• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.37-42
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• 1999

This study was conducted to determine whether the vaccination programs for the control of Newcastle disease(ND) would affect the immune status of Ogol chicken in Yeonsan, Chungnam province. The results obstained are summerized as followes ; 1. Maternal antibody titers level of Ogol chickes was 2 $log_2$. 2. The efficacy of the Newcastle spray and drinking water vaccine was evaluated by the antibody responses and the protection rates(over 90% ) after challenge with a virulent Newcastle disease vims at 14 days. 3. Spray vaccine caused on visible side reaction like respiratory symptoms, but it is declined of the 4~5 days.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.38-46
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• 1979

This study was directed to the Peizootics of Newcastle disease in Korea. Since 1960 New-castle disease epizootics have been observed at an interval of one or two years. The frequency of Newcastle disease outbreaks was related to the amount of the vaccine used, being the more sufficient vaccine produced the fewer outbreaks. Regional distribution of Newcastle disease outbreaks was most frequent in the capital area, being the center of poultry raising and Poultry product marketing, and infrequent in areas distant from the capital. Spreading of Newcastle disease appears to be mainly due to the movement of infected chickens. More than 60 percent of the total outbreaks of Newcastle disease diagnosed at the Veterinary Research Institute in Anyang were observed in young chickens aged less than 60 days. Improper vaccination, interference by maternally derived antibody with the immune response following vaccination, ana immaturity of immune systems of young chickens might have contributed to the results. This view was further supported by the findings that 23 percent of the total flocks experienced Newcastle disease were not vaccinated at all and, in vaccinated flocks, virtually all of the flocks were vaccinated by the drinking water method, which has been known less effective compared to individual application or spraying methods.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.543-547
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• 2004

Newcastle disease vaccine (NDV)-loaded chitosan microspheres (NDV-CM) were prepared. Stimulatory effects of these NDV-CM on antibody response compared to free NDV were examined in vitro and in vivo. In vitro stimulation of macrophages with virus vaccine resulted in higher number of cells compared to saline-treated control. Both NDV and NDV-CM induced secretion of interleukin-1 (IL-1) in dose dependent manner and the secretion of IL-1 by NDV-CM was delayed compared to free NDV. Irrespective of vaccine formulation, NDV subunit antigen was not effective in preventing mortality of the birds after challenge. However, CM loaded with NDV made of whole viron had antibody responses and protection similar to those shown by ND-K, a commercial inactivated oilemulsion vaccine.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.147-159
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• 2001

This Study was conducted to determine vaccination programs for the control of Newcastle Disease(ND) in chickens and investigate protective effect against Newcastle disease virus (NDV) after live ND vaccination. Maternal HI antibody titer level of chickens according to day(age) 1, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 were decreased gradually as 7.10$\pm$0.74, 6.57$\pm$0.74, 3.71$\pm$1.25, 2.20$\pm$1.03, 1.20$\pm$1.23 and 0.50$\pm$0.71. As a result of HI test and ELISA, both chickens vaccinated with VG/GA strain live vaccine at 1-day-old and chickens not vaccinated do not have antibody titer for protection against NDV at 14-day-old. Except for LaSota strain vaccine, in case of vaccination with VG/GA spray and VG/GA, B1 and LaSota strain drinking water at 14-day-old, the protective effect was 100% in chickens inoculated NDV($10^{7.2}$ $EID_{50}$/50${\mu}\ell$, eye drop) at 21-day-old, but not 10～50% at 28-day-old. These data suggest that live NDV vaccination should be given at 10-day-old 20-25day-old for protect against NDV at periodic outbreaks of ND caused by velogenic viscerotropic NDV in the environment of a farm.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.25.1-25.14
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• 2022

Background: The commercially available Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines were developed based on Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates genetically divergent from field strains that can only prevent clinical disease, not shedding of virulent heterologous virus, highlighting the need to develop genotype-matched vaccines Objectives: This study examined the efficacy of the NDV genotype-matched vaccine, mIBS025 strain formulated in standard vaccine stabilizer, and in carboxymethyl sago starch-acid hydrogel (CMSS-AH) following vaccination via an eye drop (ED) and drinking water (DW). Methods: A challenge virus was prepared from a recent NDV isolated from ND vaccinated flock. Groups of specific-pathogen-free chickens were vaccinated with mIBS025 vaccine strain prepared in a standard vaccine stabilizer and CMSS-AH via ED and DW and then challenged with the UPM/NDV/IBS362/2016 strain. Results: Chickens vaccinated with CMSS-AH mIBS025 ED (group 2) developed the earliest and highest Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) NDV antibody titer (8log₂) followed by standard mIBS025 ED (group 3) (7log₂) both conferred complete protection and drastically reduced virus shedding. By contrast, chickens vaccinated with standard mIBS025 DW (group 5) and CMSS-AH mIBS025 DW (group 4) developed low HI NDV antibody titers of 4log₂ and 3log₂, respectively, which correspondingly conferred only 50% and 60% protection and continuously shed the virulent virus via the oropharyngeal and cloacal routes until the end of the study at 14 dpc. Conclusions: The efficacy of mIBS025 vaccines prepared in a standard vaccine stabilizer or CMSS-AH was affected by the vaccination routes. The groups vaccinated via ED had better protective immunity than those vaccinated via DW.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.539-549
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• 2004

