.114-4.361) for light-drinkers. Conclusion : Smoking is the most significant risk factor for cancer deaths particularly lung cancer.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.347-357
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• 2001

It is well known that there is an adverse effect of long-term cigarette smoking on pulmonary function. Therefor we attempted to consider the vital capacity for position changes in a smokers and non-smokers. The pulmonary functions on sitting and supine positions were measured in 28 young healthy students fer the change of vital capacity. Forced expiratory flow-volume curve were performed sitting position and supine position and smoking. The results were summarized as follows; 1) The spirometric values(VC, FVC, FEV$_{1}$) were progressively decreased from sitting position to 30minutes after supine position in a non-smoking group(p<.05). 2) The VC, FVC. FEV$_{1}$, FEF25 ${\sim}$ 75% were decreased from sitting position to 30minutes after supine position in a smoking group(p< .01). The PEF and FEF25% were decreased from supine position to after smoking(p< .05). 3) non-smoking group and smoking group not showed significant change(p> .05). But the spirometric values were more decreased nonsmokers than smokers.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.203-211
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate a forecast model designed to describe a vocational high school for runaway students. The study included 2000 adolescents from the KEEP(Korean Education and Employment Panel). A Data mining decision tree model revealed that: (1) Suicide ideation was a risk factor for running away among smokers. (2) High self-evaluation was a risk factor for running away among individuals that smoked and had no suicide ideation. (3) Drinking was predicted as a risk factor for no smokers, while family life dissatisfaction was predicted as a risk factor among non-smokers that drank. (4) Negative relationship with mother was predicted as a risk factor among non-drinking non-smoking.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.100-109
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify the factors that predict a current smoking behavior and higher emotional stress among male patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Methods: The study was approved by an institutional review board from a university hospital, 2010. A face to face interview using questionnaires was performed with 185 first-time ACS male patients who were undertaken a percutaneous coronary intervention at a cardiovascular care unit. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 15.0. Results: About 54% of the study subjects were currently smoking. The current smokers had dyslipidemia and reported bad eating habits compared to the non-smokers. The current smokers were younger, living alone, and reported lower perceived benefit on smoking cessation than the non-smokers, and 15% of them did not consider quitting (precontemplation stage). Smoking status was not significantly related to emotional stress. Logistic regression analysis revealed that being employed including professional or labor increased the odds of current smoking four or three times compared to the non-employed or retired. Low income or dyslipidemia also increased the likelihood of current smoking 2.8 and 2.1 times, respectively. Blue collar workers or heavy drinkers had 2.9 and 2.8 times more risks of having higher level of stress. Conclusion: An occupational background and health habits should be considered to develop an effective educational strategy for smoking cessation and stress reduction among male patients with ACS.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.99-105
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• 2019

This study analyzed the reactions of ad liking, empathy and psychological resistance to antismoking public advertisements through in-depth interviews of 30 adult males. According to the study, non-smokers responded favorably to the advertisement, while smokers were unhappy. In addition, smokers in their 40s and 50s showed a higher level of empathy for ads than those in their 20s and 30s. Smokers have tried various forms of psychological resistance to non-smoking messages, especially denigrating information sources. Based on the results of this research, a measure was proposed to enhance the effectiveness of the non-smoking advertisements.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.130-135
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• 2013

We investigated the lung function change and quality of life in smokers after taking herbal medicine. The patients were divided into two groups(smoking and non-smoking). We measured lung function change by VRI and quality of life by BDI and Fatigue Scale Score before and after herbal medicine intake. And we examined changes of nicotine dependence, total smoking amount, tobacco flavor in smoking group. The VRI energy bar could not represent the change of the lung function in smoking group and non-smoking group. And there was no change of lung function by VRI in two group patients before and after herb medication. But after taking herb medicine, the patients who have abnormal sound in VRI were improved. The herbal medicine does not affect to the amount of smoking, tobacco flavor, nicotine dependence in Smoking patients. Smoking group were higher than non-smokers in BDI score and Fatigue Scale score. Smoking group were more improved than the non-smokers in BDI and Fatigue Scale Score after taking herbal medicine.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.91-98
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• 2000

Objectives : This study is to evaluate the awareness, attitude, practice and the countermeasures against passive smoking in Korean adults. Methods : By self-administered questionnaires, we assessed the knowledge, attitude, behavior for passive smoking and the countermeasure for reduction of it's harmful effects in 289 men and 238 women. Results : The subjects that have heard about passive smoking were 96.8% in total and well known were 26.4% of current smoker, 56.6% of ex-smoker, and 14.8% of non-smoker(p=0.001). The irritative symptom from passive smoking was the most frequent in non-smokers and the most common place where exposed to passive smoking was public place. For attitude against passive smoking in 'no smoking allowed area', ex-smokers were the most active to recommend to stop smoking. And for opinion about establishment of 'no smoking allowed area', the restriction by law was the best acceptable method in smokers, exsmokers, and nonsmokers. In marking of 'no smoking allowed area', 69.9% of smokers answered no smoking, but in non-marking area only 6.3% stop smoking. When smokers were recommended to stop smoking, the more subjects stop smoking with good feeling in marking area, but the less in non-marking area. The factor associated the high awareness of passive smoking were aged(OR=1.07, 1.03-1.12), men(OR=4.34, 2.32-8.46). The persons who have known well about passive smoking had good attitude and behavior to prevent of harmful effect of passive smoking. Conclusions : This study suggested that education program would be necessary to reduce the passive smoking.