• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.525-531
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• 2005

Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of nosocomial infections and is one of the most commonly isolated bacterial species in the hospital and continues to be an important pathogen in both community and hospital-acquired infection. Methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), which is associated with hospitals is now being isolated in the community. The purpose of this study is to investigate the carrier rate of S. aureus in the community, antibiotic resistance patterns of the organism, detection of MRSA and mecA gene in MRSA. Ninety strains $(46.4\%)$ of S. aureus were isolated from the nasal specimens of 194 elementary school students. Eighty-nine strains $(98.9\%)$ of 90 S. aureus were resistant to penicilin, 36 strains $(40.0\%)$ to erythromycin, 14 strains $(15.6\%)$ to fusidic acid, 11 strains $(12.2\%)$ to gentamycin, 9 strains $(10.0\%)$ to tobramycin, 5 strains $(5.6\%)$ to oxacillin, 4 strains $(4.4\%)$ to clindamycin, 2 strains $(2.2\%)$ to tetracycline, 1 strains $(1.1\%)$ to fosfomycin. None of $90(0\%)$ S. aureus isolates was resistant to ciprpfloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, levofloxacin, linezolid, moxifloxacin, nitrofurantoin, norfloxacin, rifampicin, quinupristin/dalfopristin, teicoplanin, and vancomycin. Five strains $(5.6\%)$ of 90 S. aureus isolates were MRSA. The mecA gene was detected from five MRSA strains by PCR.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.159-167
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• 2001

집단식중독 환자에서 분리한 Staphylococcus aureus에 대한 항생제 감수성, enterotoxin 형별을 PCR로 조사한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 1. 의심환자분변 413건중 105건(25.4%)에서 Staphylococcus aureus coagulase 양성 균주가 분리되었다. 2. enterotoxin 생산성을 PCR로 조사한 결과 총 45주(42.9%)에서 enterotoxin gene이 확인되었으며, 이 중 H형 단독생산주가 29주(64.4%)로 가장 많았으며. A형 단독생산주 5주(11.1%), A형 및 H형 혼합생산주 4주(8.9%), G형 생산주 2주(4.4%)및 I형 생산주 1주(2.2%)이었다. 3. 시험한 105주 중 48주(45.7%)에서 항생제 내성이 확인되었으며, 이 중 penicillin에 대한 내성이 38.1%로 가장 높았으며, ampicillin과 penicillin은 중등도 내성이 각각 42.9%, 61.0%이었다. chloramphenicol, clindamycin, methicillin. trimethoprim, vancomycin은 모두 감수성이었다. 또한 단제 내성이 85.4%를 차지하였으며, 2제 내성이 12.5%, 3제내성이 2.1%이었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.205-209
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• 1983

Some investigations on chronic mastitis in dairy cattle in Kyungnam Province during the year 1982 were conducted with the special reference to the causative agents and their drug resistance. Milk samples from 46 isolated cases of chronic mastitis cattle were investigated bacteriologically and the organisms recovered were examined for their drug susceptibility against the major antibiotics used in this country by the use of disk diffusion susceptibility test. Four major causative agents involved in chronic mastitis were in order of prevalence Staphylococcus aureus (32.6%), Escherichia coli (28.3%), Streptococcus agalactiae (8.7%) and Candida albicans (8.7%). Staph. epidermidis, Streptococcus uberis, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida subtropicalis were found to be one of the minor agents. The majority of staphylococcal isolates were highly resistant to the most of antibiotics employed while 8% of them were resistant to gentamicin and 32% to chloramphenicol. The percentages of staphylococcal cultures resistant to penicillin, lincomycin. streptomycin, methicillin, oleandomycin, tetracycline, cephalothin, ampicillin and erythromycin were 100%, 96%, 96%, 92%, 84%, 84%, 80%, 76%, and 64% respectively. Streptococcal isolates were also highly resistant to the majority of the drugs used although 85.7% of them were susceptible to gentamicin. All Escherichia coli isolates were found to be resistant to erythromycin, lincomycin and penicillin while the majority of them were resistant to ampicillin (92.9%), carbenicillin (85.7%), oleandomycin (85.7%), streptomycin(85.7%), kanamycin (78.6%), methicillin (78.6%) and tetracycline (71.4%). The percentages of E. coli cultures resistant to gentamicin, nitrofurantoin, cephalothin and chloramphenicol were 21.4%, 21.4%, 35.7% and 50.0% respectively.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.409-421
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• 1987

