• Journal of Space Technology and Applications
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.356-363
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• 2021

It was common knowledge in textbooks that images acquired using mid-infrared ray were not suitable for measuring temperature near room temperature. But a recent satellite image using a mid-infrared sensor show the possibility that the result measured using the mid-infrared sensor can also measure the temperature near room temperature. In this paper, the possibility and accuracy of extraction room temperature information from satellite images with mid-infrared sensors are reviewed. The mid-infrared satellite image reviewed in this paper showed the temperature of room temperature well, and regarding the reliability as an absolute value of the measured temperature, the effect of the heat transfer amount due to the direct reflection of sunlight on the surface and the effect of the infrared absorption amount absorbed in the atmosphere can be seen as a relatively small or constant value. However, the problem of uncertainty in the radiation coefficient due to physical properties, which is the limit of the non-contact thermometer, remained a problem to be solved.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.433-441
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• 2006

With a development of electrical technology in recent, it is possible to measure distance without direct contact to object using laser which launched at instrument and reflect from object. Furthermore, the advent of non prism total station brought the increment of application in many fields including not only road, airport, and harbors but also measurement and monitoring of structural displacement in construction fields. In this study, therefore, to evaluate accuracy of non prism total station, accuracy was analyzed by measuring certain distance which classified by both certain materials and angle of reflection. By this method, the derived values were applied to topographical survey for the efficient applicability. According to a study, result value of non prism total station was satisfBctory regardless of material when the angle of reflection was 90 degrees. RMSE increased when the angle of reflection are gradually increased to acute angle. In result of regression analysis using certain distance which classified by both materials and angles of reflection, there is relationship between distance and angle of reflection, but material has no relevance to the result value. When carrying out general topographical survey, proper application of non prism total station will go far conducting safe and prompt survey at the dangerous site such a road which have lots of traffic flow and rock joint which have high angles of inclination.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.702-706
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• 2009

Purpose: Analysis of lower nose and upper lip asymmetry in patients with unilateral cleft lip nose deformity has been proceeded through direct measurement and photo analysis. But there are limitation in presenting real image because of its 2 dimensional trait. The authors analyzed such an asymmetry using 3D VECTRA system (Canfield, NJ, USA) in quantitative way. Methods: In 25 Patients with unilateral cleft lip nose deformity(male 12, female 13, age ranging from 4 to 19), patients with right side deformity were 10 and left were 15. Analysis of asymmetry was proceeded through 3D VECTRA system. After taking 3 dimensional photo, alar area, upper lip area, nostril perimeter, nostril area, Cupid's bow length, nostril height and nostril width were measured. Correlation coefficient and inter data quotients were calculated. Results: In nostril perimeter, maximal difference of cleft side and non - cleft side was 39.3%, asymmetric quotient Qasy = Qcl/Qncl(Qcl, value of cleft side; Qncl, value of non - cleft side) was ranged from 0.84 to 1.85 and in seven cases the length of cleft side was smaller. In nostril area, maximal difference was 69.6% and in 13 cases cleft side was smaller. In lower nasal area, maximal difference was 37.2% asymmetric quotient Qasy = Qcl/Qncl was ranged from 0.47 to 2.03 and in 20 cases cleft side was smaller. The correlation coefficients of nostril perimeter and area were 0.8345. Conclusion: Using 3D VECTRA system, the authors can measure nostril perimeter and lower nasal area that could not been measured with previous methods. Asymmetry of midface was analyzed through area comparison in quantitative way. Futhermore, post operative change can be measured in quantitative method.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.283-290
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• 2015

