• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.111-125
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• 1998

Dispersion, migration and enrichment of environmental toxic elements from the Samkwang Au-Ag mine area were investigated based upon major, minor and rare earth element geochemistry. The Samkwang mine area composed mainly of Precambrian granitic gneiss. The mine had been mined for gold and silver, but closed in 1996. According to the X-ray powder diffraction, mineral composition of stream sediments and soils were partly variable mineralogy, which are composed of quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase, amphibole, muscovite, biotite and chlorite, respectively. Major element variations of the host granitic gneiss, stream sediments and soils of mining and non-mining drainage, indicate that those compositions are decrese $Al_2O_3$, $Fe_2O_3$, MgO, $TiO_2$, $P_2O_5$ and LOI with increasing $SiO_2$ respectively. Average compositional ranges (ppm) of minor and/or environmental toxic elements within those samples are revealed as As=<2-4500, Cd=<1-24, Cu=6-117, Sb=1-29, Pb=17-1377 and Zn=32-938, which are extremely high concentrations of sediments from the mining drainage (As=2006, Cd=l1, Cu=71, Pb=587 and Zn=481 ppm, respectively) than concentrations of the other samples and host granitic gneiss. Major elements (average enrichment index=6.53) in all samples are mostly enriched, excepting $SiO_2$, $Na_2O$ and $K_2O$, normalized by composition of host granitic gneiss. Rare earth element (average enrichment index=2.34) are enriched with the sediments from the mining drainage. Minor and/or environmental toxic elements within all samples on the basis of host rock were strongly enriched of all elements (especially As, Br, Cu, Pb and Zn), excepting Ba, Cr, Rb and Sr. Average enrichment index of trace elements in all samples is 15.55 (sediments of mining drainage=37.33). Potentially toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) of the samples revealed that average enrichment index is 46.10 (sediments of mining drainage=80.20, sediments of nonmining drainage=5.35, sediments of confluent drainage=20.22, subsurface soils of mining drainage=7.97 and subsurface soils of non-mining drainage=4.15). Sediments and soils of highly concentrated toxic elements are contained some pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, galena and goethite.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.02a
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• pp.148-148
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• 2011

일반적으로 LED 제작에 사용되는 c-plane GaN는 c축 방향으로 발생하는 분극의 영향을 받게 된다. 분극은 LED내 양자우물의 밴드를 기울게 하여 그 결과 전자와 홀의 재결합 확률을 감소시켜 낮은 내부양자효율을 가지게 된다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 여러 가지 방법들이 제시되었는데 그 중에서도 특히 a-plane 혹은 m-plane면과 같은 무분극 면을 사용하는 GaN LED가 주목받고 있다. 그 이유는 무분극 면은 분극이 발생하는 c축과 수직이기 때문에 분극의 영향을 받지 않아 높은 내부 양자효율을 가질수 있다. 본 연구에서는 MOCVD 장비를 사용하여 2인치 r-plane 사파이어 기판위에 3um두께의 a-plane GaN을 성장하였다. 그위에 2um정도로 Si을 도핑하여 n-type GaN 형성한후 단일 양자우물, 그리고 Mg을 도핑하여 p-type GaN을 성장하였다. 장파장대역의 a-plane LED의 특성을 알아보기 위해서 양자우물 형성시 In의 조성비를 높였다. 일반적인 포토리소그래피 공정과 Dry etching 공정을 사용하여 메사구조를 형성하였으며 Ti/Al/Pt/Au와 Ni/Au를 각각 n-type과 p-type의 전극 물질로 사용하였다. 제작된 LED의 특성을 파악하기 위해서 인가전류를 0부터 100mA까지 출력 스펙트럼을 측정하였으며 orange대역의 파장을 갖는 LED를 얻었다. 인가전류별 Peak 파장의 변화와 반측폭의 변화를 파악하여 장파장 대역의 a-plane LED의 특성을 확인하였다.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