Mean death time of inoculated embryonated egg is one of the methods to determine the virulence of the Newcastle disease viruses (NDV). Evaluation of tissue tropism of NDV in the host has been proposed as an another way to determine the pathogenicity of NDV based on the principal site of viral replication. To evaluate the tissue tropism among NDV, an immunohistochemistry(IHC) technique using monoclonal antibody was applied in one-day-old SPF chickens inoculated with different ND vaccine strains such as Ulster 2C, VG/GA and B1 viruses by eye drop instillation. The tissues used for this comparison were trachea, intestine, Harderian gland and cecal tonsil, which were collected at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 14 days post inoculation. Among test groups, chickens inoculated with B1 viurs, which is known to replicate in the respiratory system, have IHC positive staining mainly in the trachea and those inoculated with Ulster 2C have IHC positive staining mainly in the intestine. However, chickens inoculated with VG/GA strain have IHC positive staining in both the trachea and intestine. Therefore, a differences in tissue tropism among ND vaccine strains has been proved by the IHC technique. Based on this results, the IHC staining technique could be used to classify the NDV or to study the pathogenesis of NDV in chickens.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.231-235
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• 1996

Bangladeshi indigenous chickens of mixed ages vaccinated twice at a three week interval with either conventional vaccines-$F_1$ (ocular) and M (mukteswar, Intramuscular), or heat resistant $V_4$ vaccine administered by either the ocular or oral routes, all showed satisfactory hemagglutination inhibition antibody (HI) responses and protection against Newcastle Disease (NCD) challenge persisting for four months. The antibody response to $F_1$ and M was higher than for $V_4$, which was similar whether administered by the ocular or oral routes. All vaccinated treatments have a significant level of protection compare to the control group (p<0.01). No significant difference (p>0.05) in the protection against controlled challenge with virulent NCD virus was found between vaccinated groups.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.65-76
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• 1992

Since the first outbreaks of Newcastle disease ( ND) in Korea was reported in 1927, the disease has been a major problem in Korean poultry industry. Several attempts related ND prevention and controls have been tried and significantly reduced the ND outbreaks. However, recently frequencies of ND outbreaks have been increased throughout the country since 1988. Many assumptions such as variances of ND virus pathogenicity, decreased efficacy of ND vaccine, incorrect vaccination program etc, has been issued and discussed. Therefore, to clearly understand this recent situation of ND outbreaks in Korea, we reviewed all available past informations related with ND outbreaks in Korea and compared the virulence of recently isolated ND viruses with that of a reference one. Also, we discussed about some problems related with serological diagnosis. administration methods of vaccine and vaccination program.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.375-385
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• 2005

The present study was conducted to investigate the genetic profile of two prevalent avian pathogens in Korea namely, Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Two farms located in Yeongi-gun, Chungnam were selected for this study. The two viruses were isolated from various organs (spleen, trachea, bursa of Fabricius) of deceased chickens that showed clinical symptoms of Newcastle Disease or Infectious bursal disease like swelling and congestion of the F bursa, facial edema, lacrimation, greenish yellow diarrhea as well as pathological signs like airsacculitis, haemorrhages in the intestines and so on. For analysis of NDV and IBDV, a 466 and 435 base pair fragments corresponding to the HN and VP2 regions which are highly conserved among related strains of NDV and IBDV, respectively, were amplified by RT-PCR and analyzed by sequencing. Comparison of the VP2 region showed a $99.3\%$ homology between the Korean IBDV isolate and the BJ836-attenuated vaccine strain. In contrast, the HN region of the Korean NDV isolate only has an 83 to $84\%$ homology with the vaccine strains LaSota, B1 and VGGA. Our findings reveal that the prevalent NDV strain in Korea is genetically different from the vaccine strains and may explain the recent outbreaks of Newcastle disease in the region.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.27-36
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• 1962