For the epidemiological studies of the respiratory infection from 1,918 heads of adult rabbits from January 1980 to December 1985 at an integrated farm, the causative agents were. Isolated samples 92 from of lungs and nasal discharges, and identified by serological and non-serololgical tests, the loss rates by the infection were also investigatyed, and the antimicrobial sensitivities of the isolates were determined. The results obtained were as fellows : 1. The loss rate by respiratory infection was 11.9% among 1,819 heads which raised and 41.7% among 518 heads which lost by diseases, and the rate increased annually. 2. The loss rate of rabbits in Spring (45.0%), Summer (45.5%) and Winter (53.5%) showed significantly higher (P < 0.01) than that in Autumn(29.1%). 3. The loss rate of Rex (56.3%) showed significantly higher (P<0.05) than New Zealand White (40.7%) and Californian (42.0% ). 4. P. multocida.(37.9%), B. brouchiseptica (16.0%), E. coli (10.6%) and so forth were isolated from 92 samples of lungs and nasal discharges. 5. Sixty fours trains of P. multocida were typed by serological or non-serological tests and their all serotypes were A type (62 strains) except 2 strains of untypable. 6. In antimicrobial sensitivity test for 64 isolates of P. multocida, all the strains tested were highly sensitive to chloramphenicol(95.3%), colistin (95.3%), gentamicin (92.2%), kanamycin (90.6%), neomycin (82.8%) and tetracycline (81.3%), but exhibited low sensitivity to streptomycin (26.6%), and all strains were resistant to lincomycin. 7 Twenty seven isolates of B. brouchiseptica showed higher sensitivity to cephalothin (100%), erythromycin (100% ), gentamicin (100%). trimethoprim+sulfamethoxazole (100%), chloramphenicol(88.9%), kanamycin(88.9%), neomycin (88.9%) and colistin (85.2%), but lower sensitivity to nitrofurantoin (18.5%), penicillin(18.5%). streptomycin(18.5%) and ampicillin (14.8%), and all strains were resistant to lincomycin.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 1985

A group of 80 Holstein calves, many with clinical signs of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis in summer seasons, was assembled for bacteriologic and ophthalmologic studies at an integrated dairy farm. Observations were started from 1980 to 1984 but bacteriological study was only carried out from thor spring in 1981 and continued during the Autumn in 1981. Corneal lesions and drugs sensitivity were also observed and the results obtained were as follows: 1. Occurrences of IBK-affected cattle during the 5 years were predominent to calves in summer. 2. Among 142 eyes from 80 cattle, 53 isolates of Moraxella bovis(37.3%) were isolated from 37 cattle(46.3%). The prevalence of the infection for clinical eyes were higher than nonclinical eyes calves. 3. Miscellaneous organisms were found from age groups of 5 months to 9 months old. It were 8 hemolytic Neisseria spp., 3 Fungi, Mycoplasma sp. and 1 Pseudomonas sp., but 9 samples were unknown. 4. Prevalence of infection with M. bovis in bilateral clinical eyes were higher than unilateral eyes. 5. Incidence of corneal lesion was predominent in early stage as a watery tears(21.0%) and late stage as a leukomas of corneal opacity(22.8%). 6. The number of isolations of M. bovis and incidence of IBK varied from year to year; Higher incidence of IBK clinical signs were showed in calves from 5 months to 10 months old and the number of isolations of M. bovis was declined in order 8 months(100.0%), 4 months(75.0%), 5 months(66.6%) and 8 months(66.6%) old calves. 7. Chloramphenicol, Nitrofurantoin and Cephalothin were highly sensitive against M. bovis isolates and then Tetracycline, Neomycin, Erythromycin and Kanamycin were intermediate but low sensitive to Streptomycin, Colistin and Penicillin.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.202-213
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• 2022

