• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.253-261
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• 1984

The effect of fiber sources on lipid metabolism was investigated in relation to the level of dietary fat. After rats were fed each diet for 4 weeks, all animals were sacrificed to collect the liver, and blood samples by heart puncture. Total lipid, total cholesterol, phospholipid and HDL- cholesterol were determined in serum. Total lipid and total cholesterol were also determined in liver. These results were compared with the histochemical appearances by the method of Oil red-O staining. Higher level of fat in the diet appeared to increase the total lipid levels in serum and more fat in the liver cells were shown from the high fat diet judging from the E.M. pictures. Phospholipid concentration in serum was greater in the rats of high fat groups than those of the control or non-fat groups. High fat level caused to decrease the HDL- cholesterol concentration in serum. Pectin decreased serum and liver lipids and the deposit of fat in the liver cells. HDL-cholesterol levels in serum was increased by pectin. Whereas the cellulose supplementation had no effect to reduce serum and liver total lipid levels, and cellulose did not decreased the deposit of fat in the liver cells. From these results, it is concluded that dietary fat levels led to changes in the lipid metabolism of rats and pectin may exhibit a lowering total lipid contents in serum and liver. Cellulose may slightly elevate serum and liver levels, or have no lowering effect.

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.129-152
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• 2006

The purpose in this study is to analyze the effect of expected public pension assets (or social security wealth) and retirement incentives on retirement behaviors of two wage earners households. For the purpose of the study, an empirical analysis was conducted. In the empirical step, it was found that the empirical results were significant for men, but not for women namely, statistically asymmetric if behaviors of two couples are interdependent. The cause for the statistically asymmetric results were then determined. The Bivariate Probit model was used for estimation in the first step and the KLIPS(Korean Labor and Income Panel Study) was used as data for estimation. According to the empirical analysis, the results showed statistically significant asymmetry for men, however not for women, in expected public pension assets and other retirement incentives, non-wage assets, age difference, spouse's health status, spouse's monthly wages per hour and aging of their spouse In this study, cause of statistically asymmetric result in asymmetric complementarities of leisure of couples were found, then explained through different methods of comparison from the most recent studies. First, spouse's cross wage elasticity of self leisure demand(retirement) was calculated and determined whether complementarities of leisure of couples is positive or negative. Then, the degree of complementarities of leisure was distinguished in comparison with the relative size of two cross elasticities. Thus, men have relatively strong complementarities of leisure. But for women, it may roughly cancel out due to the substitution effect and the income effect. Therefore, women have relatively weak complementarities of leisure.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.177-184
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• 2006

Purpose: To evaluate the correlation between BMD and life habit such as drinking. exercise smoking or physical condition such as age, sex, height, weight, body mass index(BMI). Materials and Methods: I evaluated the BMD of the femoral neck and L2-L4 spines of 321 persons who took a regular health screening in Woosuk university oriental medical hospital from February to April in 2006 by dual energy bone mineral densitometry. Results: The age of persons ranged from 20 years to 75 years(mean $45.10{\pm}11.54$) and there were 160 males and 161 females. In males, BMD of the femoral head was highest at 2nd decade, BMD of the spine was highest at 4th decade, and BMD of both femoral head and lumbar spine was lowest at 6th decade. In fenales, BMD of both femoral head and lumbar spine was highest at 4th decade and lowest at 6th decade. Among the various physical conditions, only height of persons showed significant correlation with BMD in both males and females. BMD was increased according to increasing height. In males, BMD of persons who had habit such as drinking, exercise or smoking did not show significant change statistically. But in females, drinking group showed high BMD relative to non-drinking group in both femoral head and lumbar spine. Conclusion: BMD was different according to age, sex, height and life habit. Especially aged people showed osteoporotic change progressively. More persistent effort is needed to find out the factors decreasing BMD for prevention of problems by osteoporosis.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.277-287
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• 2013

This study was undertaken to evaluate the change of major nutrient components in boiled broth of anchovy, fish paste, sea tangle, and radish subjected to the boiling processing. The crude protein, fat, ash, and carbohydrates in anchovy boiled broth were 0.1%, 0.04%, 0.1%, and 0% respectively as against 0.04%, 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.4% in fish paste boiled broth. The protein content in the anchovy boiled broth, the fat and carbohydrate in the fish paste boiled broth, and the ash in the sea tangle boiled broth were high. Major components of the minerals were sodium plus potassium and the boiled broth in anchovy and fish paste had the contents of 19.41 plus 16.19 and 76.77 plus 10.41 mg, respectively. Especially, the potassium in boiled broth of the sea tangle was shown the highest content of 85.94 mg. The Vitamin B1 content in all broth samples were below 0.01 mg per 100 g edible portion. In the case of the B2 content, the anchovy boiled broth had 0.03 mg per 100 g edible portion. On the other hand, the niacin content of the boiled broth on a wet weight basis was detected at an average 0.1 mg. Vit. A, C, tocopherol, and cholesterol was not detected in the boiled broth of any of the subjects. As a result of applying the data of boiled broth in the fish paste soup instead of anchovy and sea tangle which are non-edible, the calcium, dietary fiber, and vitamin A were shown to have a difference of less than 50%.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.237-243
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• 2017