The Unsang gold deposit has been one of the three largest deposits (Daeyudong, Kwangyang) in Korea. The geology of this deposit consists of series of host rocks including Precambrian metasedimentary rock and Jurassic Porphyritic granite. The deposit consists of Au-bearing quartz veins which filled fractures along fault zones in Precambrian metasedimentary rock and Jurassic Porphyritic granite, which suggests that it is an orogenic-type deposit. Quartz veins are classified as 1) galena-quartz vein type, 2) pyrrhotite-quartz vein type, 3) pyrite-quartz vein type, 4) pegmatic quartz vein type, 5) muscovite-quartz vein type and 6) simple quartz vein type based on mineral assembles. The studied quartz vein is pyrite-quartz vein type which occurs as sericitization, chloritization and silicification. The white mica from stylolitic seams of laminated quartz vein occurs as fine or medium aggregate associated with white quartz, pyrite, chlorite, rutile, monazite, apatite, K-feldspar, zircon and calcite. The structural formular of white mica from laminated quartz vein is (K0.98-0.86Na0.02-0.00Ca0.01-0.00Ba0.01-0.00 Sr0.00)1.00-0.88(Al1.70-1.57Mg0.22-0.09Fe0.23-0.10Mn0.00Ti0.04-0.02Cr0.01-0.00V0.00Ni0.00)2.06-1.95 (Si3.38-3.17Al0.83-0.62)4.00O10(OH2.00-1.91F0.09-0.00)2.00. It indicated that white mica of laminated quartz vein has less K, Na and Ca, and more Si than theoretical dioctahedral micas. Compositional variations in white mica from laminated quartz vein are caused by phengitic or Tschermark substitution [(Al3+)VI+(Al3+)IV <-> (Fe2+ or Mg2+)VI+(Si4+)IV] and direct (Fe3+)VI <-> (Al3+)VI substitution. The structural formular of chlorite from laminated quartz vein is((Mg1.11-0.80Fe3.69-3.14Mn0.01-0.00Zn0.01-0.00K0.07-0.01Na0.01-0.00Ca0.04-0.01Al1.66-1.09)5.75-5.69 (Si3.49-2.96Al1.04-0.51)4.00O10 (OH)8. It indicated that chlorite of laminated quartz vein has more Si than theoretical chlorite. Compositional variations in chlorite from laminated quartz vein are caused by phengitic or Tschermark substitution (Al3+,VI+Al3+,IV <-> (Fe2+ or Mg2+)VI+(Si4+)IV) and octahedral Fe2+ <-> Mg2+ (Mn2+) substitution. Therefore, laminated quartz vein and alteration minerals of the Unsan Au deposit was formed during ductile shear stage of orogeny.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 2008.07a
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• pp.1244-1245
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• 2008

Recently, piezoelectric transformer is applied to wide fields. Multi layer piezoelectric transformer has the advantage of high step up ratio, electromechanical coupling coefficient(Kp) and mechanical quality factor(Qm), but is indicated of peeling-phenomenon of electrode, rising sintering temperature made price of costly electrode. So in this study, it discuss on method for fabrication of rosen type piezoelectric transformers. For the fabrication as rosen type piezoelectric transformers, synthesized the powder using 0.01Pb$(ni_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3$ - 0.08Pb$(Mn_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3$ - 0.91Pb$(Zr_{0506}Ti_{0496})O_3$ (abbreviated as PNN-PMN-PZT) ceramics. The density, microstructure, dielectric and piezoelectric properties as a function of sintering temperature were investigated. The results indicated that the optimized properties of ceramics were obtained at sintering temperature of 1200$^{\circ}C$, showed the value of $d_{33}$=273pC/N, $K_p$=0.60 $Q_m$=1585, ${\varepsilon}_r$=1454, density=7.917$g/cm^3$ and $tan{\delta}$=0.0064.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.166-171
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• 2006

In this study, in using a piezoelectric material of $Pb(Mg_{1/3}Nb_{2/3})O_3-PbTiO_3$ (PMN-PT), which has a high electromechanical coupling coefficient, we have tried to study about this material can be practically available as a new biosensor to detect protein by using surface acoustic wave (SAW). As the results, the filtering of the center frequency of the PMN-PT substrate is a superior result to that of the $LiTaO_3$ (LT) substrate, but the result was not completely satisfactory. Also this study attempts to develop a sensing method to detect mismatched DNA in order to diagnose cancer. We could directly immobilize the MutS to the NTA using the EDC solution. But, we immobilized MutS using nickel and it is judged that is more effective method to detect mismatched DNA.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2016.11a
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• pp.129.1-129.1
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• 2016

