• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.83-96
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• 2011

현재 국내터널에 주로 사용되는 공법은 NATM(New Austrian Tunneling Method)으로 원지반의 강도를 유지하고 보강하는 수단으로 록볼트, 숏크리트, 지보재를 이용하여 암반굴착 직후 원지반의 지지능력을 최대로 활용하여 지반을 안정화시킴으로 터널의 안전성을 유지시키는 공법이다. 과거에는 철망(wire mesh)보강 숏크리트가 주로 사용되었으나 시공기술의 발전을 통한 공기향상을 목적으로 현재는 강섬유보강 숏크리트(steel fiber reinfored shotcrete)가 국내 대다수 터널현장에 사용되고 있다. 그러나 터널 현장의 강섬유보강 숏크리트가 시공된 벽면의 강섬유 혼입량을 조사한 결과, 대부분 예상보다 부족한 것으로 측정되어 이에 대한 시방기준의 수립과 강섬유 부족구간의 보강대책의 필요성이 제기되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 강섬유 혼입량 부족 대한 터널의 안정성 확보 및 문제점을 보완하기 위해 새로운 형태에 강섬유보강재를 개발하려고 한다.

• 화약ㆍ발파
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.22-31
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• 1991

NATM technic had been applied to Nakaya tunnel of Sin kan express R.R lines in 1975. on the worst expandable geological conditions, application of NATM method was carried out good result. Measurement data which include convergencymeter, inclinometer, extensometor load-cell, strain gage data of shotcrete stress and steel arch. was explained with slides. Induced NATM technic has been improved since 1975 as follows, specially adhesive method of shotcrete instead of spray method such as tunnel swift lining Sliding press lining, clean lining by pumping and sweeping tote lining ets.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.115-125
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• 2023

Objectives: This study was conducted to measure the level of radon in the air at a highway tunnel construction site in a gneiss area using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM) and to evaluate exposure levels by occupation. Methods: Radon concentrations in the air were measured using E-PERM at points 300 m, 600 m, and 900 m from the tunnel entrance during the excavation and waterproofing work inside the tunnel. In addition, radon concentrations were measured during external excavation to compare with the inside of the tunnel. Personal exposure levels for major occupations including tunnel workers, construction equipment operators, waterproofers, shotcrete workers, and safety and health managers who participated in the construction were estimated using radon concentration measured in the work process area and working hours by occupation. Results: As a result of a total of 77 radon measurements, the geometric mean (GM) concentration was 71.1 Bq/m³, and the maximum concentration was 127.3 Bq/m³, which was below the indoor air quality criteria. Radon concentration by process decreased in the order of the tunnel excavation process (GM= Bq/m³, GSD=1.2), waterproofing process (GM=73.35 Bq/m³, GSD=1.2), and outside excavating process (GM=45.28 Bq/m³, GSD=1.2). Processes inside the tunnel were significantly higher than outside excavating processes (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in radon concentration measured inside by distance from the tunnel entrance, but the innermost point of the tunnel, 900 m (GM=79.24 Bq/m³, GSD=1.27), measured the highest. Conclusions: The occupation with the highest individual exposure to radon was tunnel worker (64.16 Bq/m³), followed by construction equipment driver (64.04 Bq/m³) and waterproofer (63.13 Bq/m³).

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.1034-1040
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• 2020

스테인레스 스틸에 대한 합성된 폴리우레탄-에폭시 수지의 기계적 특성은 SEM, FT-IR, 인장특성, 그리고 EIS에 의한 특정질량손실량, 입도분석 등에 의해 물성을 측정하였다. 친환경적인 NATM 도료에 관한 관심이 고조됨에 따라 스테인레스 등의 금속에 코팅하는 무용제 도료를 합성하였다. 폴리올, IPDI, 충진제, 실리콘 계면활성제, 촉매 등이 함유된 기존 중방식수지보다 폴리올, MDI, 충진제, 실리콘 계면활성제, 촉매가 함유되어 합성된 중방식수지의 도료가 온도변화에 따른 인장강도가 증가하였고, 전해성이 높은 용액 속에서 저헝력이 크게 측정되었으며, 내구력과 강도가 양호하였다. 견고한 NATM 수지의 기계적 특성은 가교와 부식환경의 차단력이 증가함에 따라 강도가 증가하였다. 결론적으로 중방식의 가교된 미세조직은 방청코팅이 어려운 스테인레스 스틸 같은 금속물질 코팅에도 좋은 실험결과를 보여주었다.

