• Title/Summary/Keyword: Non-neuronal cells

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Neuroprotective Effects of Kaempferol, Quercetin, and Its Glycosides by Regulation of Apoptosis (Kaempferol, quercetin 및 그 배당체들의 apoptosis 조절을 통한 신경세포 보호 효과)

  • Kim, Ji Hyun;Lee, Sanghyun;Cho, Eun Ju;Kim, Hyun Young
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.20 no.2
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    • pp.286-293
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    • 2019
  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by accumulation of amyloid beta ($A{\beta}$) in the brain. In the present study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of four flavonoids such as kaempferol, kaempferol-3-O-glucoside, quercetin, and quercetin-3-${\beta}$-D-glucoside against neuronal apoptosis induced by $A{\beta}$ in SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. Treatment with $A{\beta}$ decreased cell viability compared to the non-treated normal group. However, treatment with the four flavonoids increased cell viability in SH-SY5Y cells treated with $A{\beta}$. In addition, we measured the expression of apoptosis-related proteins such as Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and cleaved caspase-9. Treatment with the four flavonoids down-regulated Bax and cleaved caspase-9 in $A{\beta}$-treated SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. Overall, the results of the present study demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of flavonoids by anti-apoptotic activity in $A{\beta}$-induced SH-SY5Y neuronal cells. These results suggest that these four flavonoids would be useful therapeutic and prevention agents for AD.

m2 Muscarinic Receptors Stimulate Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase

  • Lee, Seok-Yong;Park, Sun-Hye;Cho, Tai-Soon
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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    • 1996.04a
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    • pp.208-208
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    • 1996
  • In this work we investigated coupling of the m2 and m4 subtypes of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors expressed in chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells to activation of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Stimulation of guanylate cyclase activity in detector neuroblastoma cells was used as an index of generation of nitric oxide (NO) in CHO cells. The agonist carbachol induced marked time and concentration-dependent enhancement of the activity of nNOS at m2 receptors. In sharp contrast, the response in CHO cells transfected with the m4 receptor gene was similar in magnitude to that observed in non-transfected cells, suggesting lack of significant coupling of m4 muscarinic receptors to NO signaling. This novel observation of functional divergence of the two muscarinic receptor subtypes at the level of activation of nNOS is quite intriguing, in light of the currently accepted dogma that they belong to the same functional class. This functional selectivity was not due to differential effects on intracellular Ca$\^$2+/ concentration, since activation of both subtypes of muscarinic receptors produced a comparable, albeit quite small, Ca$\^$2+/ signal. Taken together, our present data strongly suggest that the generally assumed functional equivalence of m2 and m4 muscarinic receptors should be carefully reexamined. These data also suggest the presence of alternate mechanisms of activation of nNOS, which might be operative in the absence of large changes in the concentration of cellular Ca$\^$2+/. The latter mechanisms are expected to be activated by m2, but not m4 muscarinic receptors. Both sets of findings are quits important in regards to refining the functional classification of muscarinic receptor subtypes and the cellular mechanisms of activation of NOS.

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The Mechanism of t-Butylhydroperoxide-Induced Apoptosis in IMR-32 Human Neuroblastoma Cells

  • Kim, Jung-Ae;Lee, Yong-Soo;Huh, Keun
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.19-27
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    • 1999
  • Apoptosis has been implicated in the pathophysiological mechanisms of various neurodegenerative diseases. In a variety of cell types, oxidative stress has been demonstrated to play an important role in the apoptotic cell death. However, the exact mechanism of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in neuronal cells is not known. In this study, we induced oxidative stress in IMR-32 human neuroblastoma cells with tert- butylhydroperoxide (TBHP), which was confirmed by significantly reduced glutathione content and glutathione reductase activity, and increased glutathione peroxidase activity. TBHP induced decrease in cell viability and increase in DNA fragmentation, a hallmark of apoptosis, in a dose-dependent manner. TBHP also induced a sustained increase in intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration, which was completely prevented either by EGTA, an extracellular $Ca^{2+}$ chelator or by flufenamic acid (FA), a non-selective cation channel (NSCC) blocker. These results indicate that the TBHP-induced intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ increase may be due to $Ca^{2+}$ influx through the activation of NSCCs. In addition, treatment with either an intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ chelator (BAPTA/AM) or FA significantly suppressed the TBHP-induced apoptosis. Moreover, TBHP increased the expression of p53 gene but decreased c-myc gene expression. Taken together, these results suggest that the oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in neuronal cells may be mediated through the activation of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ signals and altered expression of p53 and c-myc.

