• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1993-2005
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• 2019

Thermophilic anaerobic digestion (TAD) is characterized by higher biogas production rates as a result of assumedly faster microbial metabolic conversion rates compared to mesophilic AD. It was hypothesized that the thermophilic microbiome with its lower diversity than the mesophilic one is more susceptible to disturbances introduced by alterations in the operating factors, as an example, the supply of nitrogen-rich feedstock such as poultry manure (PM). Laboratory scaled TAD experiments using cattle slurry and increasing amounts of PM were carried out to investigate the (in-) stability of the process performance caused by the accumulation of ammonium and ammonia with special emphasis on the microbial community structure and its dynamic variation. The results revealed that the moderate PM addition, i.e., 25% (vol/vol based on volatile substances) PM, resulted in a reorganization of the microbial community structure which was still working sufficiently. With 50% PM application, the microbial community was further stepwise re-organized and was able to compensate for the high cytotoxic ammonia contents only for a short time resulting in consequent process disturbance and final process failure. This study demonstrated the ability of the acclimated thermophilic microbial community to tolerate a certain amount of nitrogen-rich substrate.

• 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국전기전자재료학회 1999년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.37-40
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• 1999

For the first time, charge trapping nonvolatile semiconductor memories with the deoxidized oxynitride gate dielectric is proposed and demonstrated. Gate dielectric wit thickness of less than 1 nm have been grown by postnitridation of pregrown thermal silicon oxides in NO ambient and then reoxidation. The nitrogen distribution and chemical state due to NO anneal/reoxidation were investigated by M-SIMS, TOF-SIMS, AES depth profiles. When the NO anneal oxynitride film was reoxidized on the nitride film, the nitrogen at initial oxide interface not only moved toward initial oxide interface, but also diffused through the newly formed tunnel oxide by exchange for oxygen. The results of reoxidized oxynitride(ONO) film analysis exhibits that it is made up of SiO$_2$(blocking oxide)/N-rich SiON interface/Si-rich SiON(nitrogen diffused tunnel oxide)/Si substrate. In addition, the SiON and the S1$_2$NO Phase is distributed mainly near the tunnel oxide, and SiN phase is distributed mainly at tunnel oxide/Si substrate interface.

• 대한지하수환경학회지
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.171-179
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• 1999

충북 초청지역에서 산출되는 탄산수는 낮은 pH(5.0~5.8), 높은 이산화탄소분압(about 1 atm, Pc $o_2$) 및 높은 총용존이온함량(＜989 mg/L, TDS)을 보이며. 화학적으로 Ca-HC $O_3$ 유형을 갖는 특징을 보인다. 산소. 수소안정동위원소 및 삼중수소 결과에 따르면 초정탄산수는 천수기원이며. 지표수나 천층지하수와 상당히 혼합된 특성을 보여준다. 탄소동위원소결과($\delta$$^{13}$ $C_{{\Sigma}CO2}$)는 탄산수(-8.6~-5.3$ extperthousand$, $\delta$$^{13}$C)는 심부기원으로부터 유래된 특성을 보여주며. 화강암지역 일반지하수 (-14.4~-6.8$\textperthousand$. $\delta$$^{13}$C)는 탄산수의 영향을 받았으며. 변성퇴적암지역 일반지하수(-17.9~-15.2$\textperthousand$. $\delta$$^{13}$C)는 토양기원탄소와 방해석과의 반응에 의해 조절된 특성을 보여준다. 황동위원소특성($\delta$$^{34}$ $S_{SO4}$＝＋3.5~＋11.3$\textperthousand$)은 탄산수와 지표수와의 혼합과정을 뒷받침해준다. 스트론튬동위원소비($^{87}$ Sr/$^{86}$Sr)는 탄산수(0.7138~0.7156)는 천매암중의 방해석(0.7281~0.7346) 또는 부악광산의 방해석(0.7184)과의 반응과는 무관함을 보여준다. 또한 질소동위원소($\delta$$^{15}$ $N_{NO3}$)를 통하여 탄산수내 높은 함량의 질산염(최대 55.0 mg/L, N $O_3$) 기원으로서는 비료와 축산분뇨임을 확인할 수 있었으며. 질소순환과정에서 탈질산화작용이 수반되었을 가능성을 보여준다. 초정지역 탄산수에 대한 수리화학자료와 각종 동위원소자료를 근거로 초정지역 탄산수에 대한 가능한 직화학적 진화모델을 설정하였다. 탄산수는 심부기원의 $CO_2$의 공급으로 형성된 탄산수가 화강암과의 반응을 통해서 진화되었으며. 이러한 탄산수는 천부로 상승하는 과정에서 지표기원의 지하수와 상당히 혼합되어 형성되었음을 지시한다.시한다.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국연소학회 2006년도 제32회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 논문집
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• pp.55-62
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• 2006

