• 분석과학
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2022

The leaching of nitrate from soil increases the concentration of elements, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, in water, causing eutrophication. In this study, the feasibility of using clinoptilolite as an ion-exchange material to reduce nitrate leaching in soil was investigated. Soil samples were collected from three soil depths (0 - 30, 30 - 90, and 90 - 120 cm), and their sorption capacity was determined using batch experiments. The effects of contact time, initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, pH, and temperature on the removal of NO₃^- were investigated. The results showed that an initial concentration of 25 mg L^-1, a contact time of 120 min, an adsorbent dosage of 5.0 g/100 mL, a pH of 3, and a temperature of 30 ℃ are favorable conditions. The kinetic results corresponded well with a pseudo-second-order rate equation. Intra-particle diffusion also played a significant role in the initial stage of the adsorption process. Thermodynamic studies revealed that the adsorption process is spontaneous, random, and endothermic. The results suggest that a modification of clinoptilolite effectively reduces the leaching of nitrate in soil.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.661-669
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• 2017

A distributed watershed model CAMEL (Chemicals, Agricultural Management and Erosion Losses) was applied to a small rural watershed where intensive livestock farming sites are located to estimate nitrate leaching rates from soil to groundwater. The model was calibrated against the stream flows, and T-N and $NO_3-N$ concentrations were observed at the watershed outlet for three rainfall events in 2014. The simulation results showed good agreement with the observed stream flows ($R^2=0.67{\sim}0.93$), T-N concentrations ($R^2=0.40{\sim}0.58$) and $NO_3-N$ concentrations ($R^2=0.43{\sim}0.65$). The estimated annual nitrate leaching rate of the watershed was 33.0 kg N/ha/yr. The contributing proportions of individual activities to the total nitrate leaching rate of the watershed were estimated for livestock farming, applications of chemical fertilizer, and manure. The simulation results showed that the highest contributor to the nitrate leaching rate of the watershed was chemical fertilizer applications. The simulation period was for one year only, however, and results may vary depending on different conditions. Gathering input data over a longer period of time and monitoring data for calibration is needed. When this has been accomplished, it is expected that this model can be applied to small rural watersheds for evaluating temporal and spatial variations of nitrogen transformations and transport processes.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.133-139
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• 2024

This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of combining acidification with adsorbents (zeolite and biochar) to mitigate the environmental impacts of pig slurry, focusing on ammonia (NH₃) emission and nitrate (NO₃^-) leaching. The four treatments were applied: 1) pig slurry (PS) alone as a control, 2) acidified PS (AP), 3) acidified pig slurry with zeolite (APZ), and 4) acidified pig slurry with biochar (APB). The AP mitigates NH₃ emission and NO₃^- leaching compared to PS alone. Acidification reduced the cumulative NH₃ emission and its emission factor by 35.9% and 12.5%, respectively. The APZ and APB increased NH₄⁺-N concentration, with the highest level in APB, compared to AP. The NH₄⁺ adsorption capacity of APB (0.90 mg g^-1) was higher than that of APZ (0.63 mg g^-1). The APB and APZ treatments induced less NH₃ emission compared to AP. The cumulative NH₃ emission was reduced by 12.2% and 27.6% in APZ and APB, respectively, compared to AP treatment. NO₃^- leaching began to appear on days 12 and 13, and its peak reached on days 16 and 17, which were later than AP. The cumulative NO₃^- leaching decreased by 17.7% and 25.0% in APZ and APB, respectively, compared to AP treatment. These results suggest that combining biochar or zeolite with acidified pig slurry is an effective method to mitigate NH₃ emission and NO₃^- leaching, with biochar being particularly effective.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2016

