• 한국경영과학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2009

In this paper, we develop theoretical game models to determine the level of government subsidies for banks to provide policy loans to Innovative SMEs(small and medium sized enterprises) through banks, which otherwise would not finance them for the sake of their own profitability. For this, we compare net cash flows of each bank using different strategies against high risk innovative SMEs. A bank can decide whether to provide them loans or not In each period. Following Kim(2003)'s Infinite horizon model on the soft budget constraint, we introduce a situation in which banks compete against each other for higher net long-term payoffs from their loans to innovative SMEs and non-innovative SMEs. From the models, we show that competition among banks in general leads to a tighter decision against innovative SMEs, as a Nash equilibrium. It is not because the government bank is simply loose in providing loans, but because competition among commercial banks for fewer riskier borrowers results in tighter loan decisions against innovative SMEs. Thus, the competitive market for policy loans to innovative SMEs fails to reach the socially optimal level of loans for innovative SMMs. Commercial banks in the competitive market may require additional supports from the government to make up for the differences in their payoffs to support innovative SMEs, possibly much riskier due to moral hazards and poor discounted cash flows. The monopolistic government bank might also request such supports from the government to fund otherwise unqualified SMEs. We calculate an optimal level of governmental support for banks to guarantee funding such high-risk innovative SMEs over periods without deviating from their optimal Nash equilibrium policies.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.332-338
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• 2021

Civil aviation cybersecurity challenges are global in nature and must be addressed using global best practices and the combined efforts of all stakeholders. This requires the development of comprehensive international strategies and detailed plans for their implementation, with appropriate resources. It is important to build such strategies on a common methodology that can be applied to civil aviation and other interrelated critical infrastructure sectors. The goal of the study was to determine the methodological basis for developing an international civil aviation cybersecurity strategy, taking into account existing experience in strategic planning at the level of international specialized organizations. The research was conducted using general scientific and theoretical research methods: observation, description, formalization, analysis, synthesis, generalization, explanation As a result of the study, it was established the specifics of the approach to formulating strategic goals in civil aviation cybersecurity programs in the documents of intergovernmental and international non-governmental organizations in the aviation sphere, generally based on a comprehensive vision of cybersecurity management. A comparative analysis of strategic priorities, objectives, and planned activities for their implementation revealed common characteristics based on a single methodological sense of cybersecurity as a symbiosis of five components: human capacity, processes, technologies, communications, and its regulatory support. It was found that additional branching and detailing of priority areas in the strategic documents of international civil aviation organizations (by the example of Cybersecurity Strategy and Cybersecurity Action Plan) does not always contribute to compliance with a unified methodological framework. It is argued that to develop an international civil aviation cybersecurity strategy, it is advisable to use the methodological basis of the Cyber Security Index.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.195-209
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• 2006

Purpose: This study attempted to access the health promotion activities and employee's health promotion needs in workplaces. Methods: Subjects were 280 health care managers employed at small to large scale enterprises in national-wide areas of Korea. The instrument was a structured questionnaire included characteristics of workplace and respondents, health promotion activities, health promotion needs, and bottlenecks to operate programs. Data was analyzed using SAS 8.1 by applying $x^2-test$, t-test and ANOVA. Results: 1, 25.4% of the total workplaces employed health care managers. 2. Musculoskeletal management programs(49.6%) were the highest operating program. 3. The highest needs of health promotion programs were lifestyle management and disease prevention. 4. Health promotion activities were significantly different according to the type and size of workplaces. The programs were more frequently applied in manufacturing industries than non-manufacturing and in large-scale enterprises than small and middle-scale enterprises. 5. The needs of health promotion programs were high in non-manufacturing industries than manufacturing industries in all programs. 6. The major bottlenecks to operate programs were the difficulty in securing time, lack of budgets and lack of legal regulations. Conclusions: Health promotion activities were linked to their work environments including budgets, time, and law. Therefore, to operate effective health promotion programs in workplaces, various health promotion programs are required to be developed and systems for governmental support and management should be established.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제17호
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• pp.337-360
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• 2008

