• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.47-52
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• 1996

Personal exposure levels of $NO_{2}$ for office workers and housewives Living in A-San and neighboring prefectures were measured in two seasons with $NO_{2}$ filter badge. $NO_{2}$ concentrations in indoor and outdoor air in their offices and houses were also measured in the same periods. Personal exposure levels in winter ranged from 13 to 132 ppb and its distribution pattern was remarkably different from the other seasons (15.2-17.9 ppb). This fact suggests that use of heating apparatus affects largely $NO_{2}$ indoor air pollution in winter seasons. Actually, $NO_{2}$ exposure levels of subjects used Kerosene heater (43.6ppb) and gas heater (33.4ppb) were higher than those of subjects unused heating apparatus (18.0ppb). Personal exposure levels of $NO_{2}$ for man and woman Living in the same houses were correlated well each other. The time spent indoors for office workers and housewives were both longer than 22 hour a day. Home staying time was about 60% of total indoor staying time for office workers and 90% or more for housewives. Personal exposure levels were significantly related to indoor exposure levels at home all seasons. Furthermore, personal exposure levels could be estimated from $NO_{2}$ concentrations and staying times in various Living environment.

• Quality Improvement in Health Care
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.138-155
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• 2000

Background: Factors related to waiting and staying time for patient care in emergency care center (ECC) were examined during 1 month from Apr. 1 to Apr. 30, 1997 at an ECC of Yeungnam university hospital in Taegu metropolitan city, to obtain the baseline data on the strategy of effective management of emergency patients. Method: The study subjects consisted of the 1,742 patients who visited at ECC and the data were obtained from the medical records of ECC and direct surveys. Results: The mean interval between ECC admission time and initial care time by each ECC duty residents was 83.1 minutes for male patients and 84.9 minutes for female patients, and mean ECC staying time (time interval between admission and final disposition from ECC) was 718.0 minutes in men and 670.5 minutes in women. As the results, the mean staying time in ECC was higher in older age, and especially the both of initial care time and staying time were highest in patients of medical aid, and shortest in patients of worker's accident compensation insurance. The on admission or not, previously endotracheal-intubation state of patient. The ECC staying ti initial care time was much more delayed in patients of not having previous medical records and the ECC staying time was higher in referred patients from out-patient department, in transferred patients from the other hospitals and patients having previous records, and in patients partly used the order-communicating system. The factors associated with the initial care time were the numbers of ECC patients and the existence of any true emergent patients, being cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) statusme was much more longer in patients of drug intoxication, in CPR patients, in medical department patients, in transfused patients and in patients related to 3 or more departments. And according to the numbers of duty internships, the ECC staying time for four internships was more longer than for five internships and after admission ordering was done, also-more longer in status being of no available beds. As above mentioned results, the factors for the ECC staying time were thought to be statistically significant (P<0.01) according to the patient's age and the laboratory orders and the X-ray films checked. And also the factor for the ECC staying time were thought to be statistically significant (P<0.01) according to the status being of no available beds, the laboratory orders and/or the special laboratory orders, the X-ray films checked, final disposing department, transferred to other hospital or not, home medication or not, admission or not, the grades of beds, the year grades of residents, the causes of ECC visit, the being CPR status on admission or not, the surgical operation or not, being known personells in our hospital. Conclution: Authors concluded that the relieving method of long-staying time in ECC was being establishing the legally proved apparatus which could differentiate the true emergency or non-emergency patients, and that the methods of shortening ECC staying time were doing definitely necessary laboratory orders and managing beds more flexibly to admit for ECC patients and finally this methods were thought to be a method of unloading for ECC personnels and improving the quality of care in emergency patients.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.29
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• pp.281-309
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• 2010

The aim of this paper is to investigate the origin of prajñāpāramitā thought in Platform-Sutra, because the practices such as No-thought(無念)·No-image(無相)·No-staying(無住), Samadhi for one act(一行三昧), Seating meditation(坐禪) and Non- distinction of calmness and wisdom(定慧一體) are consolidated into the practice of prajñāpāramitā. The practice of No-thought, No-image and No-staying means an absolute stage which cannot be described in words. It is another expression of prajñā-samadhi or practice of prajñā -pāramitā whose concepts originate from Diamond-Sūtra, Vimalakīrtinirdeśa-sūtra, Mahāparinibbāna-sūtra, and Mahāprajñā-pāramitā-Sūtra. Samadhi for one act is to have an insight into the original nature in everyday life, which is a new development of practicing prajñāpāramitā. Seating meditation is another form of expression of Sudden Enlightenment to see into one's original nature(頓悟見性) through practicing prajñāpāramitā. This can be said a new kind of mixture of Buddhadhātu thought and prajñāpāramitā thought. Therefore prajñāpāramitā thought in Platform Sutra comes from Buddhadhātu thought and prajñāpāramitā thought. Those two thoughts consolidated in Platform Sutra, made the starting point of Zen Buddhism. At the same time, they further continued to be systemized into the thought of Zen Buddhism and eventually into the conclusion of Zen sect of Chinese Buddhism.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.10
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• pp.1081-1091
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• 2020

