• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.105-115
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• 1997

Responses of 'Penncross' creeping bentgrass turf to various fairway cultural practices are not well-established or supported by research results. This study was initiated to evaluate the effects of irrigation frequency, clipping return or removal, and nitrogen rate on leaf and soil nitrogen con-tent in the 'Penncross' creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) turf. A 'Penncross' creeping bentgrass turf was established in 1988 on a Sharpsburg silty-clay loam (Typic Argiudoll). The experiment was conducted from 1989 to 1991 under nontraffic conditions. A split-split-plot experimental design was used. Daily or biweekly irrigation, clipping return or removal, and 5, 15, or 25 g N $m-^2$ $yr-^1$ were the main-, sub-, and sub-sub-plot treatments, respectively. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. The turf was mowed 4 times weekly at a l3 mm height of cut. Leaf tissue nitrogen content was analyzed twice in 1989 and three times in both 1990 and 1991. Leaf samples were collected from turfgrass plants in the treatment plots, dried immediately at 70˚C for 48 hours, and evaluated for total-N content, using the Kjeldahl method. Concurrently, six soil cores (18mm diam. by 200 mm depth) were collected, air dried, and analyzed for total-N content. Nitrogen analysis on the soil and leaf samples were made in the Soil and Plant Analyical Laboratory, at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, USA. Data were analyzed as a split-split-plot with analysis of variance (ANOVA), using the General Linear Model procedures of the Statistical Analysis System. The nitrogen content of the leaf tissue is variable in creeping bentgrass fairway turf with clip-ping recycles, nitrogen application rate and time after establishment. Leaf tissue nitrogen content increased with clipping return and nitrogen rate. Plots treated with clipping return had 8% and 5% more nitrogen content in the leaf tissue in 1989 and 1990, respectively, as compared to plots treated with clipping removal. Plots applied with high-N level (25g N $m-^2$ $yr-^1$)had 10%, 17%, and 13% more nitrogen content in leaf tissue in 1989, 1990, and 1991, respectively, when compared with plots applied with low-N level (5g N $m-^2$ $yr-^1$). Overall observations during the study indicated that leaf tissue nitrogen content increased at any nitrogen rate with time after establishment. At the low-N level treatment (5g N $m-^2$ $yr-^1$ ), plots sampled in 1991 had 15% more leaf nitrogen content, as compared to plots sampled in 1989. Similar responses were also found from the high-N level treatment (25g N $m-^2$ $yr-^1$ ).Plots analyzed in 1991 were 18% higher than that of plots analyzed in 1989. No significant treatment effects were observed for soil nitrogen content over the first 3 years after establishment. Strategic management application is necessary for the golf course turf, depending on whether clippings return or not. Different approaches should be addressed to turf fertilization program from a standpoint of clipping recycles. It is recommended that regular analysis of the soil and leaf tissue of golf course turf must be made and fertilization program should be developed through the interpretation of its analytic data result. In golf courses where clippings are recycled, the fertilization program need to be adjusted, being 20% to 30% less nitrogen input over the clipping-removed areas. Key words: Agrostis palustris Huds., 'Penncross' creeping bentgrass fairway, Irrigation frequency, Clipping return, Nitrogen rate, Leaf nitrogen content, Soil nitrogen content.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.187-194
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• 2007

In order to utilize different nitrogen sources and to survive in a situation of nitrogen limitation, microorganisms have developed sophisticated mechanisms to adapt their metabolism to a changing nitrogen supply. In this communication, the recent knowledge of nitrogen regulation in the amino acid producer Corynebacterium glutamicum is summarized. The core adaptations of C. glutamicum to nitrogen limitation on the level of transcription are controlled by the global regulator AmtR. Further components of the signal pathway are GlnK, a $P_{II}-type$ signal transduction protein, and GlnD. Mechanisms involved in nitrogen control in C. glutamicum regulating gene expression and protein activity are repression of transcription, protein-complex formation, protein modification by adenylylation, change of intracellular localization, and proteolysis.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.140-144
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• 2018

