• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.255-260
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• 2002

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the proper application level of anaerobic digestion waste water on rice. The waste water was from methane fermentation of pig manure to use as a liquid manure. The mixture treatment of 70% liquid manure and 30% chemical fertilizer (LM 70%+CF 30%) and 100% liquid manure (LM 100%) treatment were higher number of tiller than other treatments at the both tillering and heading stages of rice. The yields of LM 70%+CF 30% and LM 100% treatments were a little higher than that of NPK treatment, but the mixture treatment of 50% liquid manure and 50% chemical fertilizer (LM 50%+CF 50%) was a little lower yield than NPK treatment. The periodic changes of the $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ contents of the NPK and the LM 50%+CF 50% treatments in paddy soil were a little higher than those of other treatments at the early stage of rice. The $NH_4-N$ contents of NPK and the LM 50%+CF 50% treatments in irrigation water quality were higher than those of other treatments, however there was no difference in $NO_3-N$ content among the treatments. The $NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$ contents of non fertilizer treatment in infiltration water quality were leached a little higher than those of other treatments. It may be due to poor growth of rice following to reduce the nutrient uptake by rice and to increase relatively the nutrient leaching to the ground water. The proper application level of anaerobic digestion waste water as a liquid manure could be suggested to apply LM 70%+CF 30%. All treatments were the same amount of nitrogen content for the standard application amount on rice.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.37-43
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• 1992

Typhula incarnata grew over a temperature range of -5 to $20^{\circ}C$ with maximum growth at 10 to $15^{\circ}C$. Sclerotial production for T. incarnata was greatest at the higher temperature. Maximum mycelial growth of this pathogen occurred from pH 5.4 to 6.2. When carbon sources were added to a basal salt medium (Czapek's dox agar) at 5 g carbon sources/l, inulin, soluble starch, galactose, glucose, mannose, manitol, sucrose, maltose, cellobirose, trehalose, raffinose, and dextrin supported growth better than other carbon sources did. Of the twenty-three nitrogen sources tested, glycine, serine, ammonium sulfate, asparagine, asparatic acid, and ${\beta}-alanine$ were the most favorable for mycelial growth of T. incarnata. Cystine and cysteine were poor nitrogen sources. Ammonium salt of nitrogen sources supported growth better than nitrate salt of nitrogen sources. Potato dextrose agar, oat meal agar, and V-8 juice agar were the most favorable for mycelial growth and sclerotial formation. Appropriate addition of pepton to PDA decreased mycelial dry weight, but sucrose supported good growth of T. incarnata. Percent viable sclerotia of T. incarnate buried in bentgrass soil decreased from 2 months after treatment remarkably. Trichoderma riride and bacteria were isolated from non-germinated sclerotia. Live orchard grass leaf pieces within the soil were colonized by T. incarnata better than sterile and unsterile dead leaf pieces at $0^{\circ}C$. Saprophytic ability of T. incarnate on sterile leaf sheath occurred better at $0^{\circ}C$ than at $10^{\circ}C$. Saprophytic microflora consisting of Cladosporium sp., Fusarium sp., Mucor sp., Pythium sp., and unidentified fungi were the competitors for the sterilized and unsterilized substrate, but their colonization was not find on live leaf sheath buried in the soil at $0^{\circ}C$. In the effect of fungicides to Typhula snow mold disease of creeping bentgrass, mixture of polyoxin and thiram was the most effective, followed by iprodione, mixture of iprodione and oxine copper, thiophanate-methyl, myclobutanil, and tolclofos-methyl.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.235-245
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• 2010