The objective of this study is to disclose the effect of socio-demographic characteristics such as, age and ethnicity which is comprised of Malay, Chinese, Indian and Others on four financial capability domains namely planning ahead, managing money, choosing products and staying informed. A closed ended self-administered questionnaire was disseminated to a total of 2000 respondents among four types of groups which consist of FELDA or rural area residents, private sector employees, government sector employees and youth in institutions of higher learning in Malaysia. Those four groups were selected to cover a wide range of Malaysian population. 500 respondents were involved in this study for each types of groups through purposive sampling technique. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and analysis via Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) was utilized in this study. The results revealed that age has significant effect on planning ahead, managing money, choosing products and staying informed. Whereas, ethnicities were found to have no effect on financial capability except planning ahead domain. It is suggested that more devotion should be placed on research and professional training in building respondents' financial capability. Furthermore, government and non-government organizations should develop a comprehensive approach to intensify their financial capability and upgrade their standards of living especially of financially vulnerable households.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.453-469
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• 2000

This study has a purpose to provide information to help develop nursing intervention for demented elderly staying at home. For this purpose I analysed the relationship of patients' disturbing behaviors with their demographic and social characteristics, premorbid personality, and present environmental characteristics through questionnaire survey on their family members. The survey was performed through direct interview, telephone contact. and mail in the regions of Pusan and Gyeongnam. Among family members contacted. 112 ones made an appropriate response to the survey. The statistical package SAS was utilized for descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients, stepwise multiple regression, and cluster analysis. The results of the study were as follows: 1) Demographic and social characteristics of the patients surveyed are female 81.3%, average age 81.4 years, lack of schooling 83.0%, spouse dead 73.2%, having no other disease 58.9%, average duration of dementia 3.8 years, no medical treatment for dementia 84.8%, good married life 40.2%, and primary care given by daughter-in-law 49.1%. 2) Aggressive Psychomotor Behavior(APB) was observed in a way statistically meaningful in case that primary care was given by daughter-in-law, while Nonaggressive Psychomotor Behavior(NPB) was in case of good married life and primary care given by other than daughter-in-law and spouse. Verbally aggressive behavior (VAB) was observed in groups of female, spouse dead, bad married life, and daughter-in-law's primary care. As for Passive Behavior(PB), it was observed in case that patients had educational background of not less high than middle school and that they were having medical treatment. Functionally Impaired Behavior(FIB) was observed in age group of 60-69 and more than 90, in patients' group having no other disease, and in case that the duration of dementia was not less than 5 years. 3) Premobid Neuroticism(N) showed positive correlation with APB and VAB, while Openness (O) did negative correlation with PB. Agreeableness (A) was proved to have positive correlation with PA and FIB, but to have negative correlation with APB and VAB. In addition, Conscientiousness(C) showed negative correlation with APB and VAB. 4) The worse the psychosocial environment was, the more NPB and VAB were observed. 5) APB was explained 24% by C and primary care-giver, while NPB was explained 28% by psychosocial environment, having other disease or not, and married life. VAB was explained 40% by A. sex, and married life. On the other hand PB was explained 33% by O, A. N, and having medical treatment or not. But any significant factor was not found to explain FIB. 6) A cluster analysis was performed on disturbing behaviors of demented elderly staying at home. It enabled to regroup the demented elderly in 5 patterns: high scored in NPB, high scored in FIB. high scored in NPB and VAB, moderately scored in most disturbing behaviors, and low scored in all areas. In conclusion, disturbing behaviors of demented elderly not only reflect their premorbid personality in the past, but also are affected by their present psychosocial environment. Therefore, it is necessary to encourage and respond them with understanding their disturbing behaviors in relation to their past premorbid personality. In addition, it is important to provide them better psychosocial environment in order to reduce their disturbing behaviors.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.12
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• pp.115-121
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• 2020

This study aims to investigate the effects of restrictions in economic activity on the spread of COVID-19 in the Philippines. This research employs daily time-series data of confirmed new COVID-19 cases, Apple mobility trends (i.e., use of public transport to destinations, volume of people driving, and amount of walking to destinations) and Google community mobility (i.e., visits to transit stations, visits to workplaces, and staying-at-home) indicators covering the period February 17 to September 11, 2020. The analysis starts by establishing the correlation pattern of new confirmed COVID-19 daily infections to each independent variable. The results show negative linear correlation of the number of new COVID-19 daily infections with less visit to transit station, increase stay-at-home, less use of public transport, and less amount of walking to destinations. Interestingly, the number of new COVID-19 daily infections indicates some form of positive linear correlation with visits to workplaces and volume of people driving. Moreover, employing robust least square regression via the method of MM-estimation, major findings reveal that across mobility measures, staying-at-home has the highest impact on reducing the spread of COVID-19, followed by visiting transit stations less, less use of public transport, less amount of walking, and less workplace visits.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.973-990
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• 2013

