• Korean Management Science Review
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.243-257
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• 2006

ITU-T's NgN(Next generation Network) architecture is expected to offer a new Internet platforms such as QoS(Quality of Service) guaranteed services as it overcame the limitations of the existing best-effort Internet architecture. However, policy development crucial for the NgN framework(e.g., interconnections and billing) is lagging far behind technology development. For example, arguments over network neutrality clearly indicate little understanding of the Internet industry structure where diverse providers including ISP and CP coexist. This study employs a network economics approach to predict how the competitive landscape involving various providers will evolve under the traffic-based billing system under the NgN environment. Applied is the non-cooperative game theory, in particular, Stackelberg's repeated game in order to build and analyze model for competition among those providers. We also studied possible impacts that CPs would have on the competitive landscape if they have an option to replace ISP: i.e., CDN(Content Delivery Network) provider. Lastly, based on the model analysis and experiments, presented are their implications to policy development and tile future prospect.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.31-42
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• 2006

Background and Purpose : The concept of $Wux{\'{\i}}ng$(五行) is central to all elements of the Koran traditional medicine. And $Wux{\'{\i}}ng$ is considered to one of the constitution theories in some of oriental medicine fields in South Korea. The aim of this study is to find necessary and concrete estimation factors for distributing patterns of $Wux{\'{\i}}ngr{\'{e}}n$(五行人) respectively. Methods : We translated and summarized the records about distinguishing characteristics and distributing points of Wu-Xing Ren described in <$L{\'{\i}}ngshu$(靈樞)${\cdot}$Yin-Y${\'{a}}$ng ${\`{e}}rsh{\'{\i}}wur{\'{e}}n$(陰陽二十五人)>. Some review articles were identified through searches of KISS and KERIS databases. Results and Conclusion : Concrete distinguishing characteristics and distributing points of Wu-Xing Ren were described in <$Lingshu{\cdot}Yin-Y{\'{a}}ng\;{\`{e}}rsh{\'{\i}}wur{\'{e}}n$>. According to <$Lingshu{\cdot}Yin-Y{\'{a}}ng\;{\`{e}}rsh{\'{\i}}wur{\'{e}}n$>, the most notable characteristics and distributing points are the skin color and shape of face. but the skin color and shape of face are too ambiguous to be used as distributing criteria in a practical manner. In stead size of head, longitudinal length of back, disposition, and width between both shoulders may be used as distributing criteria in practical clinic fields.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.585-592
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• 1996

Trifluralin (2, 6-dinitro-N, N-dipropyl-4- (trifluormethyl) benzenamine) was applied preemergent to soybean in plots drained or nondrained, in louisiana. Plots 14.6 ha were arranged to give 1683 g/ha of trifluralin. The half life of trifluralin in the top 15 cm of soil was 42.6 darts and f6.0 days in nondrained plot and drained plot, respectively. The concentrations of trifluralin in surface runoff water and subsurface runoff water were 0.62 ng/ml-0.02 ng/ml and 11.06 ng/ml-0.02 ng/ml, respectively. The concentration of trifluralin in runoff water was smaller than 2 ng/ml for trifluralin of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency advisory. Total loss of trifluralin in runoff water was 0.021 % of applied amount at drained plots during three month after application. Trifluralin was moved hardly in the water. Subsurface drainage -reduced trifluralin losses because concentration of trifluralin in the subsurface runoff water in drained fields was low.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.57
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• pp.57-90
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• 2018