Background: Our goal was to evaluate anti-calcification effects of decellularization and diverse fixing methods including preincubation of the bovine pericardium with ethanol. We also assessed changes in mechanical properties. Material and Method: Harvested bovine pericardium was decellularized with 0.25% sodim dodecysulfate and then treated with 5 methods of fixation: (1) 0.5% glutaraldehyde (GA) for 14 days, (2) 0.5% GA for 5 days, 2% GA for 2 days and 0.25% GA for 7 days, (3) 0.5% GA for 5 days, 2% GA for 2 days, 0.25% GA for 7 days, and then 70% ethanol for 2 days, (4) 0.5% GA for 5 days, a mixture of 2% GA and 70% ethanol for 2 days, and 0.25% GA for 7 days, (5) 0.5% GA for 5 days, a mixture of 2% GA, 65% ethanol, and 5% octanediol for 2 days and then 0.25% GA for 7 days. All treated bovine pericardia were tested for histological variables, lipid content, and mechanical properties including tensile strength and thermal stability. A total 10 kinds of differently treated bovine pericardia were implanted into rat subdermis and harvested 8 weeks later. Harvested pericardia were evaluated for calcium content. Result: No protein denaturation was observed microscopically after decellularization. There was a 32% mean decrease in tensile strength index after decellularization in the bovine pericardium group fixed. Octanediol preincubation attenuated the decrease in tensile strength and maintained thermal stability. TG and cholesterol were not affected by decellularization but were decreased by organic solvent. Calcium content was decreased after decellularization, and organic solvent preincubation decreased calcification in the non-decellularized bovine pericardium group. Conclusion: Decellularization and organic solvent preincubation have anti-calcification effects but decellularization may cause mechanical instability. A method of decellularization and fixation that does not cause damage to matrices will be needed for evaluation of the next step in using tissue-engineering for replacement of cardiac valves.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.535-542
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• 2012

This study was carried out from 2011 to 2012 in order to analyze the cultivation technology system by six organic rice cultivation types in the southern provinces for the purpose of utilizing organic rice farming guidelines. This surveys were conducted by site visit on 8 counties and 115 farms in southern area. Cultivation technology system by six organic rice cultivation types were cultivated by the principle of minimum input or non-input. cropping systems, a mixture of barley and rice, or rice green manure crops were grown. Cultivars were mixture of the local cultivars and Japanese varieties. Soil were managed by a self-manufactured compost, indigenous microorganisms and barley straw without any fertilization. Pest control was mainly practied by purchased eco-friendly organic materials or herbal medication residue and indigenous microbial self-manufactured. Weed was controled by snails and barley straw. In addition, considering the restore of a longtail pitching shrimp and grasshoppers, the fuction of environmental ecology of six organic rice cultivation type proved to be excellent all. Meanwhile, the productivity of the organic farming per 10a were the order of Life and environment > Natural circulation > Stevia > Ji jang > Art and nature > Taepyoung of Farming Methods, but the farmers received prices showed the opposite tendency. Simple profitablity did not show a big difference. But, the productivity of all type of the organic farming were lower then the conventional farming. Finally, If we want to conduct safety and easy farming, we can suggest stevia farming, Natural circulation farming and life and environmental farming out of 6 organic rice cultivation types.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2014

In this study, two different types of dredged fill injection methods are introduced and filling experiments were conducted to analyze the impact of each technique to the distribution and deposition of dredged soil fill and how it influence the final tube shape. Two transparent plastic tubes were fabricated to observe the deposition behavior of the deposited fill material. Both tubes measured 4.0 meters in length (L) and has vinyl tube diameters (D) of 0.5m and 0.7m. T-type and I-type inlet system are also introduced in this paper. The influence of this inlet systems to the distribution and deposition behavior of dredged soil fill inside the vinyl tubes were observed during the experiment. After the sedimentation of the slurry mixture, the water on top of the soil sediments are removed and the slurry mixture was re-injected into the vinyl tube, this process was carried out repeatedly. The shape changes of the vinyl tube, e.g. the changes in both tube height and width, are constantly monitored after each slurry injection and water draining phases. Crater formation was observed in the case of I-Type inlet system and a non-uniform sediment distribution occurred. For the diffusion deposit of soil particles to long distance are minimal shape technique using the T-Type inlet system. Therefore the undrain filling height ratio ($H/D_0$) was found to be around 0.54 to 0.64 and the horizontal strain ratio ($W/D_0$) ranges from 1.45 to 1.54. The filling soil height is proportional to dredged-material filling phases, but, horizontal strain ratio is constant or inversely reduced so that the center of tube body is raised in the upward direction.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.144-157
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• 1992

