• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.265-274
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• 2011

Nowadays, the importance of non-point source pollution treatment is being emphasized. Especially, the easy runoff characteristic of highly concentrated pollutants in the roads makes the circumstance more complicated due to impermeability of roads. When the pollutants flow into steam it could make water quality in stream worse and it also causes a bad influence in the aquatic ecosystem because the effluents of rainfall-runoff may contain indecomposable materials like oil and heavy metals. Therefore, we tried to figure out the property of non-point source pollution when it is raining and carried out an assessment for the property of runoff for non-point source pollution and EMC (Event Mean Concentrations) of the essential pollutants during this study. As the result of the study, the EMC was BOD 5.2~21.7 mg/L, COD 7.5~35.4 mg/L, TSS 71.5~466.1 mg/L, T-N 0.682~1.789 mg/L and T-P 0.174~0.378 mg/L, respectively. The decreasing rate of non-point pollutant in Chungyang-Hongsung road indicates the maximum decrease of 80% until 5 mm of rainfall based on SS concentration; by the rainy time within 20~30 minutes, the decreasing rate of SS concentration was shown as 88.0~97.6%. Therefore it was concluded that it seems to be possibly control non-point pollutants if we install equipments to treat non-point pollutants with holding capacity of 30 min. It is supposed that the result of this study could be used for non-point pollutants treatment of roads in Chungyang-Hongsung area. We also want to systematically study and consistently prepare the efficient management of runoff from non-point source pollution and pollutant loading because the characteristics of non-point source pollution runoff changes depending on different characteristics and situations of roads and rainfall.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.9-17
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• 2014

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study is to assess removal efficiency of non-point pollutants and applicability for non-point pollutant reduction facilities by conducting the demonstration project operation. METHODS : In order to analyze removal efficiency of non-point pollutants for facilities such as a grassed swale, a small constructed wetland, a free water surface wetland, a horizontal sub-surface flow wetland, and a sand filtration, the field data including specifications of facilities, rainfall, inflow and runoff rainfall effluent etc. was acquired after occurring rainfall events, and the acquired data was analyzed for removal efficiency rate to assess road non-point pollutants facilities using event mean concentration (EMC) and summation of load (SOL) methods. RESULTS : The results of analyzing rainfall effluent, non-point pollutant sources showed that total suspended solid (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), chrome (Cr), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) can be removed through non-point pollutant reduction facilities by 60.3% ~ 100%. Especially removal efficiency of TSS, COD and BOD is relatively higher than removal efficiency of other non-point pollutant sources in all kind of non-point pollutant facilities. CONCLUSIONS : Based on the result of this study, even though natural type of non-point pollutant reduction facilities for roads occupy small areas comparing with drainage basin areas, most of non-point pollutant sources would be removed through the facilities.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.525-532
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• 2007

In order to establish and implement the total maximum daily load (TMDL) management plan in Korea, it is necessary to set the source units and calculate discharge loads for non-point source pollutants such as BOD, COD, SS, TN and TP. This study analysed the corelation between stormwater runoff characteristics and event mean concentrations (EMCs) of non-point source pollutants. As the result of the corelation analysis, we knew that all the antecedent dry days (ADD) and the rainfall correlated lowly with non-point source pollutants in the urban areas such as resident area, industrial area, business area, road area and parking area. Therefore, it is necessary to get all samples from stormwater starting point to stormwater ending point and standardize the sampling method of stormwater in order to obtain more accurate EMCs for landuse.

