• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.215-219
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• 2003

Optimal shoot regeneration and transformation conditions of root type chicory (Cichorium intybus L. var. sativus cv Cesare) were studied. Leaf explants were co-cultured with Agrobacterium tumefaciens, which contained NPTII as a selectable marker and a rice homeotic gene, OsMADS1, that encodes a MADS-domain-containing transcription factor. After one day of co-cultivation, explants were transferred to selection media consisting of MS basal medium supplemented with 0.5 mg/L BAP, 0.1 mg/L IAA, 70 mg/L kanamycin, and 250 mg/L cefotaxime. PCR and Southern blot analyses revealed stable integration of the OsMADS1 gene in the chicory genome. Four-teen original transgenic plants ($T_o$ plants) were acclimatized in the greenhouse and examined for their morphological characters. Most of the transgenic plants showed altered morphologies, such as short, bushy, and early-flowering phenotypes with reduced apical dominance. Additionally, half of the transgenic plants exhibited altered leaf shapes, and 4 out of 14 plants were sterile. These phenotypes were inherited by the next generation. Northern blot analysis confirmed expression of the OsMADS1 gene in both floral and vegetative organs.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.31 no.10A
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• pp.943-951
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• 2006

Multi-input-multi-output (MIMO) systems are considered to improve the capacity and reliability of next generation mobile communication. However, the multiple RF chains associated with multiple antennas are costly in terms of size, power and hardware. Antenna selection is a low-cost low-complexity alternative to capture many of the advantages of MIMO systems. We proposed new joint Tx/Rx antenna selection algorithm with low complexity. The proposed algorithm is a method selects $L_R{\times}L_T$ channel matrix out of $L_R{\times}L_T$ entire channel gain matrix where $L_R{\times}L_T$ matrix selects alternate Tx antenna with Rx antenna which have the largest channel gain to maximize Frobenius norm. The feature of this algorithm is very low complexity compare with Exhaustive search which have optimum capacity. In case of $4{\times}4$ antennas selection out of $8{\times}8$ antennas, the capacity decreases $0.5{\sim}2dB$ but the complexity also decreases about 1/10,000 than optimum exhaustive search.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.245-251
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• 2014

As delineating market areas of retail businesses has become an interesting topic in marketing field, Lee and Lee recently suggested a noteworthy method, which applied the hydrological analysis of geographical information system (GIS), based on Christaller's central place theory. They used a digital elevation model (DEM) which inverted the kernel density of retail businesses, which was measured by using bandwidths of pre-determined 500, 1000 and 5000 m, respectively. In fact, their method is not a fully data-based approach in that they used pre-determined kernel bandwidths, however, this paper has been planned to improve Lee and Lee's method by using a kind of data-based approach of the L-index that describes clustering level of point feature distribution. The case study is implemented to automobile-related retail businesses in Seoul, Korea with selected Kernel bandwidths, 1211.5, 2120.2 and 7067.2 m from L-index analysis. Subsequently, the kernel density is measured, the density DEM is created by inverting it, and boundaries of market areas are extracted. Following the study, analysis results are summarized as follows. Firstly, the L-index can be a useful tool to complement the Lee and Lee's market area analysis method. At next, the kernel bandwidths, pre-determined by Lee and Lee, cannot be uniformly applied to all kinds of retail businesses. Lastly, the L-index method can be useful for analyzing the space structure of market areas of retail businesses, based on Christaller's central place theory.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.183-188
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• 2003

Corrosion of carbon and weathering steels were evaluated under 3 environmental exposures in Thailand (urban, rural and marine) for a year. The seasonal study was designed to determine different corrosion mechanisms by 6 months of dry season and 6 months of rainy season in a year. The sheltered exposure racks were used to determine the washing effect of min. At each site, climatic and pollutants analyses were carried out. The present study showed that the difference in corrosion rates of carbon and weathering steels was not so distinguished in both rural (AIT) and urban (TISTR) environments. The corrosion rate of weathering steel was somewhat lower than that of carbon steel and the decreasing tendency of corrosion rate with time was slightly higher for weathering steel than for carbon steel. In marine (Rayong) environment, the corrosion rate was higher and the effect of wet and dry seasons was observed. The corrosion rate in 6 dry months was higher for direct exposure than for sheltered exposure. However, in 6 rainy months. the corrosion rate of sheltered exposure was higher than that of direct exposure. In direct exposure for I year, that is, the first 6 dry months and the next 6 rainy months, the corrosion rate decreased with time. but in sheltered exposure, the corrosion rate did not decrease with time. instead, increased in the next 6 rainy months. This indicated that the protect ive layer formed in the first 6 dry months could be destroyed by high deposition of chloride to r sheltered exposure in the next 6 rainy months; whereas the rust layer for direct exposure could be kept sound due to washing effect in rainy season, even though the deposition rate of chloride was almost the same for direct and sheltered exposures. In marine environment, the weathering steel showed higher corrosion resistance than carbon steel but its corrosion rate was higher than those in other environments.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2011.08a
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• pp.70-70
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• 2011

