• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.169-176
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• 1991

The pros and cons of deposition metals, alloys and compounds from organic, inorganic and molten salt non-aqueous plating baths are discussed. Although some metals, alloys and compounds not obtainable otherwise can be deposited, few commercial processes exist. Widespread use is limited by the cost, complexity, and hazards associated with non-aqueous electrolytes, coupled with the relatively small markets for many of these coatings.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제44권
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• pp.3-29
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• 2009

The PECL have been drawn up by an independent body of experts from each member state of the european union under a project supported by the european commission and many other organizations. Salient features of the general provisions of the PECL, freedom of contract and pecta sunk servanda, good faith and fair dealing, most of the PECL are non-mandatory. The CISG uses the term fundamental breach in various setting. The concept of fundamental breach is a milestone in its remedial provisions. Its most important role is that it constitutes the usual precondition for the contract to be avoided(Art. 49., Art. 51., Art. 64., Art. 72., Art. 73). In addition, where the goods do not conform with the contract, a fundamental breach can give rise to a requirement to deliver substitute goods. Furthermore, a fundamental breach of contract by the seller leaves the buyer with all of his remedies intact, despite the risk having passed to him(Art. 70). Basically, PECL, PICC generally follows CISG, it was similar to all the regulation's platform though the terms and content sometimes differ. For example regarding to the non-performance and remedies, in the case of non-performance, that is the PECL/PICC term analogous to breach of contract as used in the CISG. Furthermore the PECL/PICC used fundamental non-performance refered to in PECL Art. 8:103 ; PICC Art. 7.1.1. correspond generally to the concept of fundamental breach referred to in CISG Art. 25. The main significance of the fundamental non-performance, in any systems, is to empower the aggrieved party to terminate the contract. The need for uniformity and harmony in international commercial contracts can be expected to lead to growth of international commerce subject to the CISG, PICC, and PECL. It is hoped that the present editorial remarks will provide guidance to improve understanding between the contractual party of different countries in this respect and following key-words.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.426-432
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• 2009

Asbestos is a commercial term of natural occurring silicated minerals and forms long, thin fibers. Chrysotile, the serpentine asbestos, accounts for most use in commercial use. Asbestos is well known health hazard material and it is proved that inhalation of asbestos fibers leads to increased risk of developing several diseases such as lung cancer, mesothelioma, asbestosis. In these days, people most at risk for exposure are maintenance and construction workers and general citizens who are working on and close to the work area at which asbestos containing material is disturbing. Non asbestiform, though its chemical composition is same with regulated asbestos, is known to be less hazardous than asbestiform. Exposure guideline, 0.01 f/ml, is not safe level in terms of health risk. It is reasonable to take preventable action when asbestos is suspicious. In Korea, it is necessary to clarify the concept between hazard and risk, to differentiate asbestiform from non asbestiform, to make regulations for compensation for asbestos related patients, to manage future exposure for general citizens.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.151-155
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• 1978

General components and detergency of commercial shampoos have been investigated and the results are summerized in the following. Shampoos were analyzed for surfactants and additives by KS method and surfactants were confirmed by T.L.C. Considerable differences in amounts of non volatiles and surfactants were found. Three of them contain either lanoline or sterols as additives and in the three. propylene glycol was found in their liquid part. It was shown that predominant sufactant was anionic and in all, except one. a little ampholytic surfactant was detected. But, contrary to forecast, in only one a little of non ionic surfactant was detected. Detergency of shampoos was examined using artificially soiled wool muslin. Considerable difference was found, and all shampoos showed higher detergency than a synthetic powder type detergent for textiles. There were no significant correlation between detergency and amount of surfactants or suspending power of detergents.

• JSTS:Journal of Semiconductor Technology and Science
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.741-749
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• 2014

Low power double data rate 2 non-volatile memory (LPDDR2-NVM) has been deemed the standard interface to connect non-volatile memory devices such as phase-change memory (PCM) directly to the main memory bus. However, most of the previous literature does not consider or overlook this standard interface. In this paper, we propose address phase skipping by reforming the way of interfacing with LPDDR2-NVM. To verify effectiveness and functionality, we also develop a system-level prototype that includes our customized LPDDR2-NVM controller and commercial PCM devices. Extensive simulations and measurements demonstrate up to a 3.6% memory access time reduction for commercial PCM devices and a 31.7% reduction with optimistic parameters of the PCM research prototypes in industries.

