• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.147-162
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• 2002

Transdermal permeation enhancer has been used to increased skin absorption. External control of drug release and skin absorption can also be achieved by iontophoresis or phonophoresis. However, because several problems with iontophoresis are that it has a risk to skin damage because of the change of pH and the increase of current density in applying it and that it can be applied only in the form of water solution, This study is to enhance drug permeation via skin following application of ultrasound. For this goal, in gel containing piroxicam, the degree of skin permeation in vitro and anti-inflammatory effect in in vivo were investigated. Permeation study using hairless mouse skin was performed at 37 $^{\circ}C$ using buffer saline as the receptor solution. The amount of piroxicam were quantified using a HPLC system consisting of solvent delivery system. Following adoption of ultrasound 1 MHZ, it showed relatively high permeation rate where it was compared with non treated by ultrasound. The influence of duty cycle having an effect on skin permeation rate was slight higher in the case of using pulsed mode. Skin permeation increase attended by intensity of ultrasound, the permeation of trice was accelerated at 2.0 W/$cm^{2}$ than 1.0 W/$cm^{2}$. The skin permeation of piroxicam was substantially influenced by ultrasound. Anti-inflammatory effects were determined using carrageenan-induced paw swelling method in SD rat. Paw swelling tests showed that pulsed phonophoresis group was more effective than control group and only gel application group. The conclusion of phonophoresis was found to improve significantly the skin permeation in vitro and the anti-inflammatory effect in vivo.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.74-78
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• 2007

Multi-drug resistance (MDR) is a major problem in cancer chemotherapy and has often ended up with termination of the therapy. The aim of this study was to identify any fractions of Korean red ginseng that would be effective in modulating for MDR. Although ginsenosides have been reviewed as possible MDR modulators, the MDR modulation activity of the other component is unknown. Therefore, a red ginseng was extracted with methanol, ether, ethylacetate, and n-butanol, followed by several fractionations by silica gel chromatography. And the activity of MDR modulating for these fractions was examined via sulforrhodamine B assay. We have found that several ether fractions, as nonsaponin components are effective on MDR modulation. We have expect that these results helpful to improvement of cancer chemotherapy.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.9
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• pp.849-855
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• 2021

Recently, as nanotechnology has been introduced and used in various fields, the development of new drugs has been accelerating. Nanoparticles have maintained blood drug concentration for extended periods of time with a single administration of the drug. The drug can then be selectively released only at the pathological site, thereby reducing side effects to other non-pathological sites. In addition, nanoparticles can be modified for selective target sites delivery for other specific diseases, with polymers being widely used in the manufacture of these nanoparticles. Poly (D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid ) (PLGA) is one of the most extensively developed biodegradable polymers. PLGA is widely used in drug delivery for a variety of applications. It has also been approved by the FDA as a drug delivery system and is widely applied in controlled release formulations, such as in gene therapy treatments. PLGA nanoparticles have been developed as delivery systems with high efficiency to specific cell types by using passive and active targeting methods. After the development of a drug delivery system using PLGA nanoparticles, the drug is selectively delivered to the target site, and the effective blood concentration for extended periods of time is optimized according to the disease. In this review paper, we focus on ways to improve cell-specific treatment outcomes by examining the development of astrocyte selective nanoparticles based on PLGA nanomaterials for gene therapy.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.319-330
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• 2019

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) constitute key factors in determining successful medication therapy in clinical situations. Integrative analysis of electronic medical record (EMR) data and use of proper analytical tools are requisite to conduct retrospective surveillance of clinical decisions on medications. Thus, we suggest that electronic medical recording and human genetic databases are considered together in future directions of pharmacovigilance. We analyzed EMR-based ADR studies indexed on PubMed during the period from 2005 to 2017 and retrospectively acquired 1161 (29.6%) articles describing drug-induced adverse reactions (e.g., liver, kidney, nervous system, immune system, and inflammatory responses). Of them, only 102 (8.79%) articles contained useful information to detect or predict ADRs in the context of clinical medication alerts. Since insufficiency of EMR datasets and their improper analyses may provide false warnings on clinical decision, efforts should be made to overcome possible problems on data-mining, analysis, statistics, and standardization. Thus, we address the characteristics and limitations on retrospective EMR database studies in hospital settings. Since gene expression and genetic variations among individuals impact ADRs, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics, appropriate paths for pharmacovigilance may be optimized using suitable databases available in public domain (e.g., genome-wide association studies (GWAS), non-coding RNAs, microRNAs, proteomics, and genetic variations), novel targets, and biomarkers. These efforts with new validated biomarker analyses would be of help to repurpose clinical and translational research infrastructure and ultimately future personalized therapy considering ADRs.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2000

This study is intended to provide information to menopausal women so they can control their symptoms. The basic data was gathered by interviewed 200 postmenopausal women on a HRT program. The women were questioned about their perception of menopause and compliance to the therapy with the fellowing result $71.7\%$ of the women experianced hot flushes, and $64.1\%$ experienced short term memory loss and some psychological symptoms. The women reported that these symptoms reduced their quality of life. $53\%$ of the women responded that menopause is a natural state and $59.1\%$ agreed to HRT based on their doctor's recommendation. $76.2\%$ of the women reported that HRT was effective, with $74.7\%$ reporting reduced hot flush symptoms $67.3\%$ of the women reported compliance with the medication schedule. and $43.9\%$ reported periodic non-compliance. Although HRT has been shown to be an effective treatment, the study found that less than $10\%$ of postmenopausal women are currently being treated and these treated women are generally negligent in continuing with HRT, The study recommends that a program be developed that explains the benefits and risks of HRT to be distributed to patients being treated by doctors and pharmacists. In conclusions, It is very important for hormone replacement therapy on menopausal women to take more intensive medication consultation to increase medication compliance and effectiveness of pharmacotherapy.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.9-28
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• 2020