반도체, 디스플레이, PC 등 전자기기의 경우 소자 내 발생된 열로 인해 기기의 성능 및 효율, 수명 등이 감소하기 때문에 이러한 내부 열을 외부로 방출시켜줄 필요가 있다. 일반적으로 heat pipe나 냉각 팬(fan) 등의 외부장치에 의해 강제적으로 냉각해주는 기술이 있지만 휴대용 디바이스와 같이 작은 전자기기의 경우 소자 자체적으로 열전도 특성이 뛰어난 기판을 사용하여 열전도에 의해 열이 소자 밖으로 방출될 수 있도록 방열 설계를 해주어야 한다. 따라서 소자 전체를 지지해주고 열전도에 의해 방열 기능을 해주는 방열기판에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 현재 가장 많이 사용되어지는 세라믹 방열기판으로는 알루미나가 있지만 보다 소자의 집적화와 고성능화로 인하여 열전도도가 높은 질화규소 기판의 요구가 증대되고 있다. 하지만 이러한 질화규소기판에 금속전극을 형성하는 기술은 종래의 알루미나 기판에 이용한 DPC(Direct Plated Copper), DBC(Direct Bonded Copper)기술을 적용할 수 없다. 그래서 현재는 메탈블레이징을 이용하여 전극을 형성하지만 공정비용 및 대형기판에 형성이 어려운 단점이 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 질화규소 방열기판에 전기화학공정을 통하여 밀착력이 우수한 금속 전극 회로층 형성에 대한 연구를 진행하였다. 질화규소 방열기판에 무전해 Ni 도금을 통하여 금속층을 형성하는데 이 때 세라믹 기판과 금속층 사이의 낮은 밀착력을 향상시키기 위해 습식공정을 통하여 표면처리를 진행하였다. 또한 촉매층을 $Pd-TiO_2$ 층을 이용하여 무전해 도금공정을 이용하여 Ni, 전극층을 형성하였다. 질화규소 표면에 OH기 형성을 확인하기 위해 FT-IR(Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy)분석을 실시하였으며 OH 그룹 형성 및 silane의 화학적 결합으로 인해 금속 전극층의 밀착력이 향상된 것을 cross hatch test 및 scratch test를 통해 확인하였고 계면 및 표면형상 특성 등을 분석하기 위해 TEM(Transmission electron microscopy), SEM(Scanning electron microscopy), AFM(Atomic-force microscopy)등의 장비를 이용하였다.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.297-303
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• 2000

Isotope-dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used to determine trace amounts of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn in sediment. Sediment samples were dissolved by microwave digestion with addition of mixed acid ($HNO_3$, HF and $HClO_4$). Lead was determined after separation of alkaline and alkaline earth metals by an ammonium pyrrolidenedithiocarbarmate (APDC) solvent extraction. The other elements were determined after separation of iron, tin and titanium by hydroxide precipitation. Recovery efficiency of the analyte elements was not satisfactory, but most of matrix elements causing the isobaric interference could be effectively eliminated by the separation. Good agreement was achieved with the certified values in the analysis of the two sediment reference materials.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.215-220
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• 2012

Miniature ultrasonic and tactile sensors on Si substrate have been proposed, fabricated and characterized to detect objects for a dexterous robot. The ultrasonic sensor consists of piezoelectric PZT thin film on a Pt/Ti/$SiO_2$ and/or Si diaphragm fabricated using a micromachining technique; the ultrasonic sensor detects the piezoelectric voltage as an ultrasonic wave. The sensitivity has been enhanced by improving the device structure, and the resonant frequency in the array sensor has been equalized. Position detection has been carried out by using a sensor array with high sensitivity and uniform resonant frequency. The tactile sensor consists of four or three warped cantilevers which have NiCr or $Si:B^+$ piezoresistive layer for stress detection. Normal and shear stresses can be estimated by calculation using resistance changes of the piezoresitive layers on the cantilevers. Gripping state has been identified by using the tactile sensor which is installed on finger of a robot hand, and friction of objects has been measured by slipping the sensor.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.180-181
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• 2008

화학양론적 $BaTiO_3$의 소결은 고온의 에너지를 필요로 하며, 내부전극과 세라믹충의 동시소성과정에서 Ni이 세라믹층으로의 확산이 발생되어 PTC의 물성저하를 초래한다. 본 연구에서는 저온에서 액상을 형성하여 소결온도를 낮추는 것으로 알려진 산화물 및 비산화물계 소결첨가제가 적층 PTC 세라믹스의 미세구조 및 전기적 특성에 미치는 영향에 대하여 고찰하였다. 소결과정에서 분해되어 기체를 형성하는 BN, $Li_2CO_3$, LiF의 경우 기공율을 증가시켜 산소의 이동경로를 형성하였으며, 이는 입계의 재산화를 용이하게 하여 PTC 효과를 보였다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.415-420
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• 2008

AAO films were fabricated on two kinds of substrates such as $Al/SiO_2/Si$ and Al/Ni/Ti/Si. To obtain well-aligned AAO film, we optimized process condition for buffer layer, electrolyte and voltage. In the case of oxalic acid, the AAO film with pore size of approximately 45 nm was obtained at voltage of 40 V, temperature of $10^{\circ}C$, oxalic acid of 0.3 M and widening time of 60 min. Then the thickness of barrier is less than 600 nm. In the case of sulfuric acid, the AAO film has pore size of 40 nm and barrier thickness of 400 nm with optimum conditions such as voltage of 25 V, temperature of $8^{\circ}C$, sulfuric acid of 0.3 M and widening time of 60 min.