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Post-ischemic Time-dependent Activity Changes of Hippocampal CA1 cells of the Mongolian Gerbils

  • Won, Moo-Ho;Shin, Hyung-Cheul
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • v.11 no.6
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    • pp.247-251
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    • 2007
  • Changes of single unit activity of CA1 hippocampus region were investigated in anesthetized Mongolian gerbils for six days following transient ischemia. Ischemia was produced immediately before the implantation of micro-wire recording electrodes. In control animals receiving pseudo-ischemic surgery, neither spontaneous neuronal activities ($5.70{\pm}0.4Hz$) nor the number of recorded neurons per animal changed significantly for six days. Correlative firings among simultaneously recorded neurons were weak (correlation coefficient > 0.6) in the control animals. Animals subjected to ischemia exhibited a significant elevation of neural firing at post-ischemic 12 hr ($9.95{\pm}0.9Hz$) and day 1 ($8.48{\pm}0.8Hz$), but a significant depression of activity at post-ischemic day 6 ($1.84{\pm}0.3Hz$) when compared to the activities of non-ischemic control animal. Ischemia significantly (correlation coefficient > 0.6) increased correlative firings among simultaneously recorded neurons, which were prominent especially during post-ischemic days 1, 2 and 6. Although the numbers of spontaneously active neurons recorded from control group varied within normal range during the experimental period, those from ischemic group changed in post-ischemic time-dependent manner. Temporal changes of the number of cells recorded per animal between control group and ischemic group were also significantly different (p = 0.0084, t = 3.271, df = 10). Cresyl violet staining indicated significant loss of CA1 cells at post-ischemic day 7. Overall, we showed post-ischemic time-dependent, differential changes of three characteristics, including spontaneous activity, network relationship and excitability of CA1 cells, suggesting sustained neural functions. Thus, histological observation of CA1 cell death till post-ischemic day 7 may not represent actual neuronal death.

Celecoxib Attenuates Nitric Oxide-Induced Apoptosis in PC12 Cells by Inhibiting AP-1 Activation and COX-2 Expression.

  • Li, Mei-Hua;Jang, Jung-Hee;Surh, Young-Joon
    • Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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    • 2003.10b
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    • pp.143.2-144
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    • 2003
  • Recent studies suggest that inflammatory events are implicated in a variety of ailments such as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases, and certain non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have beneficial effects for the treatment or prevention of these disorders. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), the rate-limiting enzyme in the prostaglandin (PG) synthesis, is induced by various pro-inflammatory stimuli including nitric oxide (NO) and has been reported to cause and/or aggravate neuronal cell death. (omitted)

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Modulation of Exocytosis by Protein Kinases and $Ca^{2+}$ in Epithelial Cells:

  • Koh, Duk-Su;Jung, Seung-Ryoung;Kim, Mean-Hwan;Bertil Hille;Toan Nguyen
    • Proceedings of the Korean Biophysical Society Conference
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    • 2002.06b
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    • pp.22-23
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    • 2002
  • In neurons and some endocrine cells, $Ca^{2+}$ plays a pivotal role as the final signal for rapid stimulus-evoked release of neurotransmitters and hormones. In contrast, intracellular signals other than $Ca^{2+}$, such as protein A and C, were mor emphasized the exocytosis in non-neuronal cells. We questioned if the regulatory mechanisms of exocytosis are fundamentally different between cell types.(omitted)

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Ganglion cardiacum or juxtaductal body of human fetuses

  • Kim, Ji Hyun;Cho, Kwang Ho;Jin, Zhe Wu;Murakami, Gen;Abe, Hiroshi;Chai, Ok Hee
    • Anatomy and Cell Biology
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    • v.51 no.4
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    • pp.266-273
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    • 2018
  • The ganglion cardiacum or juxtaductal body is situated along the left recurrent laryngeal nerve in the aortic window and is an extremely large component of the cardiac nerve plexus. This study was performed to describe the morphologies of the ganglion cardiacum or juxtaductal body in human fetuses and to compare characteristics with intracardiac ganglion. Ganglia were immunostained in specimens from five fetuses of gestational age 12-16 weeks and seven fetuses of gestational age 28-34 weeks. Many ganglion cells in the ganglia were positive for tyrosine hydroxylase (TH; sympathetic nerve marker) and chromogranin A, while a few neurons were positive for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS; parasympathetic nerve marker) or calretinin. Another ganglion at the base of the ascending aorta carried almost the same neuronal populations, whereas a ganglion along the left common cardinal vein contained neurons positive for chromogranin A and NOS but no or few TH-positive neurons, suggesting a site-dependent difference in composite neurons. Mixtures of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons within a single ganglion are consistent with the morphology of the cranial base and pelvic ganglia. Most of the intracardiac neurons are likely to have a non-adrenergic non-cholinergic phenotype, whereas fewer neurons have a dual cholinergic/noradrenergic phenotype. However, there was no evidence showing that chromogranin A- and/or calretinin-positive cardiac neurons corresponded to these specific phenotypes. The present study suggested that the ganglion cardiacum was composed of a mixture of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons, which were characterized the site-dependent differences in and near the heart.