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are the most commonly used drugs worldwide for chronic pain, such as arthritis, and there are many different types depending on their composition and mechanism. After long-term use, various side effects can occur, such as gastrointestinal and cardiovascular complications. With a similar analgesic effect to that of traditional non-selective NSAIDs, cyclooxygenase-2-selective NSAIDs have been highly anticipated, because they could complement gastrointestinal tolerance. On the other hand, because of concerns about cardiovascular safety in 2004 and 2005, and the license withdrawals of rofecoxib and valdecoxib, the interest in the side effects of NSAIDs is increasing. Therefore, it is important to use the necessary drugs at a minimum, considering the side effects and interactions of each drug. This study examined the side effects and characteristics of each NSAID that may occur and reviewed the recent research and guidelines related to the use of non-selective NSAIDs and cyclooxygenase-2-selective NSAIDs.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.5-9
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• 2000

Several nonpharmacological treatment methods of insomnia and their effects were reviewed. A long-term use of most hypnotics may produce tolerance, dependence, cognitive and psychomotor impairments at daytime, shallow sleep, and rebound insomnia on drug withdrawal. To reduce hypnotic abuse, nonpharmacological strategies have been developed to correct disordered behavioral and cognitive factors. These treatments aim at modifying maladaptive sleep habits, lowering physiological and cognitive arousal levels, and correcting dysfuctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep. These non-pharmacological or cognitive behavior treatments include stimulus control, sleep restriction, relaxation training, sleep hygiene education, cognitive therapy, and light therapy. Among them the stimulus control therapy has been demonstrated most effective as a single treatment or in combination with other treatments. Through nonpharmacological treatments, sleep latency was most significantly reduced and wake time after sleep onset was also reduced. About 50% of insomniacs reported clinical improvements in terms of nearly normalized sleep latency, awakening time, sleep efficiency, and reduction of hypnotic use. Compared to the hypnotic therapy, nonpharmacological treatments are more cost-effective and more readily accepted by patients, and their effects last longer.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.164-169
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness for infants of antifebrile therapy using a hypothermia blanket or rectal antipyretics following open heart surgery. Methods: This was a retrospective study and 174 infants who had open heart surgery at P University Hospital, and whose body temperature body temperature exceeded $37.2^{\circ}C$ were included in the study. The assessment tool was composed of 32 items was used for assessment of fever therapy, physiological indexes and antifebrile duration. Physiological indexes included systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, pH, $PaCO_2$, $PaO_2$, $HCO_3{^-}$, $SaO_2$, and $K^+$ and the antifebrile duration was minutes from having a fever until BT returned to normal levels. Results: The antifebrile duration with the hypothermia blanket was shorter than with rectal antipyretics. There were significant differences in the physiological indexes with either type of antifebrile therapy, but drop in BT was greater with the hypothermia blanket than rectal antipyretics. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate that a hypothermia blanket is a non-invasive, non-drug and safe antifebrile therapy. Therefore, a hypothermia blanket can be applied to infants with a fever following open heart surgery.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 1998

Niosomes are vesicles formed from synthetic non-ionic surfactants, offering an alternative to chemically unstable and expensive liposomes as a drug carrier. Non-ionic surfactant and cholesterol mixture film leads to the formation of vesicular system by hydration with sonication method. The formation of niosome was ascertained by negative staining of TEM. The entrapment efficiency of niosomal suspension was gradually increased with increasing the ratio of cholesterol to surfactant. It was found that the niosome with 6 : 4 (polyoxyethylene 2-cetyl ether: cholesterol) ratio was more stable than those with other ratios. The topical application of acyclovir(ACV) in the treatment of herpes simplex virus type 1(HSV-1) skin disease has a long history. There are an increasing number of reports, however, in which topical ACV therapy is not as effective as oral administration. Lack of efficacy with topical ACV has been hypothesized to reflect the inadequate delivery of drug to the skin. We investigated the permeation of niosome containing $[^{3}H]ACV$ in hairless mouse skin using Franz diffusion cell model. Permeation coefficient(P) of aqueous ACV was $6.7{\times}10^{-4}\;(cm/hr)$ and that of ACV in niosome was $23.4{\times}10^{-4}\;(cm/hr)$, suggesting about 3.5 times increase in the transdermal permeation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.3261-3265
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• 2014

Background: To evaluate serum VEGF-A levels in squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck (SCCHN) patients and relationships with response to therapy. Materials and Methods: Serum VEGF-A levels in patients (n=72) treated with radiotherapy (RT) or radio-chemotherapy (RCT) and controls (n=40) were measured by ELISA. Results: Serum VEGF-A levels of the SCCHN cases were significantly higher (p=0.001) than in healthy controls, and in patients with positive as compared to negative lymph node status (p=0.004). Similarly, patients with advanced stage (Stage III-IV) disease had more greatly elevated levels of serum VEGF-A level than their early stage (Stage I-II) counterparts (p=0.001). In contrast, there was no significant difference (p=0.57) in serum level of VEGF-A in patients with advanced T-stage (T3-4) as compared to early stage (T1-2). Similarly, patients with distant metastasis had no significant (p=0.067) elevation in serum VEGF-A level as compared to non-metastatic disease. However, the non-responder patients had significantly higher serum VEGF-A level as compared to responders (p=0.001). Conclusions: Our results suggest that the serum VEGF-A level may be a useful biomarker for the prediction of response to therapy in SCCHN.