To investigate the impact of nitrogen (N) mineral on reproductive potential of Brassica napus L, plants were treated with different levels of N treatment ($N_0$; $N_{100}$; $N_{500}$). The half of N content for each treatment were applied at the beginning of the early vegetative stage and the rest was applied at the late vegetative stage. Nitrogen content in plant tissues such as root, stem and branch, leaf, pod and seed was analyzed and harvest index (HI) was calculated as percentage of seed yield to total plant weight. Biomass and nitrogen content were significantly affected by different levels of N supply. Biomass was significantly decreased by 59.2% in nitrogen deficiency ($N_0$) but significantly increased by 50.3% in N excess ($N_{500}$), compared to control ($N_{100}$). Nitrogen content in all organs was remarkably increased with nitrogen levels. N distribution to stem and branches, and dead leaves was higher in N-deficient ($N_0$) and N excessive plants ($N_{500}$) than in control ($N_{100}$). However, nitrogen allocated to seed was higher in control ($N_{100}$) than in other treatments ($N_0$ or $N_{500}$), accompanied by higher HI. These results indicate that the optimum level of N supply ($N_{100}$) improve HI and N distribution to seed and excessive N input is unnecessary.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.57-65
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• 2004

This study was carried out to measure the growth and photosynthesis of Iris pseudoacorus, the reduction rate of nitrogen(T-N) and phosphoric acid($P_2O_5$) from soils, and the increase rate of two substance into plants which cultivated at waterway soils of different concentration of two substance. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The contents of nitrogen and phosphoric acid at waterway soils of Mangyeong river showed the highest level in the around Samrye railway bridge where was located in the downstream and sewage of stock raising flowed in 2. The Iris pseudoacorus which cultivated at waterway soils showed the leaf and root growth of 43~50 and 9~13cm, respectively. And the growth was higher in the waterway soils contained high level of nitrogen The rate of photosynthesis was $3.5-5.9{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}s^{-1}$ ranges and this rate increased from the end of June to August and then decreased. The rate of photosynthesis was higher in waterway soils contained high nitrogen regardless of seasons. 4. The Iris pseudoacorus removed nitrogen and phosphoric acid from waterway soils about 19~21% and 13~15%, respectively. The Iris pseudoacorus was effective to remove nitrogen more than phosphoric acid. And the waterway soil which included high concentration of two substance showed highly removal 5. The results of Iris pseudoacorus vegetation in the waterway soils showed that nitrogen and phosphoric acid of inside plant increased with 0.2-1.0% and 0.01-0.10% ranges, respectively. The contents of nitrogen and phosphoric acid in plants were increase in the soils of higher contents of nitrogen and phosphoric acid, and the rate of increase of nitrogen and phosphoric acid was higher at roots than leaves.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2003

The effect of rare earth(RE) at three difference levels of nitrogen on the growth and nitrate content of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) were studied in terms of leaf size, fresh and dry weight increase, and chlorophyll and nitrate content grown in plastic pots within glasshouse. Leaf size was enlarged as the level of nitrogen applied was high, and leaf within, length, and thickness of leaf were increased by RE treatment showing significant difference at high nitrogen(N+1) plot. As the level of nitrogen applied was high, as fresh and dry weight per plant was increased significantly(p<0.05), and sprinkling cabbage with RE increased fresh and dry matter yield to 2∼12, 4∼6.2% more, respectively. Dry matter content of Chinese cabbage was increased by RE sprinkling. At all levels of nitrogen fertilized chlorophyll contents were increased by RE treatment. As the level of nitrogen was high, as the content of chlorophyll was highly increased by RE. Nitrate was accumulated more at high level of nitrogen application, but nitrate was decreased by RE application, 40% decrease at very high nitrogen plot(N+2). RE stimulated the growth of chicory with high chlorophyll content, and showed the possibility producing high quality agricultural products low in nitrate content.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.167-176
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• 1997