The study was conducted to compare the interprete methods and examine the feasibility of mixture use of oxyfluorfen and bensulfuron in controlling principal Paddy weeds, annuals and perennials. Application ratio of both chemicals were obtained from the combinations of 5 levels(0, 5, 10, 15, 20 g ai/ha) of each chemicals, respectively. All the treatments were applied at 5 days after transplanting and water was maintained at 3.0cm in depth. Shoot fresh-weight of weeds was assessed at 35 days after treatments. Data obtained was analysed by Colby, Isobole, Calculus, Regression and EQM method, respectively. The results from the analysis of variance on the principal weeds treated with oxyfluorfen and bensulfuron showed significant interactions at 1% level on both Echinochloa crus-galli and Eleocharis Kuroguwai, and total species at 0.5% level on both Potamogeton distinctus and Cyperus serotinus, but non significant on Scirpus juncoides and Sagittaria pygmaea. Thereafter, the results of the models applied to Echinochloa crus-galli, Eleocharis kuroguwai and total species were as follows ; 1. The Colby method gave values nearly identical to regression estimate method (both multiplicative models) as provided by Akobundu et al. The Colby method and Regression method indicated synergistic toward Echinochloa curs-galli, and total species, but antagonistic toward Eleocharis kuroguwai. 2. The Isobole method shows synergism on Echinochloa crus-galli at $ID_{50}$, and total species at $ID_{60}$ on Eleochari kuroguwai. 3. The Calculus method gave positive signs for the first differentiation and negative signs for the second differentiation except for some rates on Echinochloa crus-galli and total species, but reverse on Eleocharis kuroguwai. These result does not agree with the observed values. 4. ${\theta}$ value from the EQM method was greater than one at all combinations. This result was quite different from those of other methods. 5. The various models did not show the same results, but mixture of oxyfluorfen and bensulfuron tend to have synergistic effect. Weeding effect also was high. Treatment in terms of two chemical combination was expected to reduce rates, and to enhence weeding efficacy compared with single treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.386-395
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• 2016

To develop a functional fermentation food from Rubus coreanus Miquel (Bokbunja) and chlorella mixtures, optimal lactic acid fermentation conditions were established, and quality properties based on physicochemical evaluation such as chemical compositions, free sugars, organic acids, and antibacterial activities were investigated. Regarding optimal fermentation strain selection, formation of lactic acid was best in Lactobacillus plantarum among the experimental strains (10 kinds), and the optimal fermentation temperature was $37^{\circ}C$. In addition, overall acceptability in the sensory evaluation was highest in the 5% chlorella mixture sample. Therefore, quality properties of the prepared sample under the established optimal fermentation conditions were investigated. Moisture, total sugar (dry basis), crude fiber (dry basis), and pH of fermented Rubus coreanus Miquel juice (RCM) with 5% chlorella mixture (RCM-C5) were reduced by 4.90%, 14.15%, and 0.32%, respectively, as compared with non-fermented RCM. Meanwhile, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash (dry basis) of RCM-C5 were elevated by 13.75%, 0.18%, and 0.73%, respectively, as compared with RCM. The yellowness (b value) of color values was greater in RCM-C5 compared to RCM. The free sugar and organic acid contents of RCM-C5 were elevated by 0.97% and 616.30 mg%, respectively, as compared with RCM. In addition, the gram positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus was elevated by 5.83% while gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium were elevated by 2.94% and 4.67%, respectively, as compared with RCM. In conclusion, the quality properties of RCM and chlorella lactic acid fermentation mixtures were improved compared with the general RCM product. Consequently, it is possible to apply fermented RCM as a functional fermentation food.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.110-116
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• 2003

Background and Objectives : Laryngeal cancer discrimination using voice signals is a non-invasive method that can carry out the examination rapidly and simply without giving discomfort to the patients. n appropriate analysis parameters and classifiers are developed, this method can be used effectively in various applications including telemedicine. This study examines voice analysis parameters used for laryngeal disease discrimination to help discriminate laryngeal diseases by voice signal analysis. The study also estimates the laryngeal cancer discrimination activity of the Gaussian mixture model (GMM) classifier based on the statistical modelling of voice analysis parameters. Materials and Methods : The Multi-dimensional voice program (MDVP) parameters, which have been widely used for the analysis of laryngeal cancer voice, sometimes fail to analyze the voice of a laryngeal cancer patient whose cycle is seriously damaged. Accordingly, it is necessary to develop a new method that enables an analysis of high reliability for the voice signals that cannot be analyzed by the MDVP. To conduct the experiments of laryngeal cancer discrimination, the authors used three types of voices collected at the Department of Otorhinorlaryngology, Pusan National University Hospital. 50 normal males voice data, 50 voices of males with benign laryngeal diseases and 105 voices of males laryngeal cancer. In addition, the experiment also included 11 voices data of males with laryngeal cancer that cannot be analyzed by the MDVP, Only monosyllabic vowel /a/ was used as voice data. Since there were only 11 voices of laryngeal cancer patients that cannot be analyzed by the MDVP, those voices were used only for discrimination. This study examined the linear predictive cepstral coefficients (LPCC) and the met-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) that are the two major cepstrum analysis methods in the area of acoustic recognition. Results : The results showed that this met frequency scaling process was effective in acoustic recognition but not useful for laryngeal cancer discrimination. Accordingly, the linear frequency cepstral coefficients (LFCC) that excluded the met frequency scaling from the MFCC was introduced. The LFCC showed more excellent discrimination activity rather than the MFCC in predictability of laryngeal cancer. Conclusion : In conclusion, the parameters applied in this study could discriminate accurately even the terminal laryngeal cancer whose periodicity is disturbed. Also it is thought that future studies on various classification algorithms and parameters representing pathophysiology of vocal cords will make it possible to discriminate benign laryngeal diseases as well, in addition to laryngeal cancer.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.180-186
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• 2001