• 한국항만경제학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.219-238
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to analyze the concept, requirement and the effect of Force majeure and Hardship under the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contract. Under the UNIDROIT Principles Non-performance by a party is excused if that party proves that the non-performance was due to an impediment beyond its control and that it could not reasonably be expected to have taken the impediment into account at the time of the conclusion of the contract or to have avoided or overcome it or its consequence. There is hardship where the occurrence of events fundamentally alters the equilibrium of the contracts and the events occur or become known to the disadvantaged party after the conclusion of the contract; the events could not reasonably have been taken ito account by the disadvantaged party at the time of the conclusion of the contract; the events are beyond the control of the disadvantaged party; and the risk of the events was not assumed by the disadvantaged party.

• Applied Science and Convergence Technology
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.97-102
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• 2014

A vacuum chamber for a commercial atomic force microscope (AFM) is designed and fabricated. Only minimal modifications were made to an existing microscope in an effort to work in a vacuum environment, while most of the available AFM functionalities were kept intact. The optical alignment needed for proper AFM operations including a SLD (superluminescent diode) and a photodiode can be made externally without breaking the vacuum. A vacuum level of $5{\times}10^{-3}$ torr was achieved with a mechanical pump. An enhancement of the quality factor was observed along with a shift in the resonance frequency of a non-contact-mode cantilever in a vacuum. Topographical data of a calibration sample were also obtained in air and in a low vacuum using the non-contact mode and the results were compared.

• 한국가정과학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2006

He purpose of this study was to provide basic data for improvement commercial kimchi quality. To examine the consciousness of commercial kimchi, college students residing in the Jeonnam area were selected and asked to questionnaires. Commercial kimchi samples used included a total of 7 kinds which were fermented for 2 week at $4^{\circ}C$. A sensory characteristics included 10 items with a 5-score scale: color, savory taste, carbonated taste, sour taste, hot taste, salty taste, bitter taste, off-flavor, texture, and overall preference. 76% of the whole student liked kimchi, especially well-fermented kimchi(43.2%) and kimchi with fermented fish(48.6%). Participants liked savory(21.6%), hot(17.1%), and crispy(14.4%) taste. Their most favorite kimchi was the whole cabbage kimchi(26.1%), wild lettuce kimchi(0.9%) and watery kimchi made of sliced radishes(1.8%) were low in preference. 56.8% of participants had no experience in making kimchi. They mainly bought commercial kimchi in grocery stores(37.8%) or shopping malls(29.7%). They pointed out the addition of artificial sweeter(35.1%), insanitation, and discredit of kimchi materials(21.6%) as problems of commercial kimchi. The sensory characteristics of commercial fresh kimchi was significantly different in color($2.6{\sim}4.1$), and hot($2.3{\sim}3.8$), and salty($2.6{\sim}3.5$) with p<0.001. The sensory characteristics of $4^{\circ}C$-fermented commercial kimchi for 2 week was significantly different in color($2.7{\sim}3.9$), and salty($2.1{\sim}4.0$) with p<0.001. It was found that color, and hot, and salty taste had the greatest effect on the overall preference in non-fermented kimchi, and color and salty taste, in 2 week fermented kimchi

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.221-238
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• 2016

One of the objectives of this study is to implement the direct calculation of the torsional moment of inertia for non-circular cross-sections, which is based on the St. Venant torsion formulation and the finite element method. Recently the proposed method provides a unique calculation of the torsional rigidity of simply and multiply connected cross-sections. Next, free vibration analyses of cylindrical and non-cylindrical helices with non-circular cross-sections are solved by a curved two-nodded mixed finite element based on the Timoshenko beam theory. Some thin-thick closed or open sections are handled and the natural frequencies of cylindrical and non-cylindrical helices are compared with the literature and the commercial finite element program SAP2000.

• 센서학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.242-248
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• 2018

Bicycle fittings have been used to ride bicycles comfortably while minimizing non-traumatic injuries. To analyze the cause of non-traumatic injuries, it is necessary to measure the body weight distribution in various biking positions. In this study, a weight distribution measurement system was implemented by installing five weighable devices on the saddle, both pedals, and both handle grips of a bicycle. To measure the body weight applied through the saddle, the structure of a commercial seat post was modified and a load cell was installed inside. Weighable pedals and handle grips were designed using a 3D modeling program and fabricated by employing a 3D printer. The body weight distribution for ten bicycle riders was measured when the two pedals were aligned horizontally and vertically. Experimental results showed that the body weight distribution varied significantly depending on human body shape, even after the bicycle fitting was completed. The difference between the body weight measured by the proposed system and a commercial scale was less than 3 %.