Antibiotic resistant Escherichia coli cases are increasing high especially in Southeast Asia. Illegal use of the antibiotic in the aquaculture farming may become the culprit of the outbreak and spread into environmental source. A study was conducted to: 1) detect the chloramphenicol (CAL)-resistant gene in E. coli isolated from three aquaculture farms and six rivers of northwestern Borneo and 2) investigate the correlation between cat gene with five common antibiotics used. Isolation of E. coli was done on Eosin methylene blue agar and characterized using indole, methyl red, Voges-Proskauer, citrate tests. E. coli isolates were subsequently tested for their susceptibility to five antibiotics commonly used in aqua-farming. The CAL-resistant E. coli were further analyzed for the presence of resistant genes (cat I, cat II, cat III, cat IV) using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. 42 bacterial colonies were isolated from a total of 80 individual water samples, 34 of which were identified as E. coli. Result showed 85.3% of the E. coli isolates were resistant to amoxicillin, 35.3% were resistant to tetracycline, 29.4% were resistant to CAL, 17.6% were resistant to nitrofurantoin and 8.8% were resistant to nalidixic acid. All of the 10 CAL resistant E. coli isolateswere detected with cat II genes; five isolates detected with cat IV genes; three isolates detected with cat III genes; and another two detected with cat I genes. Pearson correlation coefficient shows highly significant relationship between resistance pattern of CAL with amoxicillin; and CAL with tetracycline. Our findings provide the supplementary information of the CAL resistance gene distribution, thereby improving our understanding of the potential risk of antibiotic resistance underlying within this microbial ecosystem.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.7-11
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• 1974

저자(著者)들은 1967년(年), 1971년(年길) 및 1972년(年)에 각기(各其) 41주(株), 45주(株) 및 88주(株)의 전형적(典型的)인 이질균주(痢疾菌株)를 동정시험(同定試驗)하고 그들의 미생물학적(微生物學的) 및 생화학적(生化學的) 성상(性狀)과 혈청형적(血淸型的) 분류결과(分類結果)를 보고(報告)한 바 있었다. 1973년(年)에 전국(全國) 11개시도(個市道) 위생시험소(衛生試驗所)와 각급(各級) 종합병원(綜合病院)에서 동정의뢰(同定依賴)된 1644건(件)의 균주중(菌株中) 58주(株)의 이질균(痢疾菌)이 최종적(最終的)으로 동정(同定)되었으므로 그들의 성상(性狀)과 시험결과(試驗結果)를 요약(要約)하여 이에 보고(報告)하는 바이다. 비록 검체(檢體)는 전국각지(全國各地)에서 수집(蒐集)되었으나 최종적(最終的)으로 이질균(痢疾菌)이 동정검출(同定檢出)된 지역(地域)은 서울지방(地方)과 전라북도(全羅北道), 강원도(江原道) 및 제주도(濟州道)이었으며 총균주(總菌株) 58주중(株中)에서 51주(株)가 S. flexneri이었고 나머지 7주(株)는 S. sunnei이었다. S. flexneri 51주중(株中) 26주(株)가 $B_{2a}$이었으며 서울지방(地方) 및 강원도(江原道)에서 분리(分離)되었다. $B_{3a}$가 25주(株) 있었던바 전라북도(全羅北道)와 강원도(江原道)에서 검출(檢出)되었다. 제주도(濟州道)에서는 전년(前年)에 $B_{3a}$ 1주(株)가 분리(分離)된데 이어 금번(今番)에는 S. sonnei 1주(株)가 검출(檢出)되어 과거(過去)에 장내(腸內) 병원성세균(病原性細菌)이 검출(檢出)되지 않던 내력(來歷)이 근년(近年)에 와서 달라졌다고 하겠다. 생화학적성상(生化學的性狀)에 있어서는 arginine decarboxylase양성균(陽性菌)이 S. flexneri $B_{2a}$에서 2주(株) 곤찰(觀察)된 것 외(外)에는 전년도(前年度)와 같이 전형적(典型的)인 양상(樣相)을 나타내었다. 한국(韓國)에서 상용(常用)되는 몇가지 항균제(抗菌劑)에 대(對)한 감수성검사(感受性檢査)를 Ericsson씨법(氏法)에 의(依)하여 실시(實施)한 결과(結果) ampiciltin, cephalosporin 및 nitrofurantoin에 대(對)하여서는 전균주(全菌株)가 감수성균(感受性菌)으로 나타난 반면(反面) neomycin, bacitracin 및 colistin에 대(對)하여서는 내성균(耐性菌)으로 나타났다. chloramphenicol에 대(對)하여서는 S. flexneri $B_{2a}$는 대부분(大部分) 내성균(耐性菌)이었으나 $B_{3a}$는 대부분(大部分) 감수성(感受性)이 있었으며 S. sonnei는 약(約) 반반(半半)이었다. gentamycin에 대(對)하여서도 비교적(比較的) 감수성(感受性)이 있었던 것으로 시험관내시험(試驗管內試驗)에서 관찰(觀察)되었다.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.7-11
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• 1973