We proposed blink based online speller for the locked-in syndrome (LIS) patients, paralyzed in nearly all voluntary muscles expect for the eyes, with a simple and easy-to-use eye blink detection glasses. Electrooculogram (EOG) is the golden standard method of eye movement or blink measurement with Ag/AgCl electrodes. However, this method has several drawbacks such as skin irritation and dehydration of conductive gel. To resolve the shortcomings, we used a blink detection system based on a transparent capacitively coupled electrode, which is conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) films. The films make it possible to measure eye blink without direct skin contact and obstruction of field of view. We finally developed user-friendly blink based online speller with the blink detection system. To classify voluntary and non-voluntary blink, we used the double blink for command of the speller. The online speller experiment result with six healthy subjects shows that mean accuracy is 98.96% and letter per minute (LPM) is 4.73, which are better result by comparison with conventional P300 or auditory brain-computer interface (BCI) paradigm. The result of the experiment demonstrates the possibility of applying the proposed system as a communication method for the LIS patients.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.174-186
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the effects of virtual reality used in maternal-child nursing clinical practicums on nursing students' competencies through a systematic review. Methods: The inclusion criteria were peer-reviewed papers in English or Korean presenting analytic studies of maternal-child nursing practicums using virtual reality. An electronic literature search of the Cochrane Library, CINAHL, EMBASE, ERIC, PubMed, and Research Information Sharing System databases was performed using combinations of the keywords "nursing student," "virtual reality," "augmented reality," "mixed reality," and "virtual simulation" from February 4 to 15, 2022. Quality appraisal was performed using the RoB 2 and ROBINS-I tools for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and non-RCTs, respectively. Results: Of the seven articles identified, the RCT study (n=1) was deemed to have a high risk of bias, with some items indeterminable due to a lack of reported details. Most of the non-RCT studies (n=6) had a moderate or serious risk of bias related to selection and measurement issues. Clinical education using virtual reality had positive effects on knowledge, skills, satisfaction, self-efficacy, and needs improvement; however, it did not affect critical thinking or self-directed learning. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that using virtual reality for maternal-child nursing clinical practicums had educational effects on a variety of students' competencies. Considering the challenges of providing direct care in clinical practicums, virtual reality can be a viable tool that supplements maternal-child nursing experience. Greater rigor and fuller reporting of study details are required for future research.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.167-178
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between internal corporate, supplier, and customer integrations for domestic SMEs on non-financial and financial performance through SCM performance such as flexibility and reduction of uncertainties. To this end, data was collected on 286 SMEs in Korea, and the structural relationships between SCM integration level, SCM performances, and management performance were analyzed. As a result of the analysis, first, it was found that the SCM integration level had a significant positive effect on the flexibility and reduction of uncertainties, which are SCM performances. Second, the flexibility and reduction of uncertainties showed significantly positive effects on the non-financial performance of the companies, but did not directly affect the financial performance positively. Third, the non-financial performance was found to have a positive effect on the financial performance. In addition, the SCM integration level did not have a direct effect on the financial and non-financial performance, but it was found that it affected management performance by mediating the flexibility and reduction of uncertainties, which are SCM performances. That is, although the SCM integration level did not directly affect financial and non-financial performance, it was confirmed that it affects management performance by mediating SCM performances, flexibility and uncertainty reduction. In other words, it was confirmed that the SCM integration level directly or indirectly affects SCM performances and overall management performance. These results imply the necessity to focus on competency in the supply chain management area according to the SCM performance expected by SMEs, and the step by step approaches to the expected effects. In a situation where prior SCM related studies have not been able to present SCM performances and management performance of SMEs that are relatively lacking in their capital and SCM construction capabilities, the findings of this study could suggest the importance of SCM integration from the perspective of SMEs. In addition, from the viewpoint of SMEs, this study suggested that a sequential approach for performance measurement is required (SCM performance → management performance) in relation to the performance factors to be established through SCM.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.181-186
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the weight loss, firmness, external color and vitamin C (VC) content of tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum) using non-destructive method to measure identical tomato samples during 15 days storage at low temperature and high humidity. Tomatoes were harvested at the light red stage, sorted, box packed and then stored in thermo-hygrostat ($10{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $90{\pm}10%RH$). The quality changes in weight loss, firmness and external color were measured every 3 day interval. Weight loss was increased by $1.13{\pm}0.15%$, but it may not be considered to affect quality. Surface color of fruit was changed, especially in lightness and hue angle value. The color values were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the results were significant (p<0.001). Firmness of fruit declined during storage, but it did not decrease in direct proportion. On the storage of day 15, firmness was decreased to 40% of initial state. At last, all the experiment data are summarized and the relationship between firmness and weight loss is analyzed to construct a linear regression mathematical model that can predict the weight loss with the firmness value measured by non-destructive method. This research result could be useful in helping tomato exporters and suppliers to get real-time quality factor by using proposed method and regression model.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.415-424
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• 2014