In this discussion, as a way to verify the existence of the system to regulate Zhou dynasty's $z{\bar{o}}ng-mi{\grave{a}}o$(宗廟) numbers, the discussion was focused on '$mi{\grave{a}}o$ (廟)' and '$g{\bar{o}}ng$(宮)' in the records of "$Ch{\bar{u}}n-qi{\bar{u}}$(春秋)". As for the parts where the contents of scripture sentences were not specific, the context of the case was investigated through the writings in "$Zu{\breve{o}}-zhu{\grave{a}}n$(左傳)" and other materials. In the cases of the usage of the letter, '$mi{\grave{a}}o$(廟 : a ruler's house, a nation's royal court)', in the scripture sentences in "$Ch{\bar{u}}n-qi{\bar{u}}$(春秋)", the followings need to be noticed. In $t{\grave{a}}i-mi{\grave{a}}o$(太廟) of State $L{\check{u}}$(魯), nationwide events and a ruler's political ancestral rite, $d{\grave{i}}$(?) ritual, were performed, and fancy tools for ancestral rites used in those rituals were equipped. As for the $z{\bar{o}}ng-mi{\grave{a}}o$(宗廟) of a ruler of those times, a ritual of royal court, $ch{\acute{a}}o$(朝) rite, was performed. The usage case of the letter, '$g{\bar{o}}ng$(宮 : house)', is as the following. In $g{\bar{o}}ng$(宮) where a ruler's personal family lived was a family ancestral rite for them carried out. The record about the ornate decorating for the $hu{\acute{a}}n-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(桓宮), which can be said to have been the political base of $s{\bar{a}}n-hu{\acute{a}}n-sh{\grave{i}}$(三桓氏), three politically noble families of State $L{\check{u}}$(魯), is outstanding. The $x{\bar{i}}-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(西宮) during $X{\bar{i}}-g{\bar{o}}ng$(魯 僖公)'s reign and a $x{\bar{i}}n-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(新宮 : a newly built house) destroyed by fire at the third year of $Ch{\acute{e}}ng-g{\bar{o}}ng$(魯 成公), are assumed to have been a ruler's another house, such as the $ch{\check{u}}-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(楚宮) in which $Xi{\bar{a}}ng-g{\bar{o}}ng$(魯 襄公) used to enjoy staying, which is different from the viewpoint that it might be a $m{\acute{i}}-g{\bar{o}}ng$ shrine(?宮 : a house constructed as a shrine for the deceased father or the deceased grand father) that had been formed since Han dynasty. It has been discussed that, regarding the records that the '$w{\check{u}}-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(武宮) was built' and that the '$y{\acute{a}}ng-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(煬宮) was built', certain buildings were established with the symbols of '$w{\check{u}}$(武 : martial arts and force of arms)' and '$y{\acute{a}}ng$(煬 : to burn and get rid of everything)', and the events that a lord stood as its lord continued. Therefore, its main goal was not the performance of a dutiful ancestral rite by a ruler of those times for deceased rulers, for instance, $W{\check{u}}-g{\bar{o}}ng$(魯 武公) or $Y{\acute{a}}ng-g{\bar{o}}ng$(魯 煬公), but display of certain political symbolism through the ritual. This symbolism is most obvious with the $hu{\acute{a}}n-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(桓宮) and the $x{\bar{i}}-g{\bar{o}}ng$ house(僖宮). As a consequence, all $mi{\grave{a}}os$(廟) and $g{\bar{o}}ngs$(宮) in scripture sentences had the functions of a shrine in some part, but it has been verified that they were not the buildings set up as a shrine to follow '$z{\bar{o}}ng-mi{\grave{a}}o$(宗廟)'s number regulation system' of '$ti{\bar{a}}nz{\check{i}}-7-mi{\grave{a}}o$(天子七廟 : an emperor owns seven $mi{\grave{a}}os$(廟))' or '$zh{\bar{u}}h{\acute{o}}u-5-mi{\grave{a}}o$(諸侯五廟 : a lord owns five $mi{\grave{a}}os$(廟))'.

• Publications of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.147-157
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• 2011

I found evidence that Kim Y$\breve{o}$ng (金泳, 1749-1817) is the author of the Korean Poch'$\breve{o}$n'ga with New Charts published in 1792 by the Astronomical Bureau of the Chos$\breve{o}$n dynasty. I reconstructed a history of Kim Y$\breve{o}$ng from various literature remained in other persons' anthologies and governmental records. My findings on the author and publication year can help to solve the problem on the origin of star charts in the Poch'$\breve{o}$n'ga with New Charts. I also considered the changes of Chinese Bu-Tian-Ge and their star charts after Chongzhenglishu (崇禎曆書). I found that the new charts in the book of Huantiantushuo published by Li Mingche (李明徹, 1751-1832) in 1819 are approximately the same to those in the Poch'$\breve{o}$n'ga with New Charts by Kim Y$\breve{o}$ng in 1792.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.1066-1072
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of aerobic exercise on adipokines and inflammatory reaction in obesity and type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) children. We studied obese (OG, n=9), type 1 diabetic (DG, n=9), and normal (NG, n=9) children groups. Measurement factors included body weight, % fat, body mass index (BMI), $VO_2max$, lipid profiles and adipokines. The results showed significant differences in body weight, % fat, BMI, and $VO_2max$ (ml/kg/min) among the OG, DG, and NG (p<0.05) groups. There were significant differences in LDL-C and HDL-C between the OG, DG, and NG groups (p<0.05). In addition, adiponectin and retinol binding protein (RBP)-4 were significantly changed in DG and NG after 12 weeks exercise training (p<0.05), and there were also significant differences among the OG, DG, and NG groups (p<0.05). Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 in the OG, DG, and NG groups was significantly increased after 12 weeks exercise training (p<0.05). In conclusion, regulatory aerobic exercise does not change body composition in obese children with T1DM, but exercise and decreased blood inflammatory factors in T1DM may protect obese children from metabolic syndrome.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.709-717
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• 2008