국내 전자산업에서 발생하는 실리콘 슬러지와 폐질산구리용액을 동시에 순환활용하기 위한 기초연구가 수행되었다. 폐질산구리 용액을 이용하여 실리콘 슬러지로부터 주요성분인 구리, 칼슘, 철을 비롯한 금속성분을 회수하거나 제거하기 위한 침출실험을 행하였다. 침출온도, 침출시간, 광액농도 등이 금속성분의 침출에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 그리고 철의 제거효율을 향상시키기 위하여 염산(HCl), 질산($HNO_3$), 과산화수소수($H_2O_2$)를 첨가하여 침출실험을 수행하였다. 실리콘 슬러지로부터 구리의 침출과 철의 제거 효과를 고려하여 최적 침출조건은 광액농도 200 ~ 225 g/L, 반응온도 $90^{\circ}C$, 반응시간 30분으로 설정하였으며 이 때 슬러지의 주요 성분인 구리의 침출율은 98.27 ~ 99.17% 이었으며 실리콘 슬러지에서 실리콘의 순도는 98.69 ~ 98.86% 이었다. 이상의 연구결과로 부터 실리콘 슬러지에 함유되어 있던 구리성분을 폐질산구리용액으로 침출하고 뒤이은 분리정제 공정에서 부가가치가 높은 고순도 금속구리 또는 구리화합물로 회수하는 것이 가능함을 확인하였다.

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.281-297
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• 1993

Nitrogen is an element required to meet optimal plant growth. However, when it was applied (as chemical fertilizer or animal waste) more than the demand of plant and managed it unreasonably can be accumulated in subsoil and leached from soil system. Nitrogen also can be act as an pollutant to soil and water through water contamination if its concentration exceed the critical level. The concentration and downward movement of nitrate in soil is influenced by cultural practices and soil properties. High level of nitrate nitrogen in drinking water is harzadrous for animal and human health, especially for infants and the restoration of the quality of groundwater is impossible by now. Therefore it is the only way to prevent from leaching of nitrate nitrogen to keep the quality of groundwater as vital water resource. The aims of the presentation of this review paper are to understand the relationship between agricultural practices and the concentration of nitrate nitrogen in groundwater and to suggest further informations for the rational management methods to reduce the leaching of nitrate nitrogen in soil.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.31-38
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• 1998

2차납 제련공정에서 발생한 주성분이 황산납인 연진으로부터 고부가가치제품인 정제 질산납을 생산하는 습식공정을 개발하였다. 본 공정은 탄산염에 의한 탄산화 공정과 저농도 질산용액을 이용한 침출공정 및 정제 공정으로 구성되어 있으며 본 공정을 통하여 99%이상의 순도를 가진 질산납을 제조할 수 있었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.574-587
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• 2017

Excessive application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer to support switchgrass growth for bioenergy production may cause adverse environmental effects. The objective of this study was to determine optimum N application rate to increase biomass yield of switchgrass and to reduce adverse environmental effects related to N. Switchgrass was planted in May 2008 and biomass yield, N uses of switchgrass, nitrate ($NO_3$) leaching, and nitrous oxide ($N_2O$) emission were evaluated from 2010 through 2011. Total N removal significantly increased with N rate despite the fact that yield did not increased with above $56kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ of N rate. Apparent nitrogen recoveries were 4.81 and 5.48% at 56 and $112kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ of N rate, respectively. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased into half with increasing N rate from 56 to $112kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$. Nitrate leaching and $N_2O$ emission were related to N use of switchgrass. There was no significant difference of cumulative $NO_3$ leaching between 0 and $56kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ but, it significantly increased at $112kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$. There was no significant difference of cumulative $N_2O$ emission among N rates in crest, but it significantly increased at $112kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ in toe. Excessive N application rate (above $56kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$) beyond plant requirement could accelerate $NO_3$ leaching and $N_2O$ emission in switchgrass field. Overall, $56kg\;N\;ha^{-1}$ might be optimum N application rate in reducing economic waste on N fertilizer and adverse environmental impacts.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.296-302
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of slow release fertilizers (SRF), crotonylidene diurea (CDU) and latex coated urea (LCU), on nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) and nitrate-N leaching in a silty clay loam soil under polyethylene film mulching (PFM) for sesame cultivation. In PFM plot, concentrations of $NO_3-N$ and $NH_4-N$ in SRF applied soils were less than that in the urea plot during the whole growing period. However, $NO_3-N$ and $NH_4-N$ in all the non-mulched plots (NM) were not significantly different. Urea-N in soil treated with SRF was higher than urea plot until 50 days after application and was comparable in all the treatments after 50 days. $NO_3-N$ concentrations in leached solution in 21 days after urea fertilization in PFM and NM were 26 mg $L^{-1}$ and 83 mg $L^{-1}$, respectively. However, $NO_3-N$ in leached solution at applied CDU and LCU was less than that of urea similar to nitrate concentration in soil. $NO_3-N$ in leached solution in applied CDU and LCU in 44 days after application was about 25% lower than that urea plot and PFM, while the $NO_3-N$ concentration of CDU and LCU treatment in NM did not changed. Application of SRF increased the yield of sesame and N recovery compared to urea and there was a little difference between SRF and N levels. In conclusion, application of 80% N level with SRF increased N recovery and reduced nitrate leaching without reduction of yields compared with urea application.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.43-50
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• 1997