A two-step fuel-rich/fuel-lean catalytic combustion seems to be one of the most effective methods to control simultaneously the NO generation and the hydrocarbon (HC) conversion from fuel-bound nitrogen. By controlling equivalent air ratio for maintaining fuel-rich and fuel-lean condition over each catalytic layer, space velocity, inlet temperature, and catalyst component, the HCand ammonia conversion efficiency higher than 95% could be achieved, with ammonia conversion to NO remaining below 5%. The experimental results wouldbe applied to the combustion of land fill gas and to gasified refuse-derived fuels as a method of minimizing NO generation.

• 천문학회지
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.59-73
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• 2023

The second generation of stars in the globular clusters (GCs) of the Milky Way (MW) exhibit unusually high N, Na, or Al, compared to typical Galactic halo stars at similar metallicities. The halo field stars enhanced with such elements are believed to have originated in disrupted GCs or escaped from existing GCs. We identify such stars in the metallicity range -3.0 < [Fe/H] < 0.0 from a sample of ~36,800 giant stars observed in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope survey, and present their dynamical properties. The N-rich population (NRP) and N-normal population (NNP) among our giant sample do not exhibit similarities in either in their metallicity distribution function (MDF) or dynamical properties. We find that, even though the MDF of the NRP looks similar to that of the MW's GCs in the range of [Fe/H] < -1.0, our analysis of the dynamical properties does not indicate similarities between them in the same metallicity range, implying that the escaped members from existing GCs may account for a small fraction of our N-rich stars, or the orbits of the present GCs have been altered by the dynamical friction of the MW. We also find a significant increase in the fraction of N-rich stars in the halo field in the very metal-poor (VMP; [Fe/H] < -2.0) regime, comprising up to ~20% of the fraction of the N-rich stars below [Fe/H] = -2.5, hinting that partially or fully destroyed VMP GCs may have in some degree contributed to the Galactic halo. A more detailed dynamical analysis of the NRP reveals that our sample of N-rich stars do not share a single common origin. Although a substantial fraction of the N-rich stars seem to originate from the GCs formed in situ, more than 60% of them are not associated with those of typical Galactic populations, but probably have extragalactic origins associated with Gaia Sausage/Enceladus, Sequoia, and Sagittarius dwarf galaxies, as well as with presently unrecognized progenitors.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권11호
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• pp.3189-3190
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• 2013

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.68-74
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• 2015

Superduplex stainless steels are important materials to the oil and gas industry, especially for off-shore production. TIG welding of super duplex stainless steels to obtain the optimal phase balance between austenite and ferrite is mainly achieved by controlling the cooling rate and the weld chemistry. The latter depends on the filler wire chosen and the shielding gas used. If TIG welding of superduplex stainless steels is performed with argon shielding gas only, then nitrogen gets lost from the weld pool, which can result in a ferrite-rich weld metal, with an inferior corrosion resistance than parent metal. In the present study, nitrogen permeation model from the shield gas which gets into the weld metal in DCEN-TIG welding has suggested. This plasma stream model shows characteristics of permeation of nitrogen ions into the molten metal due to the strong physical effect of plasma stream which formed by the arc pressure rather than the permeation of nitrogen ions caused by electric effect.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.852-859
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• 2006