The prospects of current and coming solar-photovoltaic (PV) technologies are envisioned, arguing this solar-electricity source is beyond a tipping point in the complex worldwide energy outlook. Truly, a revolution in both the technological advancements of solar PV and the deployment of this energy technology is underway; PV is no longer an outlier. The birth of modern photovoltaics (PV) traces only to the mid-1950s, with the Bell Telephone Laboratories' development of an efficient, single-crystal Si solar cell. Since then, Si has dominated the technology and the markets, from space through terrestrial applications. Recently, some significant shift toward technology diversity have taken place. Some focus of this presentation will be directed toward PV R&D and technology advances, with indications of the limitations and relative strengths of crystalline (Si and GaAs) and thin-film (a-Si:H, Si, Cu(In,Ga)(Se,S)2, CdTe). Recent advances, contributions, industry growth, and technological pathways for transformational now and near-term technologies (Si and primarily thin films) and status and forecasts for next-generation PV (nanotechnologies and non-conventional and "new-physics" approaches) are evaluated. The need for R&D accelerating the now and imminent (evolutionary) technologies balanced with work in mid-term (disruptive) approaches is highlighted. Moreover, technology progress and ownership for next generation solar PV mandates a balanced investment in research on longer-term (the revolution needs revolutionary approaches to sustain itself) technologies (quantum dots, multi-multijunctions, intermediate-band concepts, nanotubes, bio-inspired, thermophotonics, ${\ldots}$ and solar hydrogen) having high-risk, but extremely high performance and cost returns for our next generations of energy consumers. This presentation provides insights to the reasons for PV technology emergence, how these technologies have to be developed (an appreciation of the history of solar PV)-and where we can expect to be by this mid-21st century.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.291-299
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• 1991

We retrospectively reviewed 334 inpatients who sustained a total of 518 mandibular fractures and who ewer treated in our department between l980-1990. This results were obtained as follows : 1. In respect of incidence, there were the highest frequency in July, and the lowest frequency in May. The number of patients has not been increased year after year due to competition with other department in our hospital. 2. The age frequency was the highest in the 2nd decade(38.9%) and the ratio of man to women was 4.9 : 1. 3. The most frequent cause of mandibular fracture was traffic accident(43.4%), and the next was fall down(24.3%), fist blow(71%), industrial accident(21%) and others in order. In the traffic accident, autobicycle accident was 14.1%. 4. The most common location of mandibular fracture was symphysis(38.8%), condyle(20.7% ), angle(19.9%) and body(15.1%) were next in order of frequency. The classification by location of fracture, the frequency of single fracture was 54.8%. 5. In 334 patients of mandibular fracture, the frequency of associated injuries was facial laceration(58.4%), teeth injuries(37.7%), extremity injuries(13.2%) were next in order of frequency. 6. The patients arrived in hospital immediately within 24 hours after accident wee 61.4% of all. In respect of treatment, open reduction was 68.7% of all. 7. Complications including infection were present 11.1% of patient. Other complications inclued delayed healing malocclusion, malocclusion and neurologic problem.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.275-283
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• 2013

An injector that uses methane gas ($CH_4$) and liquid oxygen ($LO_x$) as propellants was designed to verify the combustion characteristics of an engine that uses methane, which is one of the next-generation propellants. A swirl/shear coaxial-type injector was used, and flow analysis was performed using Fluent to determine the main design parameters of the injector. A hydraulic test was performed to understand the atomization and spray pattern characteristics of the injector. Next, a combustion test was performed at the design point to understand the ignition and combustion stability. Additional combustion tests were performed according to the O/F ratio to investigate the combustion characteristics and stabilities using the characteristic exhaust velocity ($C^*$) and fluctuation of the chamber pressure. The experimental results showed that the combustion efficiency was greater than 90%, and the pressure fluctuation was lower than 2% under all conditions.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.732-739
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• 1985