The aim of the study is to describe the fate and transformation of nitrogen in grassland ecosystems. Field experiments were conducted using sandyloam soil under variabling conditions: Zen, fertilization, reduced slurry application(l20kg N $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$), usual sluny application (240 kg N $ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$).Soil water samples were gathered with 120cm ceramic cups with initial pressure of 0.5 bar. Samples were collected twice a month and analysed for NO, colormetrically. Percolation was calculated as the difference between precipitation and potential evapotranspiration, and leaching as the product of percolation and nitrate content of the water h m the ceramic cups. The N$H_4$-N content in soil had no significant effect on slurry application, but high slurry application on grassland resulted in high N$O_3$-N content in soil. The NO, concentration in soil water was remarkably variable during the year. The average N$O_3$, concentration during experiment became the lowest(8.5 mg/e ) without slurry application and highest with 240kOa cattle sluny(25.3 mg4 ). For each of the three different amounts of cattle sluny applied (0, 120, and 240kOa), the amount of N$O_3$-N leached per year were 12, 23 and 29kg/ha respectively. On grassland under the climatic conditions of Allgau showed enormous nitrate leaching, which has a p a t potential of polluting the ground water. The high pool of mineral N in the soil are the source for N$O_3$ leaching. The leaching of N$O_3$ cannot be avoided completely, but minimized by optimizing N fertilization rate.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.43-52
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• 2021

본 연구에서는 Taguchi method을 사용하여 폐 배터리 셀 분말(LiNi_xCo_yMn_zO₂, LiCoO₂)으로부터 선택적 리튬 침출을 위한 최적의 질산염화 공정에 대한 연구를 진행했다. 질산염화 공정은 질산 침출 및 배소를 통해 질산리튬을 제외한 질산 화합물을 산화물로 변환하여 선택적 리튬 침출을 하는 공정이다. 따라서 전처리 온도, 질산 농도, 질산 침적 양, 배소 온도에 대하여 Taguchi method를 적용하여 인자가 미치는 영향에 대한 분석을 실시하였다. L₁₆(4⁴)직교 배열표를 사용하여 실험하였으며, 신호 대 잡음비(S/N) 및 분산 분석(ANOVA)을 분석하였다. 그 결과 배소 온도가 가장 크게 영향을 미쳤으며 질산 농도, 전처리 온도, 질산 사용량 순으로 영향을 미쳤다. 각 인자에 대해 세부적인 실험을 진행한 결과 전처리 700℃에서 10시간, 10 M 질산 2 ml/g 침출, 275℃ 배소 10시간이 적절하였다. 그 결과 80% 이상의 리튬을 침출을 확인하였다. 400℃ 이상 배소 시 급격하게 리튬 침출율이 감소원인 분석을 위해 질산리튬과 질산 화합물을 배소 후 D.I water에서 침출하지 잔류물에 대해 XRD 분석을 진행하였다. 분석 결과 질산리튬과 질산망간과 400℃ 이상의 온도에서 리튬 망간 옥사이드의 형성하며 D.I water에서 침출하지 않음을 확인하였다. 질산염화 공정 시 침출된 용액을 고액분리 후 증발농축하여 XRD 분석한 결과 LiNO₃의 회수를 확인하였다.