The carrying capacity of existing concrete structures is evaluated by the measured data from displacement and strain gauges for given loads and the results of numerical analysis that are compared with the measured ones. Consequently, this process could be accomplished in doing the direct measurement of residual stress on existing concrete. This study is concerned with the development of IITC (Instrumented Indentation Technique for Concrete) system which is based on the experimental stress analysis technique using non-destructive test method to evaluate the residual stress of concrete structures depending on the types of applied loadings in analysing indentation load - indentation depth curve derived experimentally on concrete surface. As a result, in this paper, almost all of systematized H/W and S/W were newly developed to estimate the residual stresses of concrete structures. Thus, the creation of new experimental equations for deriving residual stresses and automatical calculations of residual stresses using the empirical formula can lead to evaluate the structural resistances conveniently in the structures from construction phase to maintenance stage.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1992.07b
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• pp.816-819
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• 1992

Binary compound semiconductor InSb crystal which has direct-transition energy gap (0.17 ev) grown by vertical Bridgman method, then the electric-magnetic and optical properties of InSb crystal were surveyed. The growth rate of the crystals was 1mm/hr and the lattice constant $a_\circ$ of the grown crystal was 6.4863$\AA$. The electrical properties were examined by the Hall effect measurement with the van der Pauw method in the temperature range of 70$\sim$300K, magnetic field range of 500$\sim$10000 gauss. The undoped InSb crystal was n-type, the concentration and the electron mobility were 2$\sim$6 ${\times}$ $10^{16}$$\textrm{cm}^{-3}$ and carrier mobility was 6$\sim$2${\times}$$10^{4}$$cm^{2}$/v.sec at 300K, respectively. The carrier mobility was decreased with $T^{-1/2}$ due to the lattice scattering above 100K, and decreased by impurity scattering below100K. The magnetoresistance was increased 190% at 9000 gauss as compared with non-appliced magnetic field and the magnetoresistance was increased with increasing the magnetic field. Also, the Hall voltage was increased with increasing the magnetic field and decreasing the thickness of sample. The optical energy band gap of InSb at room temperature determined using the IR spectrometer was 0.167eV. The diffusion depth of Zn into InSb proportionally increased with the square root of diffusion time and the activation energy for Zn diffusion was 0.67eV. The temperature dependence of diffusion coefficient was $D=4.25{\times}10^{-3}$exp (-0.67/$K_BT$).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.477-482
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• 2009

Though rocket nozzle flow is very important to the rocket performance, the direct measurement is very difficult because of high temperature and high pressure gas flow. Then the experiment utilizing the hydraulic analogy has been developed for such a problem. Supersonic flows through an axisymmetric De Laval nozzle of solid rocket motor was simulated in a 2-D sluice-type water-table designed and manufactured utilizing hydraulic analogy. Methods to minimize or account for non-analogous effects in the hydraulic system must be reviewed for the quantitative application of the hydraulic analogy. In this application the water table is inclined slightly, so that gravity acceleration has a small component in the direction of motion, thus compensating for the effect of friction. Flow visualization leads to better understanding of the analogous system. Within the experimental errors, it is shown that the hydraulic analogy can be used as an effective tool for the study of two dimensional isentropic flows of gases in many fields.