세계 각국은 냉전 종식 이후 정규군의 인력감축을 단행하고 있지만 국지적인 분쟁은 끊임없이 발생하고 있어 국가마다 정책적인 대안을 필요로 하고 있다. 선진국의 경우 일반 군 인력을 대체해 줄 수 있는 민간군사기업을 활용함으로써 국방의 모든 기능을 군 자체에서 해결하던 관행에서 국방자원의 효율적인 관리 측면으로 핵심기능들을 제외하고는 민간에게 아웃소싱하는 형태로 발전되고 있다. 그러나 외국 민간군사기업의 경우 국제적인 규제법규가 불분명하다. 그리고 분쟁지역에 파견되어 있는 군 인력의 사망 등으로 국민적 불안감을 야기하고 있다. 또한 민간군사기업을 이용하면 정치적인 부담을 줄일 수 있어 이를 악용할 수 있는 문제점들이 발생한다. 또한 자본주의 원리에만 입각하여 민간군사기업 직원의 안전문제를 소홀히 하거나 민간인들을 학살하는 윤리적 문제가 발생할 수 있다. 따라서 한국에 민간군사기업을 도입하기에 앞서 외국의 민간군사기업에서 나타나고 있는 문제점들을 신중히 검토하여 도입을 고려할 필요가 있다. 뿐만 아니라 우리나라에 적합한 민간 군사기업의 가능한 업무 분야를 고려하여 다양한 방향으로 활용이 가능하도록 해야 할 것이다. 그리고 한국적 상황에 맞는 민간군사기업의 운영모델은 한반도의 국방환경과 기업의 경영여건을 고려하여 발전되어야 하며, 민간군사기업의 체계적인 육성을 위하여 정책적 지원 대책이 마련되어야 할 것이다. 앞으로 민간군사기업에 대한 진지한 관심과 적극적인 육성방안이 강구될 필요가 있다.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.125-132
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• 2016

연구목적 재난의 심리지원 및 관리에 기존 기관의 연계가 중요하다. 안산에서 세월호 참사 당시 민관기관의 연계에 대해 연구하고자 한다. 방 법 25개 기관 121명 종사자를 대상으로 평상시와 세월호 당시 연계 활동 대상기관, 모임 빈도, 연계 활동의 내용, 만족도, 낮은 만족도의 원인에 대해 설문하여, paired t-test, Chi-square test 및 McNemar test를 이용하여 평상시와 세월호 당시를 비교하였다. 결 과 연계 사업 필요성에 대한 이해, 조직적 차원의 지지는 재난 당시 더 낮은 문제 요인이었으나, 연계의 정도(n=397에서 n=251로 감소) 및 만족도는 재난 시 더욱 저하되었다. 낮은 연계만족도의 원인으로는 실적위주의 평가제도가 재난 시 유의하게 더 문제가 되는 것으로 나타났다(p=0.045). 결 론 재난 시 효과적인 연계를 위해서는 재난 이전부터 지역사회 기관에 대한 역량 분석, 연계 프로토콜 개발 등의 대비가 이루어져야 하며, 불필요한 형식적 평가제도로 인한 소진은 지양되어야 한다.

• 가정과삶의질연구
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.23-41
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to explore social supports for elderly housing and their residential lives in small cities along rural counties of the United States and Canada, and suggest future implications for age-concentrated rural villages in Korea. In this study, five small and medium cities in non-metropolitan counties of California and Ontario province were visited and elderly residents and service experts were interviewed about their perceptions of community integrated social support networks for senior residences. The senior housing complexes were built due to influx of both metropolitan and rural residents seeking warm localities, traffic connections, business purposes in active production areas. and leisure attractions. There are five main social support networks for senior housing issues in these areas. First, the areas are claimed for senior zones and accordingly health industries are encouraged by local authorities. Second, the community is homogeneously constructed as a senior friendly environment and include features such as an RV park and mobile cottages. Third, senior-helping seniors are offered active work through golf-cluster active retirement communities. Fourth, traditional theme production camps are mobilized by the elderly workers. Lastly, an information system is maintained for screening volunteers and for senior abuse prevention. On the other hand, residential lives are occasionally negatively influenced by unbalanced concentrations of elderly facilities such as nursing stations and funeral homes. For the future of Korean rural elderly policies, suggestions are made as follows: first, an integrated urban and rural township that contains attractive places for early retiring people who seek a warm atmosphere in later life needs to be constructed. Second, an integrated model retirement village of urban and rural retirement life needs to be initiated as a measure of evaluating the adaptation process of movers in senior concentrated zones. Third, a cooperation system among governmental ministries needs to be formed with the long- term goal of establishing a traditional rural town of independent housing districts and medical facilities in rural areas. Fourth, productive and active lifestyles need to be maintained as the local community and government develop successful retirement rural villages, by limiting the expansion of nursing related facilities. Finally, generation integrated visiting welfare programs and services need to be further developed for the housing areas especially in the winter, when social integration and activity are relatively low.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제99권5호
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• pp.655-662
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• 2010