In order to develop fermented silkworm "Dongchunghacho" (Paecilomyces tenuipes) with improved absorption and increased effectiveness, we fermented Dongchunghacho using four kinds of microorganisms, viz., lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus subtilis, Natto bacillus, and yeast. A total of 15 samples were fermented using a combination of microbial inoculation culture and conditions to produce fermentation products. The contents of basic components such as sugar, reducing sugar, protein, total polyphenol, and total flavonoid were examined as well as the antioxidant, tyrosinase inhibitory, and thrombolytic activities of the fermented products were analyzed. We observed that reducing sugar and protein contents decreased in most of the fermented products, but the products fermented using yeast exhibited higher sugar content and, thus, higher sweetness. Total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity did not increase in fermented products compared to non-fermented Dongchunghachos, but total flavonoid content and tyrosinase inhibitory and thrombolytic activities increased by fermentation. In particular, total flavonoid content and tyrosinase inhibitory and thrombolytic activities primarily increased in the products fermented using yeast and lactic acid bacteria. However, it was not possible to confirm the increase in these activities in samples fermented by single fermentation using only yeast. Therefore, we propose that it will be possible to develop fermented food from silkworm Dongchunghacho (P. tenuipes) with excellent health benefits through additional study of multiple fermentation conditions using lactic acid bacteria and yeast.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.70-78
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• 1979

This study was carried out for the evaluation on the sociomedical characteristics of 1,580 cases who had recieved vasectomy and laparoscopic sterilization at the Busan Family Planning Clinic from January 1975 to December 1973. The results obtained were as follows: 1. In age distribution, the most predominant age group consited of 30.34 years as 44.7%. In regional distribution, the most predominant region was Youngdo Ku in the vasectomy group and Dong Ku in the laparoscopic sterilization group. 2. The educational level showed that the high school graduates(49.2%) in the vasectomy group and the primary school graduates(47.0%) in the laparoscopic sterilization group were the highest each other. 3. The most predominant experienced contraceptive method before accepted permanant sterilization operation was oral pills and non-experienced contraceptive method group was 54.1% of the total. 4. By the span of marital life before accepted permanant sterilization operation, the 5-9 years group was the highest. 5. The average number of living children per family was 2.54 in the vasectomy group and 3.0 in the laparoscopic sterilization group. 6. The average frequency of pregnancy per case was 2 in the vasectomy group and 3 in the laparoscopic sterilization group and the most predominant frequency of induces abortion was 1 per case. 7. The most predominant motive of accepting the sterilization operation were family planning education at the reserve forces training in the vasectomy group and at the mother's club in the laparoscopic sterilization group. 8. By the residing status of the cases, rented room was the highest as 69.4%.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.29 no.3 s.54
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• pp.471-482
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• 1996

Early recognition of coalescence in pneumoconiotic lesions is important because such coalescence is associated with the respiratory symptoms and deterioration of lung function. This complicated form of pneumoconiosis also has worse prognosis than does simple pneumoconiosis. High resolution computerized tomography(HRCT) provides significant additional information on the stage of the pneumoconiosis because it easily detects coalescence of nodules and emphysema that may not be apparent on the simple radiograph. The purpose of this study is to clarify the role of HRCT in detection of large opacity and the relationship of change between the coalescence of nodules or emphysema and lung function in dust exposed workers. 1. There was good correlation between the HRCT grade of pneumoconiosis and ILO category of profusion. 5(9.09%) in 55 study population had confluent nodule extending eve, two o, more cuts on HRCT. HRCT could identify the pneumoconiotic nodules which was not found by simple radiogrphy in 6 workers with category 0/0. 2. No significant difference was observed coalescence of nodules and emphysema by dust type. 3. There was no significant difference in pulmonary function according to ILO and HRCT classification. 4. HRCT could detect the significant reduction in $FEV_1,\;FEV_1/FVC$, PEFR, $FEF_{25},\;FEF_{50},\;and\;FEF_{75}$ and remarkable increase in RV and TLC in study persons with emphysema compared with non-emphysema group. 5. Emphysema was found more often in nodules-coalescence group than small opacity group by HRCT. We found that HRCT could easily detect areas of coalescence and complicated emphysema compared to plain chest X-ray. Also our data suggest that it is primarily the degree of emphysema rather than the degree of pneumoconiosis that determines the level of pulmonary function.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.31 no.4 s.63
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• pp.616-627
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• 1998