• The Journal of Engineering Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.107-118
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• 2006

The difficulties to build a 3-dimensional water quality model for the coastal water quality improvement and the environmental recovery estimation are the lack of periodic observed data and the many problems to observe continuously. I observed the rainfall and non-point pollutants outflow patterns in Jinhae-Masan basin as mid-step researches for the water quality simulation and management method development in a coastal area. I applied Landsat image system and Geographic Information System to analyze the runoff and non-point pollutants outflow patterns. A water quality simulation model (SWMM) applied to Jinhae-Masan basin with results of the land use distribution, non-point pollution loads, and watershed informations from GIS(IDRISI used). I proposed some improved survey and GIS application methods reflect upon the pollutant characteristics from the observed non-point pollutant outflow patterns.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.spc
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• pp.67-75
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• 2005

The objectives of this study were to understand the runoff characteristics of the non-point sources originating from impervious surfaces and to assess their effect on the aquatic environment in the urban areas. The concentration of pollutants (SS, BOD, COD and T-P) except for T-N showed the highest value in runoff from road, and event mean concentration (EMC) also showed high value from road. The pollutants discharged from road showed a higher concentration in the beginning stage (0 ${\sim}$ 30%) of progressive percentage of rainfall. The contribution percentages of non-point sources by load were 44.9% for SS, 11.2% for BOD, 21.4% for COD, 11.4% for T-N and 8.1% for T-P in the total load of pollutant discharged through sewer. From our results, the road was a significant potential source that deteriorated water quality of the streams and lakes in the vicinity of the urban area during the rain period. Therefore, counter plan is required to reduce pollutant concentration on the road from non-point sources in the urban area. Also, since pollutant concentration in the beginning stage of rainfall was quite high, road cleaning seems to be one of the very useful methods to prevent inflowing of pollutants to the aquatic environment.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.651-661
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to estimate the characteristics and pollutant loadings of non-point pollutants that flowed in the streams on precipitation for pollutant loading reduction of Hwa-sung lake inflow streams. Although it has been made an effort to improve the water quality of Hwa-sung basin through the strategies for the preservation of water quality, it is shown that the water quality is not greatly improved. Because it has been industrialized and urbanized near Hwa-sung basin so that it is difficult to reduce the water pollution due to the increase in pollutant loadings of point and non-point sources. In this study, it is investigated the outflow characteristics of non-point pollutants that discharged with storm runoff and estimated the effect of runoff on Hwa-sung basin. The final goal of this study is to utilize the basic information for proper management and strategies of non-point sources on Hwa-sung basin. At the result of inflow streams, Ja-an stream that has the greatest pollutant loadings on precipitation is strongly influenced on the water quantity of Hwa-sung basin. On the other hand, it is shown that Nam-yang stream is strongly influenced on the SS concentration of Hwasung basin among them. Also, all streams; Nam-yang, Ja-ahn, Ah-eun stream; has the degree of slope more than or near 1 in the correlation results so that they have strong pollutant loading impact and the concentration of SS is the highest among other pollutants. So, specific studies on initial rain phenomena are more necessary to manage the pollutants economically. Also, the proper control of SS concentration is required to manage the effluent pollutants effectively on precipitation. So, it is necessary to consider the strategies for non-point pollutants as well as point pollutants when the new management is imposed to reduce the pollutant load for improvement of Hwa-sung basin.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2009.03a
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• pp.673-676
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• 2009

Non-point pollutants, which mainly originate from high traffic roads and rural areas, contaminate the environment by flowing into various rivers and lakes and thus are of interest as an environmental issue. Accordingly, efforts have been made to design and maintain efficient filter systems for the control of the non-point pollutants. Meanwhile, clay-type materials are widely used for the absorption of chemicals included in pollutants and the absorption performances of various clays have been reported in the literature. Thus, the present study proposes a non-destructive monitoring method for the performance of a clay-type filter using electrical resistivity measurement. A series of experimental tests is performed on celite-based particulate filters with infiltrating non-point source pollutants having the same characteristics as pollutants on high traffic roads. Each test measures permeability, resistivity of the filter materials and resistivity of the filtrated water. As the particulate filter materials filtrate pollutants and absorb heavy chemicals (e.g., $Cr^{6+}$, lead, nickel, among others), ionic concentration increases resulting as the electrical resistivity decrease. When the filter systems approach the end of their lifetime, the electrical resistivity of the filter material converges to a very low value due to lowered filter absorption efficiency. Hence, the electrical resistivity of the filtrated water also converges to a low value due to high concentrations of heavy metals. The permeability converges to a very low value because of significantly reduced porosity due to clogging and absorption of pollutants on the filter material. The experimental results show that electrical resistivity monitoring of filter materials is a promising approach to estimation of filter performance and its life expectancy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.407-417
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• 2011