Bone marrow cell proliferating arabinogalactan-like polysaccharide (ALR-3IIa-1-1) has been purified from rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC. In order to characterize the essential structure of ALR-3IIa-1-1 for expression of the activity, sequential enzymatic digestion using ego-$\alpha$-L-arabinofurasidase (AFase) and ego-$\beta$-D-(1longrightarrow3)-galactanase (GNase) was employed. After ALR-3IIa-1-1 was digested with the AFase, the GNase digestion cleaved only 10% and 23% of 3-linked and 3,6-branched galactose, respectively, from arabinose-trimmed ALR-3IIa-1-1 (AT-ALR-3IIa-1-1), and gave small amounts of intermediate size (AT-G-2) and shorter oligosaccharides (AT-G-3) fractions in addition to a large amount of the GNase resistant fraction (AT-G-1). When AT-G-1 was redigested gradually with the AFase and GNase, it released trace amounts of oligosaccharides in addition to a large amount of the resistant fraction. When the final enzyme-resistant fraction from AT-G-1 was digested simultaneously with both AFase and GNase, the resistant fraction was significantly degraded into two long fragments (3AT-3G-1 and 2). The mixture of digestion products from the first GNase digestion of AT-ALR-3IIa-1-1 showed a significantly decreased bone marrow cell proliferation activity to about 30% of the activity of ALR-3IIa-1-1, but the GNase resistant fraction (AT-7-1) still had significant activity. Although the second gradual enzymatic digestion of AT-G-1 showed a marginal decrease in activity, the resulting fragments (3AT-3G-1 and 2) by the final simultaneous enzymatic digestion lost most of the activity. Component sugar, methylation and FAB-MS analyses indicated that the digestion products (AT-G-21 AT-G-31 2AT-2G-2 and 2AT-2G-3) released from AT-ALR-3IIa-1-1 by the sequential enzymatic digestion contained galactose-containing oligosaccharides mainly comprising 6-linked galactose, that some of which were partially arabinosylated, and these oligosaccharides were attached to $\beta$-D-(1longrightarrow3)-galactan backbone in its non-reducing terminal side as side chains.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.223-227
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• 1983

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of supplement of Zeolite mineral whose C.E.C. is high, on the nutrients content in the compost and changes of compost status during its stacking period in 1982. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. By the supplement of Zeolite, the decomposing temperature in the compost was tended to be continued higher rather than that of nonsupplemented plot. 2. The contents of $NH_4-N$, $P_2O_5$, and $SiO_2$ in the compost were conspicuously increased by the supplement of Zeolite, poultry manure and urea etc, during the stacking period. It was considered that the supplement of Zeolite was much effective on the prevention of the waste of nutrients in the compost because the nutrients content was shown much high along with the progress of decomposition. 3. It was accepted to be the effect of Zeolite on shortening the period of compost decomposition and the prevention of the waste of nutrients content because the C/N ratio of the compost plots to supplement with the mixture of poultry manure, urea and Zeolite were 21.7 - 25.0 at 30 days after stacking but its of non-Zeolite treated plots were 21.3 - 24.8 at 60 days after stacking. 4. The C/N ratio in the compost and decrease rate of compost volume at 90 days after stacking was found to be significantly negative correlation.