On this study, the survey was conducted for the married female immigrants at work living in the district of Pusan, Changwon and Gimhae in order to analyze the level of the key competencies based on the differences of their ages, their final educational background, the period of their staying in Korea, their Korean language competence, jobs and the employment status in their native countries. As the result of the analysis, firstly, depending on their Korean language competence and jobs, there were meaningful differences among the groups in the aspects of the nine key competencies including communication, numeracy, problem solving, self-management and development, resource use, human relationship, information, technology, and organization skills, with the statistical significance level of .05. Secondly, depending on their final educational background, there were meaningful differences among the groups in the other aspects of eight key competencies except problem solving, with the statistical significance level of .05. Thirdly, depending on the employment status in their native countries, there were meaningful differences among the groups in the aspects of the five competencies including communication, numeracy, problem solving, resource use and organizational skills with the statistical significance level of 0.05. Fourthly, depending on the period of staying in Korea, there is difference only in the aspect of communication. Fifthly, depending on their ages, there were no meaningful differences among the groups.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.137-143
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• 2006

A series of no-choice olfactory response tests using water pre-conditioned with females, with intact and surgically removed ventral glands, at various reproductive states were conducted to determine whether male Hynobius leechii discriminates among females in different reproductive states based on chemical cues. Similarly, ventral gland extracts were tested, and ventral glands were examined histologically. Males’ responses to putative odors of females in four (ovulating, ovulated, ovipositing, and oviposited) reproductive states were independently measured by: i) the latency time to initiate male behavioral response, ii) the arrival time at a fixed point of putative odor source, and iii) the staying time close to the odor point source. Male salamanders showed significant olfactory responses to recently ovulated and ovipositing female odors by quickly arriving at odor sources and staying longer at the origin of the source, but the olfactory responses to the earlier staged ovulating females and the later stage of already oviposited females were not different from controls. Olfactory responses of test males to water preconditioned by intact females or females with ventral glands excised were not different. In addition, ventral gland extracts did not induce significant olfactory responses of test males although the lumens of alveoli in ventral glands of oviposited females were smaller than those of ovulated females. These results indicate that male H. leechii recognizes ovulated and ovipositing females based on chemical cues released but not from the ventral glands.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.219-229
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• 2017

The study was conducted to find out lexical complexity and syntactic complexity for Korean learners by telling stories to see pictures. The results were as follows. First, there was no meaningful difference according to nationality. Second, we checked the differences on lexical complexity and syntactic complexity according to Korean studying period, only number of difference words showed meaningful difference among lexical complexity sub variables, but there was no difference among syntactic complexity sub variables. Third, we also checked correlation among staying period of Korea, Korean studying period, and other language related variables. It showed meaningful correlation staying period in Korea and other language related variable except Korean studying period and TTR. The directions for teaching Korean learners were suggested on the point of converge view according to results.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2020

This study conducted a horticultural therapy program for trainees entrusted to the Juvenile Classification Review Center in order to fill the educational gap while providing emotional stability during the one-month period of commissioned education. The effects of horticultural therapy were examined by the pretest and posttest changes of the emotional items such as anxiety, self-esteem, self-efficacy and stress index. As the research method, this study used the one-group pretest-posttest experimental design on 16 female trainees of commissioned education staying at the Juvenile Classification Review Center in the juvenile reformatory located in A city. The horticultural therapy program was carried out in four sessions: two on flower arrangement and two on planting. The scores before and after the horticultural therapy program were measured using the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) to examine the effects of horticultural therapy on the reduction of anxiety for the adolescents staying in the Juvenile Classification Review Center. The results show that there was significant decrease in the mean of anxiety from 62.5 (SD = 6.8) to 57.6 (SD = 8.1) points after the program (p = .002). There was no significant change in self-esteem, which was 76.9 (SD = 11.2) before the horticultural therapy and 78.3 (SD = 8.7) after the therapy (p = .420). In self-efficacy, there was no significant change from 72.9 (SD = 10.9) before and 75.1 (SD = 11.0) after horticultural therapy (p = .178). In order to examine the physiological changes in such emotional functions, this study measured the stress index using the uBioMacpa as the tool. The result of the measurement showed that there was a significant change in the mean from 33.8 (SD = 2.3) before to 31.1 (SD = 2.2) after the horticultural therapy (p < .001).