Nowadays, the high land use, mainly used for urbanization, is affecting runoff loads of non-point pollutants to increase. According to this fact, increasing runoff loads seems like to appear that it contributes to high ratio of pollution loads in the whole the pollution loads and that this non-point source is the main cause of water becoming worse quality. Especially, concentrated pollutants on the impermeable roads run off to the public water bodies. Also the coefficient of runoff from roads is high with a fast velocity of runoff, which ends up with consequence that a lot of pollutants runoff happens when it is raining. Therefore it is very important project to evaluate the quantity of pollutant loads. In this study, I computed the pollutant loadings depending on time and rainfall to analyze characteristics of runoff while first flush storm water and evaluated the runoff time while first flush storm water and rainfall based on the change in curves on the graph. I also computed contribution ratio to identify its impact on water quality of stream. I realized that the management and treatment of first flush storm water effluents is very important for the management of road's non-point source pollutants because runoff loads of non-point source pollution are over the 80% of whole loads of stream. Also according to the evaluation of runoff loads of first flush storm water for SS, run off time was shown under the 30 minute and rainfall was shown under the 5mm which is less than 20% of whole rainfall. These are under 5mm which is regarded amount of first flush storm water by the Ministry of Environment and it is judged to be because run off by rainfall is very fast on impermeable roads. Also, run off time and rainfall of BOD is higher than SS. Therefore I realized that the management of non-point source should be managed and done differently depending on each material. Finally, the contribution ratio of pollutants loads by rainfall-runoff was shown SS 12.7%, BOD 12.7%, COD 15.9%, T-N 4.9%, T-P 8.9%, however, the pollutants loads flowing into the steam was shown 4.4%. This represents that the concentration of non-point pollutants is relatively higher and we should find the methodical management and should be concerned about non-point source for improvement on water quality of streams.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.193-198
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• 2011

This study aimed to provide basic data for permeable pavement application upon design and installation stages by analyzing the effect of permeable pavement used on the facility area rather than using non-point pollutants treatment facility upon development business in accordance with recent trend. To perform this study, the area of development target was separately applied as impermeable and permeable developments so as to compare and analyze the economics of cut pollution load and installation construction cost. Consequently, the processing amount and cut load of non-point pollutant sources are influenced much by permeable and impermeable developments, and it was turned out to be better to develop target river area as permeable area rather than installing non-point pollutants treatment facility of equipment type or natural type upon development to yield smaller discharge load. If we can prepare a countermeasure regulating impermeable area ratio to certain level to manage non-point pollutants upon development based on this result, we can minimize the source of pollution caused by the development.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.552-556
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• 2005

This study was conducted to identify the characteristics of non-point pollutants discharge in a small Rural watershed. For this purpose, the typical rural area in Gongju city was selected as a research site. Water quality and water quantity data in the stream and the precipitation of the watershed were analyzed periodically from May 1 to August 31 in 2005. Also, pollutant loads were estimated using these data. As a result, the mean concentrations of BOD, TN and TP in the stream were 3.16, 3.20, 0.236 mg/L rainy season and 0.93, 2.75, 0.058 mg/L in normal survey season respectively. The estimation of non-point pollutants discharge loads were shown that BOD was 5,154.2kg, T-N was 9,164.7kg, T-P was 308.4kg, and SS was 117,163.2kg from July to August. That means above of 90% of non-point pollutants discharge was occurred in rainy season.