A field experiment was conducted in Chungiu and Jungwon to evaluate growth characteristics, root development, dry matter yield, crude protein yield and palatability according to nitrogen fertilizer level at intercropping cultivation of sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid(hereinafier referred as SSH) and soybean. Nitrogen level was six treatment of Okg, 30kg 60kg, 90kg 120kg, and 150kg per hectare, and cutting date (sorghum $\times$ sudangrass and soybean) was july 28. 1. In the SSH, plant length was increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer from 0kg/ha to 120kg/ha, but 150kgha treatment was decreased cornpared to 120kg/ha treatment. In the soybean, plant length did not show difference among 0kg, 30kg 60kg, and 90kg per hectare, but 120kg and 150kgfha treatment was on the contrary short. In the SSH, leaf length, leaf width and leaf number were the highest in 120kg/ha treatment, but soybean showed multifarious. 2. Stem diameter of SSH was increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer. But soybean was thick from 0kg/ha treatment to 60kg/ha treatment, while above 90kg/ha treatment was on the contrary thin. Stem of SSH was hard with increasing nitrogen fertilizer, but soybean was soft with increasing nitrogen fertilizer. Root weight (Dry matter) of SSH was increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer. On the contrary, soybean was decreased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer. 3. In the dairy cattle and Korean native cattle, palatability according to nitrogen fertilizer was the highest at 90kgha treatment, while 120kgha treatment and 150kgha treatment was the lowest. But in the deer, 30kg/ha treatment of low nitrogen fertilizer was the highest in palatability. 4. Nitrogen content of root of SSH was increased with increasing nitrogen fertilizer(P<0.01). But in soybean, 30kg and 60kg/ha treatment were higher than 0kg, 90kg, 120kg and 150kg/ha treatment(P<0.01). Total niwogen content of soil were high at 90kg 120kg 150kgha trea~ment(P<0.01). 5. Dry matter yield was high at the 90kg 120kg and 150kgha treatment as range from 15, 262kg/ha to 15, 614kg/ha without significant difference among those, but Okgha treatment was the lowest as 11, 183kg/ha (PC 0.05). Protein content of SSH was the highest at 90kg/ha treatment as 8.3 percentage. Soybean was highest at 60kgha treatment as 22.9 percentage. Protein yield was the highest at 90kg/ha treatment as 1, 547.6kg/ha, but Okgha treatment was the lowest as 1, 022.8kg/ha (P<0.01).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 2000

This experiment was carried out to determine the effect of cutting frequency(3rd and 5th cut) and level of nitrogen fertilization(l50 + liquid manure, 300 and 450kgha) on growth characteristics, dry matter yield and nutritive vaule of reed canarygrass(Pha1aris arundinacea L.), at the forage experimental field, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, SNU, Suweon. Plant height of 3rd cutting(79.2cm) was significantly higher than that of 5th cutting(58.0cm). And dry mattter yield of cutting frequency was observed in 3rd cutting(16,902kgPna) and 5th cutting(l7,833kg/ha) As the nitrogen fertilization was increased, DM yield was significantly increased(p<0.05). When the nitrogen fertilization was applied at the level 150 + liquid manure, 300 and 450kg, dry matter yields were 16,5 12, 17,123 and 18,368kg/ha, respectively. The contents of neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF) and in vitro dry matter digestibility(1VDMD) were similar among cutting frequency. However, slightly higher NDF, ADF and IVDMD contents were found in 5th cutting, but there was not affected by nitrigen fertilization. Based on the results of this experiment, it were indicated that to 5th cutting and 450kg nitrogen fertilization could be obtained from the increase of dry matter yield and nutritive value (Key words : Cutting frequency, Nitrogen fertilization, Dry matter yield, Nutritive Value, Reed canarygrass)

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.407-414
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• 1997