$Ch\acute{e}n\;Xiuyu\acute{a}n$(陳修園) was a famous doctor and educator of the late Tang Dynasty. He was well known both for his books for beginners, and for his unique medical theories based on his profound research of <$Sh\bar{a}ngh\acute{a}nl\grave{u}n$(傷寒論)> and <$J\bar{i}nku\grave{i}y\grave{a}ol\ddot{u}e$>. He wrote <$Y\bar{i}xues\bar{a}nz\grave{i}j\bar{i}ng$(醫學三字經)> to establish the basic textbook for the beginners to set up right principles in pursuing their medical career. <$Y\bar{i}xues\bar{a}nz\grave{i}j\bar{i}ng$> was written in rhyme form, so that it can be easily memorized and used in future practices. There are quite many medical books in rhyme form, but this book is very unique as $Ch\acute{e}n\;Xiuyu\acute{a}n$ annotated his own notes, which is rare in this form of books. This feature makes <$Y\bar{i}xues\bar{a}nz\grave{i}j\bar{i}ng$> very outstanding, also with the fact that $Ch\acute{e}n\;Xiuyu\acute{a}n$ was the one with profound understanding and original theories based on medical bibles such as <$N\grave{e}ij\bar{i}ng$(內經)> and <$Sh\bar{a}ngh\acute{a}nl\grave{u}n$(傷寒論)>. We have translated this precious educational material into korean, hoping that this work could be of any help to students of korean medicine. And while doing this work, we have found followings: <$Y\bar{i}xues\bar{a}nz\grave{i}j\bar{i}ng$> covers the entire fields of medicine from theoretical discussions to practical clinical information. Nevertheless, as this is written in rhyme form, there are few phrases that are not easily understood for the sake of rhyme. Beginners probably may have difficulties in reading this book. To make this difficulty alleviated, and to develop our own educational material, we need to study further on the notes that $Ch\acute{e}n\;Xiuyu\acute{a}n$ annotated himself.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.764-770
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• 2014

This study assessed analysis of N-nitrosamines by separation, identification, and quantification using a gas chromatography (GC) mass spectrometer (MS) with electron impact (EI) mode. Samples were pretreated by a automated solid phase extraction (SPE) and a nitrogen concentration technique to detect low concentration ranges. The analysis results by EI-GC/MS (SIM) and EI-GC/MS/MS (MRM) on standard samples with no pretreatment exhibited similar results. On the other hand, the analysis of pretreated samples at low concentrations (i.e. ng/L levels) were not reliable with a EI-GC/MS due to the interferences from impurity peaks. The method detection limits of eight (8) N-nitrosamines by EI-GC/MS/MS analysis ranged from 0.76 to 2.09 ng/L, and the limits of quantification ranged from 2.41 to 6.65 ng/L. The precision and accuracy of the method were evaluated using spiked samples at concentrations of 10, 20 and 100 ng/L. The precision were 1.2~13.6%, and the accuracy were 80.4~121.8%. The $R^2$ of the calibration curves were greater than 0.999. The recovery rates for various environmental samples were evaluated with a surrogate material (NDPA-$d_{14}$) and ranged 86.2~122.3%. Thus, this method can be used to determine low (ng/L) levels of N-nitrosamines in water samples.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.866-872
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• 2005

Cocentrations of PAHs [benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, benzo(g,h.i)perylene, indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene] in fish (n=120), shellfish(n=50) and their products (n=35) were estimated by saponification and extraction with n-hexane, clean-up on Sep-Pak Florisil Cartridges and HPLC/FLD. Overall recoveries for eight PAHs spiked into samples ranged from 90 to 106%. Mean level of benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene and indeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyrene were not detected, 0.01, 0.04, 0.07, 0.05, 0.004, 0.0008 and 0.06ng/g, respectively, similar to those reported by other countries.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.283-286
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• 2010

A sensitive and reproducible method for the flotation-spectrophotometric determination of zirconium is reported. The method is based on the complex formation zirconium and xylenol orange (XO) which is floated in the interface of aqueous phase and n-hexane by vigorous shaking. By discarding the aqueous solution and n-hexane, the adsorbed complex on to the wall of a separating funnel was dissolved in a small volume of methanol solvent and its absorbance was measured at 429 nm. The effect of different parameters such as pH, concentrations of HCl, and XO, and volume of n-hexane flotation dissolvent, standing and shaking time were studied. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 7-120 ng $mL^{-1}$ of zirconium with a correlation coefficient of 0.9991. The limit of detection (LOD) was 5.8 ng $mL^{-1}$. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for seven replicate measurements of 50 and 110 ng $mL^{-1}$ of zirconium were 4.4 and 3.0%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of zirconium in water samples.