Desertification has been expanding with a remarkable speed across the Northeast Asia. Desertification in Northeast Asia significantly influences Korea's economy and environmental health conditions in recent years. For these reasons, a number of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Korea have carried out the reforestation projects to combat desertification in China and Mongolia. Several tree plantation projects were implemented in Mongolia and China. The objective of this study was to analyze and evaluate the performance of tree plantation aid projects carried out by Korean NGOs in Mongolia. The performance of tree plantation projects was examined through effectiveness, efficiency, equity and responsiveness of those projects. The performance was analyzed with the survival rate of planted trees and planting cost, the recognitions of Mongolian people. The analysis of the performance showed that the tree plantation cooperation projects carried out by Korean NGOs in Mongolia had comparatively high performance from a larger point of view. Especially, effectiveness and responsiveness of their projects were highly marked in spite of all the difficulties of carrying out the tree plantation. Such a high effectiveness represented the relatively higher survival rates of trees and Mongolian's positive recognition of plantation projects. Furthermore, the responsiveness also turned out to be high with a great satisfaction of the Mongolian people for plantation projects conducted by the Korean NGOs. Survey results indicated that the efficiency and equity of the projects would be increased by promoting the cooperation projects for tree planting throughout Mongolia with reinforcing infrastructures. By comparison between Korean NGOs and Mongolian Government plantation projects, confirmed the importance of sustained financial support and maintenance activities in the plantation sites.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.325-353
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• 2018

Agricultural systems in South Asian countries are dominated by smallholder farmers. Additionally, these farmers have limited access to pre- and post-harvest technologies due to their high initial cost. The lack of these technologies in postharvest handling is responsible for 20% to 44% of fruit and vegetable losses. These high losses are largely the result of a generally weak basic postharvest infrastructure for the preservation of products, which avoids damage from improper handling, transportation, packaging, and storage. High postharvest losses of products negatively affect food availability, food security, and nutrition, as the producer is able to sell less of the farm yield and the net availability of these food commodities for consumption is reduced. An underlying cause of these postharvest losses is the limited awareness and knowledge bases of stakeholders (researchers, farmers, governments, non-governmental organizations, and merchants) in the traditional supply chains in which these losses occur. The analysis presented in this paper explores the state of postharvest practice in South Asian countries and discusses options for low-cost postharvest technologies in the region that can support small-scale farmers and provide a viable pathway for supply to the market, joining with modern value chains and bringing about individual and regional reduction in postharvest losses of fruits and vegetables. The improvement of basic and simple low-cost technologies through precise research efforts has the potential to prevent such huge losses of products, and help meet the ever-increasing demand for food in South Asian countries.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.427-432
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• 2019

Objectives: In Indonesia, 61 million adults smoked in 2018, and 59 million were exposed to secondhand smoke at offices or restaurants in 2011. The Presidential Decree 109/2012 encouraged local governments to implement a smoke-free policy (SFP), and the city of Jayapura enacted a local bill (1/2015) to that effect in 2015. This study aimed to evaluate compliance with this bill and to explore challenges in implementing it. Methods: We conducted a mixed-methods study. Quantitatively, we assessed compliance of facilities with 6 criteria (per the bill): the presence of signage, the lack of smoking activity, the lack of sale of tobacco, the lack of tobacco advertisements, the lack of cigarette smoke, and the lack of ashtrays. We surveyed 192 facilities, including health facilities, educational facilities, places of worship, government offices, and indoor and outdoor public facilities. Qualitatively, we explored challenges in implementation by interviewing 19 informants (government officers, students, and community members). Results: The rate of compliance with all 6 criteria was 17% overall, ranging from 0% at outdoor public facilities to 50% at health facilities. Spatial patterning was absent, as shown by similar compliance rates for SFP facilities within a 1-km boundary around the provincial and city health offices compared to those outside the boundary. Implementation challenges included (1) a limited budget for enforcement, (2) a lack of support from local non-governmental organizations and universities, (3) a lack of public awareness at the facilities themselves, and (4) a lack of examples set by local leaders. Conclusions: Overall compliance was low in Jayapura due to many challenges. This information provides lessons regarding tobacco control policy in underdeveloped areas far from the central government.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.19-28
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• 2010

Industrial Safety and Health Law (ISH Law) of Japan requires abnormalities identified in evaluations of worker health and working environments are reported to occupational physicians, and employers are advised of measures to ensure appropriate accommodations in working environments and work procedures. Since the 1980s, notions of a risk assessment and occupational safety and health management system were expected to further prevent industrial accidents. In 2005, ISH Law stipulated workplace risk assessment using the wording "employers shall endeavor." Following the amendment, multiple documents and guidelines for risk assessment for different work procedures were developed. They require ISH Laws to be implemented fully and workplaces to plan and execute measures to reduce risks, ranking them from those addressing potential hazards to those requiring workers to wear protective articles. A governmental survey in 2005 found the performance of risk assessment was 20.4% and common reasons for not implementing risk assessments were lack of adequate personnel or knowledge. ISH Law specifies criminal penalties for both individuals and organizations. Moreover, under the Labor Contract Law promulgated in 2007, employers are obliged to make reasonable efforts to ensure employee health for foreseeable and avoidable risks. Therefore, enterprises neglecting even the non-binding provisions of guidelines are likely to suffer significant business impact if judged to be responsible for industrial accidents or occupational disease. To promote risk assessment, we must strengthen technical, financial, and physical support from public-service organizations, encourage the dissemination of good practices to reduce risks, and consider additional employer incentives, including relaxed mandatory regulations.