저자(著者)들은 1967년(年)과 1971년(年)에 각기(各其) 41주(株)와 45주(株)의 전형적(典型的)인 이질균주(痢疾菌株)를 수집(蒐集)하여 미생물학적(微生物學的)인 검토(檢討)와 분석(分析)을 시행(施行)하고 그들의 생화학적(生化學的) 성상(性狀)과 혈청형적(血淸型的) 분류(分類) 결과(結果)를 발표(發表)한 바 있었다. 금번(今番)에는 전국적(全國的)인 규모(規模)에서 1972년(年) 1월(月)부터 12년월(年月)까지 기간(其間) 각급(各級) 종합병원(綜合病院), 시도립위생시험소(市道立衛生試驗所) 및 시군보건소(市郡保健所)를 경유(經由)하여 수집(蒐集)된 약(約) 4,000건(件)의 장내병원성(腸內病原性) 세균(細菌)에 관련(關聯)된 검체(檢體)를 분석(分析)한 결과(結果) 88주(株)의 이질균(痢疾菌)이 최종적(最終的)으로 동정(同定)되었으므로 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하여 이에 보고(報告)하는 바이다. 비록 검체(檢體)는 전국(全國) 11개시도(個市道)에서 수집(蒐集)되었으나 이질균(痢疾菌)이 검출(檢出)되었던 지역(地域)은 제1표(第1表)에 나타난 바와 같이 서울 및 경기도등(京畿道等) 중부지방(中部地方)과 호남지방(湖南地方)인 전라남북도(全羅南北道) 및 강원도(江原道)이었으며, 예년(例年)에 없었던 현상(現象)으로서는 제주도(濟州島)에서 1주(株)의 S. flexneri가 발견(發見)된 사실(事實)이었다. 기타(其他) 지방(地方)에서 이질균(痢疾菌)이 존재(存在)하지 않는다고 단언(斷言)하기 보다는 이질환자(痢疾患者)의 검출(檢出), 진단(診斷) 및 검체수집과정(檢體蒐集過程)에서의 세밀(細密)한 검토(檢討)가 앞서야 할 문제(問題)로서 장래(將來)에 대(對)한 숙제(宿題)로 남겨 둔다. 이질균(痢疾菌)의 혈청형별(血淸型別) 분석결과(分析結果)는 제1표(第1表)에 나타난 바와 같이 S. flexneri 77주(株)와 S. sonnei 11주(株) 이었던 바 1967년(年)까지 발견(發見)되었던 S. dysenteriae는 1주(株)도 없었고 S. boydii도 검출(檢出)되지 않았다. S. flexneri중(中)에서는 $B_{2a}$가 56주(株)로서 제일(第一) 많았다. 생화학적(生化學的) 성상(性狀)을 요약(要約)하면 정의(定義)에 명시(明示)된대로 MR양성(陽性), $NO_3$환원양성(還元陽性), Hugh-Leifson 시험(試驗)에서 발효성(醱酵性) 양성(陽性) 및 glucose 분해(分解)에서 산산생(酸産生)은 양성(陽性)이었으나 까스산생(産生)은 음성(陰性)이었으며, VP음성(陰性), 요소분해음성(尿索分解陰性), 유화수소산생음성(硫化水素産生陰性), 운동성음성(運動性陰性), phenylalanine음성(陰性) 및 dulcitol, salicin, adonitol, inositol, cellobiose 등(等) 당분해음성성상(糖分解陰性性狀)이 확인(確認)되었다. 그러나 제2표(第2表)에 나타난대로 lactose, sucrose mannitol, sorbitol, arabinose, raffinose, maltose, trehalose, rhamnose 및 xylose 등(等) 당분해성적(糖分解成績)은 균주(菌株)에 따라서 서로 다른 양상(樣相)을 나타내었으며, 특(特)히 arginine과 ornithine test에 있어서는 수주(數株)의 변형성상(變形性狀)이 있었다. 한국(韓國)에서 비교적(比較的) 널리 사용(使用)되고 있는 몇가지 항균제(抗菌劑)에 대(對)한 감수성(感受性)을 Ericsson씨(氏) disc법(法)에 의(依)하여 측정(測定)한 결과(結果)는 제3표(第3表)에 나타난 바와 같다. 즉(卽) nitrofurantoin이나 ampicillin, cefalosporin, gentamycin 및 carbenicillin 등(等)에 대(對)하여서는 대부분(大部分) 균주(菌株)가 감수성(感受性)을 나타냈으나 cloxacillin, tetracycline, erythromycin 및 doxycycline 등(等)에 대(對)하여서는 내성(耐性)을 나타낼 균주(菌株)가 많았다.

• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.150-155
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• 2009

Purpose: To help the empirical antibiotics selection in diabetic foot infection patients, we investigated prevalence of microorganisms and their antibiotics sensitivity results. Materials and Methods: Patients who came to our clinics to treat diabetic foot infections with deep ulceration and were followed up more than 6 months until complete recovery were adopted. From March 2006 to June 2009, there were 140 patients who corresponded with such a inclusion criteria. Wound cultures were done by deep tissue or bone debris at first visit to our clinics. Microorganisms which was documented by wound culture and most susceptible antibiotics by minimum inhibitory concentrations were surveyed retrospectively. Results: Microorganisms were confirmed in 113 cases (80.7%). In the other 27 cases (19.3%), there were no cultured microorganisms. In bacterial growth group, there were 72 cases (63.7%) of gram-positive bacteria and 41 cases (36.3%) of gram-negative bacteria. All of them were aerobic microorganisms and there were no anaerobic microorganisms. Methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus was the most common pathogen and accounted for 35 cases (31.0%). As other common pathogens, there were Enterobacter cloacae (11 cases, 9.7%), pseudomonas aeruginosa (10 cases, 8.8%), Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (10 cases, 8.8%) and enterococcus faecalis (6 cases, 5.3%), and so on. Common susceptible antibiotics in gram positive microorganism were vancomycin (60 cases, 83.3%), teicoplanin (60 cases, 83.3%), nitrofurantoin (60 cases, 83.3%) and ciprofloxacin (53 cases, 73.6%). In gram negative ones, common susceptible antibiotics were imipenem (35 cases, 85.3%), piperacillin/tazobactam (33 cases, 80.5%) and gentamicin (31 cases, 75.6%). Conclusion: Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus in gram positive and enterobacter cloacae in gram negative was the most common pathogen in each group. Ciprofloxacin and gentamicin might be adaptable as a first-line empirical antibiotics in infected diabetic foot patients.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.45-54
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the distribution of Salmonella spp. from pigs and cattle in slaughterhouse, the antimicrobial resistance pattern and the prevalence of resistance genes of isolates. A total of 640 fecal samples from pigs and cattle in slaughterhouse were collected for isolation of Salmonella spp.. Isolation rate was revealed as 15% in pigs and 1.6% in cattle. As result of serotyping, group B (56.6%) were identified as most common in pigs and cattle isolates, in order of group C (24.5%) and group E (15.1%). S. Typhimurium (50.9%) was most common serotype. The major serotypes were in order of S. Rissen and S. London (11.3%) and S. Riggil (7.6%). In antimicrobial test, all isolates were demonstrates susceptibility to nitrofurantoin. But isolates were revealed resistance other antibiotics in order of tetracycline (64.6%), streptomycin (68.3%), ampicillin and amoxicillin (56.3%) and spectinomycin (47.9%). With polymerase chain reaction, antimicrobial resistance gene strA (75.0%) and aadA1 (3.1%) were detected in streptomycin resistance isolates and tetA (94.3%) and tetB (11.3%) gene were detected in tetracycline resistant isolates, but tetG was not detected. Class 1 integron gene was detected in all Salmonella isolates.