This study was experimentally undertaken to evaluate the effect of the coronary vasodilator-mixed cardioplegic solution on myocardial protection during prolonged aortic cross-clamping. The dogs were divided into two groups: control group A[received hypothermic cardioplegic solution without any additive coronary vasodilator], and comparing group 8[received hypothermic cardioplegic solution, mixed with various coronary vasodilators and Inderal]. Group A further was divided into two subgroups: subgroup A-1[ischemic time, 90 minutes], and subgroup A-2 [ischemic time, 240 minutes]. Group B further was divided into five subgroups: subgroup B-1 [received papaverine mixed hypothermic cardioplegic solution], subgroup B-2[received nitroglycerin mixed hypothermic cardioplegic solution], subgroup B-3 [received nitroprusside mixed hypothermic cardioplegic solution, subgroup B-4[received hydralazine mixed hypothermic cardioplegic solution], and subgroup B-5 [received inderal mixed hypothermic cardioplegic solution]. The specimens from all of the subgroups were studied by electron microscopic examination. The specimens of subgroups [B-l, B-2 8-3, and B-4], received coronary vasodilators mixed hypothermic cardioplegic solutions, were also compared by methylene blue induced staining of the myocardium and coronary vessels. The results obtained were as followings: l. On electron microscopic examination, all of the specimens, including subgroup A-2, showed no irreversible change of the myocardium. But the best result was obtained from the subgroup B-l, treated by papaverine mixed hypothermic cardioplegic solution. The subgroup B-2, treated by nitroglycerin, was next. And the subgroup B-5, treated by Inderal, was agreeable, comparing the electron microscopic finding with control group in the effect of myocardial protection. 2. The distribution in the myocardium of cardioplegic solution was demonstrated with the aid of methylene blue staining in the subgroups of B-l, B-2, B-3, and B-4, and they were the groups treated by papaverine, nitroglycerin, nitroprusside, and hydralazine in their grouping order. The best result was obtained from the subgroup B-1 [papaverine]. The subgroup B-2 [nitroglycerin] was next. The subgroup B-3 [nitroprusside] was moderate in finding of the colorization. The subgroup B-4 [hydralazine] was the poorest in the distribution of the cardioplegic solution in the myocardium. From these results, it appeared that myocardial protection during ischemic arrest for open heart surgery could be enhanced considerably when coronary dilatation was assured.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.236-240
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• 2001

The lysimeter experiment was conducted to investigate the temporal changes of irrigation requirement, soil water percolation and rice root distribution during rice growing period under different soil texture that were sandy loam, clay loam and clay paddy soil in 1999 and 2000. The irrigation requirement in the first year was 3,306 l/$m^2$ in clay loam, 2,650 l/$m^2$ in sandy loam and 2,002 l/$m^2$ in clay soil. However, the highest irrigation requirement was 5,281 l/$m^2$ in sandy loam and the next was 4,984 l/$m^2$ in clay loam and 3,968 l/$m^2$ in clay soil in the second year, Soil water percolation in the first year was 2,141 l/$m^2$ in clay loam, 1,228 l/$m^2$ in Sandy loam and 862 l/$m^2$ in clay soil. However, in the second year, the highest water percolation of 4,448 l/$m^2$ was measured in sandy loam, and was followed by 3,833 l/$m^2$ in clay loam and 2,925 l/$m^2$ in clay soil. Distribution ratio of rice roots measured in 0-10cm of soil depth was 56.0% in sandy loam, 61.4% in clay loam and 72.1% in clay soil, respectively. It was interpreted that the greater water percolation measured in the second year was caused mainly by the large amount of rice root growth. Therefore, it was concluded that the soil water percolation in rice paddy soil was affected greatly not only by soil texture but also the growth of rice root.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.181-184
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• 2009

Purpose: Automated system that immunoassay examination are used widely. However, sample to sample carryover can cause that the next patient sample is false positive. Materials and Methods: We test HBs Ag, HBs Ab, HBc Ab(IgG) with Automated pipetting system (Tecan). It was placed with very high concentrations followed by saline solution. During this experiment, The fixed tip of Automated system wash With 0.25 moL/L NaOH. The Measurement results of saline solution confirm the occurrence of carryover. Results: Results of saline solution with 0.25 moL/L NaOH cleaning process was measured 100% negative, And results of patient serum with 0.25 moL/L NaOH cleaning process is similar reported results. Conclusion: As Results, 0.25 moL/L NaOH cleaning process was avoid carryover in experiment, And we know results of the hepatitis test did not affected by this solution we recommend 0.25 moL/L NaOH cleaning process as the Prevention of carryover in the automated system with fixed Tips.