Comparison of Neurite Outgrowth Induced by Erythropoietin (EPO) and Carbamylated Erythropoietin (CEPO) in Hippocampal Neural Progenitor Cells

  • Oh, Dong-Hoon;Lee, In-Young;Choi, Mi-Yeon;Kim, Seok-Hyeon;Son, Hyeon
    • The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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    • v.16 no.4
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    • pp.281-285
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    • 2012
  • A previous animal study has shown the effects of erythropoietin (EPO) and its non-erythropoietic carbamylated derivative (CEPO) on neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. In the present study, we sought to investigate the effect of EPO on adult hippocampal neurogenesis, and to compare the ability of EPO and CEPO promoting dendrite elongation in cultured hippocampal neural progenitor cells. Two-month-old male BALB/c mice were given daily injections of EPO (5 U/g) for seven days and were sacrificed 12 hours after the final injection. Proliferation assays demonstrated that EPO treatment increased the density of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-labeled cells in the subgranular zone (SGZ) compared to that in vehicle-treated controls. Functional differentiation studies using dissociated hippocampal cultures revealed that EPO treatment also increased the number of double-labeled BrdU/microtubulea-ssociated protein 2 (MAP2) neurons compared to those in vehicle-treated controls. Both EPO and CEPO treatment significantly increased the length of neurites and spine density in MAP2(+) cells. In summary, these results provide evidences that EPO and CEPO promote adult hippocampal neurogenesis and neuronal differentiation. These suggest that EPO and CEPO could be a good candidate for treating neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression and anxiety associated with neuronal atrophy and reduced hippocampal neurogenesis.

Immune inflammatory modulation as a potential therapeutic strategy of stem cell therapy for ALS and neurodegenerative diseases

  • Kim, Seung Hyun;Oh, Ki-Wook;Jin, Hee Kyung;Bae, Jae-Sung
    • BMB Reports
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    • v.51 no.11
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    • pp.545-546
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    • 2018
  • With emerging evidence on the importance of non-cell autonomous toxicity in neurodegenerative diseases, therapeutic strategies targeting modulation of key immune cells. including microglia and Treg cells, have been designed for treatment of ALS and other neurodegenerative diseases. Strategy switching the patient's environment from a pro-inflammatory toxic to an anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective condition, could be potential therapy for neurodegenerative diseases. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) regulate innate and adaptive immune cells, through release of soluble factors such as $TGF-{\beta}$ and elevation of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and T helper-2 cells (Th2 cells), would play important roles, in the neuroprotective effect on motor neuronal cell death mechanisms in ALS. Single cycle of repeated intrathecal injections of BM-MSCs demonstrated a clinical benefit lasting at least 6 months, with safety, in ALS patients. Cytokine profiles of CSF provided evidence that BM-MSCs, have a role in switching from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory conditions. Inverse correlation of $TGF-{\beta}1$ and MCP-1 levels, could be a potential biomarker to responsiveness. Thus, additional cycles of BM-MSC treatment are required, to confirm long-term efficacy and safety.

The Expression of neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase in Reinnervated Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve (흰쥐에서 편측 반회후두신경 재지배 후 neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase(nNOS)의 발현과 후두기능회복과의 관계)

  • 정성민;김성숙;조윤희;구태완;박수경;신유리
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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    • v.12 no.1
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    • pp.46-54
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    • 2001
  • Background and Objectives : Nitric oxide(NO) is a short-lived molecule with messenger and cytotoxic functions in nervous, cardiovascular, and immune systems. Among the three distinct NOS isoforms, the neuronal isoform is expressed in small, discrete neuronal populations of CNS and PNS. Axonal injury in adult animals results in a dramatic NOS up-regulation in many types of central and peripheral neurons which normally lack the enzyme or express it only at very low levels. In previous study, we confirmed the efficacy of PEMS on the early functional recovery in rats with surgically transected and reanastomosed recurrent laryngeal nerve. Therefore, after we obtained functionally recovered rats using PEMS in this study, we studied to evaluate the expression of nNOS through the analysis of the difference between functional recovery group and non-recovery group in the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Materials and Method : Using 84 healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats, transections and primary anastomosis were performed on their left recurrent laryngeal nerves. Rats were then randomly assigned to 2 groups. The rats in group A(n=42) received PEMS by placing them in custom cages equipped with Helm-holz coils(3 hr/day, 5 days/wk, for 12 wk). The rats in group B(n=42) were handled the same way as the group A, except that they did not receive PEMS. Laryngovideoendoscopy was performed before and after surgery and followed up weekly. Laryngeal EMG was obtained in both PCA and TA muscles. Immunohistochemisty staining using monoclonal anti-neuronal nitric oxide synthase(nNOS) antibody was performed to detect nNOS in recurrent laryngeal nerve and nodose ganglion. Results : 20 rats(63%) in group A and 5 rats(17%) in the group B showed recovery of vocal fo1d motion. The number of NOS-positive cells was increased in functionally-recovered rats. NOS-staining intensity was reduced 12 weeks after nerve injury. The difference between PEMS group and non-stimulated group was not found. Conclusion : This study shows that nNOS may exert a beneficial effect on nerve regeneration and functional repair.

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