In this study, the optimum cutting 6equency and level of mineral nitrogen fertilization were investigated for the production of Reed canarygrass in uncultivated rice paddy. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Higher relative dry matter yields were recorded in 2nd cut of plots with 3 and 5 cutting frequencies, and 3rd cut of plot with 4 cutting kquency, respectively. 2. With no nitrogen fertilization, mean dry matter yields per year were 6.2~7.6 tonsha and the highest yield appeared in plot with 4 cutting 6equency. 3. The increased fertilization of mineral nitrogen resulted in the increased dry matter yield. Significantly higher dry matter yields than that of no nitrogen fertilization were recorded in fertilization of 90 kg nitrogen per year in 3 cutting fequency, 240 kg in 4 cutting frequency and 150 kg in 5 cutting 6equency respectively. 4. Efficiency of dry matter production with nitrogen fertilization(kg DMkg N) was higher in 30kg Nhalcut in 3 and 5 cutting eequency, 60kg Nhalcut in 4 cutting 6equency respectively. In each cutting kequency, the higher efficiency of dry matter production appeared in 1st cut in 3 cutting kequency, and 2nd cut in 4 and 5 cutting 6equency respectively. 5. Economic N level(kg/ha) was 179.5~242.3kg/ha in 3 cutting 6equency, and 189.6-241.6kg/ha and 167.0 ~253.2kg/ha in 4 and 5 cutting 6equency respectively, and marginal dry matter yields were 11.4~ 12.3 tons/ ha, 11.2 ~ 11.8 tons/ha and 8.3 ~9.1 tons/ha in 3, 4 and 5 cutting 6equency respectively. 6. The limiting N fertilization level to the highest dry matter were estimated to be 569.9kg/ha, 492.4kg/ha and 654.lkg/ha in 3, 4 and 5 cutting kequency respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.17-27
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• 1980

All types of weed community became dominant by Monochoria vaginalis (Burm.) Presl. as the nitrogen level increased. The importance value (IV.) of M vaginalis rapidly increased with increasing nitrogen level whereas the LV. of other weed species decreased. At the 10 $\times$ 10cm plant spacing, M. vaginalis was almost totally suppressed at all nitrogen levels. At the 20 $\times$ 20cm plant spacing, the degree of suppression declined with increasing nitrogen level. At the 30 $\times$ 30cm plant spacing, there was no suppression of M vaginalis at the highest nitrogen level. The yield obtained at the 10 $\times$ 10cm plant spacing when M. vaginalis was present was not significantly different from that obtained from the weed free plot for all rice cultivars while it was significantly reduced by M vaginalis competition at the 20 $\times$ 20cm and 30 $\times$ 30cm plant spacings. The difference in yield caused by M vaginalis competition was primarily due to a reduction in the number of panicles at all nitrogen levels. There was a high negative correlation between grain yield and weed weight at heading. The yield reduction due to weed competition varied depending upon the nitrogen level.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.369-374
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• 1992

In order to determine the effect of dietary cellulose levels on chick performance, 1-week-old White Leghorn male chicks were fed semi-purified diets containing either 5%, 10%, 15% or 20% cellulose for 3 weeks. All diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric. Feed intake and body weight were increased as the cellulose level was increased. Feed conversion was lower in the 5% cellulose diet than in the other diets. Compared to the case of 10% to 20% cellulose diets, relative length (per 100 g body weight) of esophagus, duodenum, small intestine and cecum was longer, and relative weight of esophagus, duodenum and crop was also heavier in the chicks fed the 5% cellulose diet. The other internal organs were not affected by the cellulose level. The retention rates of dry matter and nitrogen were lower in the 5% cellulose group than in the other groups. Concentration of carcass phospholipids was higher in the 5% cellulose group, and that of carcass cholesterol was increased as the cellulose level increased. In conclusion, the dietary cellulose level should be more than 5% to give an adequate chick performance, and no ill effect was found even at 20% level.