Anammox(anaerobic ammonium oxidation)와 Canon(completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite) 공정과 같은 새로운 미생물학적 공정은 혐기성 소화 슬러지 상징수와 같은 고농도 암모늄 폐수로부터 효과적으로 질소를 제거할 수 있는 미생물학적 처리 기술이다. 본 연구에서는 합성폐수와 슬러지 소화조 상징수를 대상으로 상향류식 입상슬러지상 형태를 가진 새로운 Canon 형 질소 제거공정의 적용 가능성과 그 운전특성에 대하여 연구하였다. 이때 산소공급원으로 주입된 공기는 유출수 반송라인에 설치된 외부폭기조에서 공급하였다. 합성폐수(${\leq}110$ mg $NH_4$-N $L^{-1}$)를 사용한 첫 번째 실험에서는 유효 HRT 3.8일에서 약 95%의 암모늄(T-N 기준 92%)이 제거되었다. 또한 슬러지 소화 상징액($438{\pm}26$ mg $NH_4$-N $L^{-1}$)을 이용한 두 번째 실험에서는 유효 HRT 5.4일과 3.8일에서 각각 $94{\pm}1.7%$와 $76{\pm}1.5%$의 질소가 제거되었다. 두 실험 모두 유출수에서의 아질산염과 질산염 농도는 매우 낮게 검출되었다. 다른 미생물학적 질소 제거 신기술과 비교하였을 때 이 공정은 상당히 낮은 산소소모량($0.29{\sim}0.59$ g $O_2$ $g^{-1}N$)과 알칼리 소모($3.1{\sim}3.4$ g $CaCO_3$ $g^{-1}N$) 특성을 보였다. 이 공정은 또한 간단한 반응조 형상을 가지고 있으므로 효과적인 미생물 확보능력과 함께 시설투자 및 유지관리비용이 낮은 장점을 가지고 있다.

• 열처리공학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.237-243
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• 2018

In-rich InGaN epilayers were grown on (0001) sapphire substrates by radio-frequency plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy (RF-MBE). InGaN epilayers grown at various growth condition were observed by SEM, XRD, and RHEED. When plasma power of nitrogen increased from 290 to 350 W, surface morphology and crystal quality became worse according to more active nitrogen on the surface of InGaN at N-rich growth condition. As In composition was reduced from 89 to 71% by changing the incoming flux of In and Ga, surface morphology and crystal quality became worse. In addition, weak peaks of cubic InGaN phase was observed from InGaN layer with 71% In composition by XRD ${\Phi}$ scan measurement. When growth temperature decreased from 500 to $400^{\circ}C$, RHEED diffraction pattern was changed to be from streaky to spotty which means atomically rough surface, and spotty pattern showed cubic symmetry of InGaN clearly. XRD ${\Phi}$ scan measurement gave clear evidence that more cubic InGaN phase was formed at low growth temperature. All these results indicates that extremely low surface mobility of Ga adatom caused inferior crystal quality and cubic InGaN phase.

• 한국연소학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2008

Numerical simulations of freely propagating premixed flames burning mixtures of methane and chlorinated hydrocarbons in fuel are performed at atmospheric pressure in order to understand the effect of chlorinated hydrocarbons on the formation of nitrogen oxide. A detailed chemical reaction mechanism is used, the adopted scheme involving 89 gas-phase species and 1017 elementary forward reaction steps. Chlorine atoms available from chlorinated hydrocarbons inhibit the formation of nitrogen oxides by lowering the concentration of radical species. The reduction of NO emission index calculated with thermal or prompt NO mechanism is not linear and is probably related to the saturation effect as $CH_3Cl$ addition is increased, In the formation or consumption of nitrogen oxide, the $NO_2$ and NOCl reactions play an important role in lean flames while the HNO reactions do in rich flames. The molar ratio of Cl to H in fuel has an effect on the magnitude of NO emission index.