In order to evaluate the cytogenetic hazard among hospital workers potentially exposed to low dose of radiation, the analysis of chromosome aberrations(CA) and sister chromatid exchanges(SCE) in lymphocytes were performed in 79 hospital workers and 79 non-exposed workers. The mean frequency of chromosomal exchange and deletion(respectively, $0.20\times10^{-2}/cell\;and\;0.39\times10^{-2}/cell$) in the exposed group were significantly higher than those$(0.07\times10^{-2}/cell\;and\;0.23\times10^{-2}/cell)$ in control group. The frequency of sister chromatid exchanges was 5.04/cell in the control vs. 6.57/cell in the exposed group. There were also significant differences in the mean frequencies of CA and SCE adjusted for age, sex, smoking, drinking between two groups. There were no evidence of significant increase of CA and SCE according to the department or duration of employment. But the frequency of cells having chromosome aberration was significantly higher in the exposed group than in the control group related to duration of employment. There was no dose-effect relationship between the cumulative doses and the frequency of CA and SCE. But in the case of last 1 yr cumulative dose, there were evidence of significant dose-dependant increase of chromosome type CA and percentage of cells with aberration. The result suggest that there is cytogenetic hazard in risk group like hospital workers handling low dose radiation. And the analysis CA and SCE are useful biological indicators for the exposure of low dose level of radiation.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2014

Microwaves are non-ionizing electromagnetic waves of frequency between 300MHz to 300GHz and positioned between the X-ray and infrared rays in the electromagnetic spectrum. In recent years, the use of microwave for extraction of ingredient from plant material has shown remarkable research interest and potential. Scutellaria radix has been used as a traditional medicine for a variety of diseases. It has been reported to exert beneficial health effects, such as anti-bacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and free-radical scavenging. Oxidative stress or the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) leads neuronal cellular death and dysfunction, and it contributes to neuronal degenerative disease such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and stroke. In this study, we aimed to compare the neuroprotective and antioxidant effect of Scutellaria radix extracted by different methods using hot-water extraction (SBE-DW) or microwave extraction (SBE-DW-MW). As a result, we first examined HPLC analysis of hot-water and microwave extracts of Scutellaria radix. The hot-water and microwave extracts of Scutellaria radix showed the discernible difference patterns of HPLC analysis. Microwave-water extracts of Scutellaria radix increased DPPH radical scavenging activity more than hot-water extraction. Microwave-water extracts of Scutellaria radix also showed neuroprotective effects and ROS inhibition against glutamate-induced oxidative stress in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells, but hot-water extraction not showed. In addition, the phosphorylation of MAPKs induced by glutamate insult was prevented by microwave-water extracts of Scutellaria radix. Thus, these results suggested that microwave extraction can be utilized for improving the extraction efficiency and biological activity of Scutellaria radix.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.235-250
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• 2017

In this study, we monitored 4 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as chloroform, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, and tetrachloromethane in groundwater samples to determine the detection frequency and their concentrations and evaluated the health risk level considering ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact. 75 groundwater wells were selected. 24 wells were from monitoring background groundwater quality level and 51 wells were from monitoring groundwater quality level in industrial or contamination source area. In the results, the detection frequency for chloroform, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, and tetrachloromethane was 42.3%, 8.1%, 6.0%, and 3.4%, respectively. The average concentrations of VOCs were high in the order of chloroform ($1.7{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$), dichloromethane ($0.08{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$), tetrachloromethane ($0.05{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$), and 1,2-dichloroethane ($0.05{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$). Chloroform had the highest detection frequency and average detection concentration. In the contaminated groundwater, the detection frequency of VOCs was high in the order of chloroform, dichloromethane, 1,2-dchloroethane, and tetrachloromethane. The average concentrations for chloroform, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, and tetrachloromethane were $2.23{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, $0.08{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, $0.07{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, and $0.06{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, respectively. All the 4 compounds were detected at industrial complex and storage tank area. The maximum concentration of chloroform, dichloromethane, and 1,2-dichloroethane was detected at industrial complex area. Especially, the maximum concentration of chloroform and dichloromethane was detected at a chemical factory area. In the uncontaminated groundwater, the detection frequency of VOCs was high in the order of chloroform, dichloromethane, and 1,2-dchloroethane and tetrachloromethane was not detected. The average concentrations for chloroform, dichloromethane, and 1,2-dichloroethane were $0.57{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, $0.07{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, and $0.03{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$, respectively. Although chloroform in the uncontaminated groundwater was detected the most, the concentration of chloroform was not exceeding water quality standards. By land use, the maximum detection frequency of 1,2-dichloroethane was found near a traffic area. For human risk assessment, the cancer risk for the 4 VOCs was $10^{-6}{\sim}10^{-9}$, while the non-cancer risk (HQ value) for the 4 VOCs is $10^{-2}{\sim}10^{-3}$.