필자(筆者)는 한국(韓國)에 특(特)히 많이 유행(流行)하고 있는 가계(家鷄)의 유행병(流行病)인 Newcastle discase에 착안(着眼)하였다. 예방방법(豫防方法)으로서 종래(從來) 사용(使用)된 Forinalin-inactivated vaccine은 수산화(水酸化) "알미늄 젤"을 부가(賦加)하므로서 근육내주사방법(筋肉內注射方法)으로 사용(使用)할수 있게되어 사용방법(使用方法)이 비교적(比較的) 편리(便利)하게 되었으나 그 면역효과(免疫效果)에 대(對)하여서는 아직 이론(異論)이 있으므로 Hitcher등(等)이 제창(提唱)한 Attenuated Vaccine에 대(對)하여 더 흥미(興味)를 가지게 되었다. 특(特)히 이와같은 생독(生毒) Vaccine은 닭의 age에 차별(差別)없이 독력(毒力)이 거의 없을뿐만 아니라 경비적(經鼻的)으로 대단(大端)히 간이(簡易)한 방법(方法)으로도 투여(投與)할수 있고 고도(高度)의 면역(免疫)을 장기간(長期間) 부여(賦與)할수 있는 점(點)을 들어 기(其) 실용성(實用性)을 주목(注目)하게 되었다. 그러나 vaccine투여방법(投與方法)은 기면역율(其免疫率)과 vaccine투여(投與)로 인(因)한 손실(損失)을 좌우(左右)하게 되므로 중요(重要)한 연구과제(硏究課題)임을 인정(認定)하고 급수법(給水法)을 채택(採擇)하여 일정량(一定量)의 vaccine을 투여(投與)한후(後) 면역항체(免疫抗體)의 출현(出現)을 혈구응집조지항체(血球凝集阻止抗體)와 강독방어능력(强毒防禦能力)을 관찰(觀察)하여 구체적방법(具體的方法)을 검토(檢討)하려 하였다. 먼저 생독(生毒)vaccine으로 사용(使用)한 Lasota strain과 사독(死毒)으로 사용(使用)한 서울주(株)를 각각 $10^{-1}$에서 $10^{-11}$까지 희석(稀釋)하여 9일란(日卵)의 Allantoic Cavity로 접종(接種)하여 60시간(時間)이 경과(經過)한 후(後) Allantoic fluia를 채취(採取)하여 비교(比較)한 결과(結果) 서울주(株)는 $10^8MLD/ml$, $10^{9.6}LD_{50}/ml$였고 Lasota strain은 $10^9MID/ml$, $10^{10.5}ID_{50}/ml$였다. Formalin-mactivated Vaccine을 만들기 위(爲)하여 서울주(株)로 감염치사(感染致死)된 계태아(鷄胎兒), 양뇨막(羊尿膜), 요수등(尿水等)의 혼합유제(混合乳劑)에 Formaldehy를 1% 가(加)하여 48시간후(時間後)에 4배(四倍)의 생리식염수(生理食鹽水)를 가(加)하고 이 혼합물(混合物) 100ml에 4% "알미늄 젤"을 20ml.의 비(比)로 가(加)하여 Inactivation Test (9일(日)에 난접종(卵接種)) 및 Sterility Test(Thioglycollate Medium에 접종(接種))를 한 결과(結果) 완전(完全)히 inactivation 되었고 무균상태(無菌狀態)임을 인정(認定)한 후(後) 사용(使用)하였다. Attenuated Vaccine을 만들기 위(爲)하여는 Lasota strain을 9일란(日卵)의 Allantaic carity로 접종(接種)하여 3일간(日間) 발육(發育)케 한 후(後) Allantoic fluid를 채취(採取)하여 Allantoic fluid 100ml.에 탈지유(脫脂乳) 4ml.의 비(比)로 가(加)하여 2.5ml.식(式) 분주(分注)한 후(後) 냉동건조(冷凍乾燥)하여 $4^{\circ}C$에 보관(保管)하였다. 오개월팔일령(五個月八日齡)의 백색(白色)레구흥 200수(首)를 100수식(首式) 2군(二群)으로 나누어 각각(各各) 사독(死毒) Vaccine (1ml.I.M.) 및 생독(生毒) Vaccine (1 : 400, 10ml 경구(經口))을 투여(投與)한 후(後) 105일간(日間) 관찰(觀察)한 결과(結果) : 1. 사독(死毒) Vaccine은 HI항체(抗體)나 감염방어작용(感染防禦作用)이 105일간(日間)의 실험기간 동안 모두 고도(高度)로 유지(維持)되었다. 2. 생독(生毒) Vaccine은 감염방어작용(感染防禦作用)은 완전(完全)히 유지(維持)되었으나 HI항체(抗體)는 75일(日)까지 고도(高度)로 유지(維持)되었으나 75일후(日後)에는 약간(若干) 저하(低下)되었다. 3. 급수(給水)에 타서 경구적(經口的)으로 투여(投與)하는 생독예방접종(生毒豫防接種)은 면역기간(免疫期間)이 사독예방접종(死毒豫防接種)에 비(比)해 약간 짧은듯 싶지만 그접종방법(接種方法)이 대단히 간단하며 시간(時間)도 짧게 걸린다.