• 한국콘크리트학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국콘크리트학회 2002년도 봄 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.1023-1030
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• 2002

From the early 1980s, the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) has been developed as a one of the standard tunneling method in Korea. Approximately 10 years ago, wet-mix shotcrete with sodium silicate accelerator (waterglass) was introduced and widely used to tunnel lining and underground support. However, this accelerator had some disadvantages due to the decrease of long-term strength compared to plain concrete (without accelerator) and low quality of the hardened shotcrete. In order to compensate for these disadvantages, recently developed alkali-free accelerator has been successfully demonstrated in numerous projects and applications as a new material to make tunnels more durable and safer. An experimental investigation was carried out in order to verify the strength behavior of wet-mix Steel Fiber Reinforced Shotcrete (SFRS) with alkali-free accelerator. Compressive strength, flexural strength and equivalent flexural strength were measured by testing specimens extracted from the shotcrete panels. From the results, wet-mix SFRS with alkali-free accelerator exhibited excellent strength improvement compared to the conventional shotcrete accelerator.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2005년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.860-865
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• 2005

In Korea, NATM (New Austrian Tunneling Method) has widely been used in order for constructing tunnels. The major support materials of the method are the shotcrete and rock bolt together with the arch-shaped tunnel section, which ensure the inherent strength of the rock masses. One of the most important features of the method is the feedback system between tunnel analyses and measurements, such as tunnel displacement and support stresses. This study, therefore, attempts to examine the difference in displacement and stresses between numerical results. and measurements in order for more practical design and construction of tunnels.

• 국제학술발표논문집
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• The 6th International Conference on Construction Engineering and Project Management
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• pp.714-715
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• 2015

Drill and blast method has been most widely used in tunnel excavation, after NATM (New Austrian Tunneling Method) was introduced in 1983. The NATM method utilized mass of shotcrete to secure the bearing capacity of tunnels. Overbreak defined how much larger the actual excavation was than the planned. When it became larger, more shotcrete was required to fill in it Here, payline fixed allowable overbreak, referring to payable amounts of shotcrete. Since owner was not responsible for shotcrete exceeding payline, it was important to properly establish the standards for payline. Although the standards were provided in 'Poom-sam'(standardized quantity per unit), they did not properly reflect the actual conditions for excavation. Thus, this study reviewed existing domestic and foreign standards for overbreak, and estimated overbreak for each type of support using survey data, and finally provided the improvements on the current standards.

• 한국철도학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국철도학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1162-1167
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• 2004

From the early 1980's, the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) has been developed as a one of the standard tunneling method in Korea. Owing to the results of many researches, the practical problems of shotcrete has been improved for a last decade. However, the excess amount of rebound still remains one of the critical problems in shotcrete technology. In order to improve for this rebound problem, recently developed cement mineral accelerator has been successfully applied to several NATM tunnels in Korea. An experimental investigation was carried out in order to verify the rebound characteristics of wet-mix Steel Fiber Reinforced Shotcrete (SFRS) with powder types cement mineral accelerator. Mortar setting test, SEM analysis, bonding test under spring water condition and rebound test were conducted. From the result, wet-mix SFRS with cement mineral acelerator exhibited excellent bonding characteristics even spring water condition and less rebound ratio compared to the conventional liquid accelerator.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 초청강연 및 논문집
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• pp.742-753
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• 2008

Currently an increasing number of urban tunnels with small overburden are excavated according to the principle of the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM). Therefore, a possibility of a tunnel collapse during excavation is getting higher in a proportionate manner. This paper will analyze causes the failure mechanism of a shallow NATM tunnel for different geological conditions, ground-water and invert solutions by investigation typical collapse site during tunnel construction. In this paper, this analysis performed two phase, firstly, the field investigation considering displacement measurement, ground-water level, geological characteristic, secondly, the numerical simulation considering the exist of invert construction and the effect of ground-water. It has been found that environmental factors such as state of underground water or construction sequences could influence failure mechanism of a shallow tunnel.

• 기계와재료
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.96-105
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• 2010

도로 및 철도는 차량의 고속화와 신속한 물류의 유통을 위해 직선 및 수평화가 절실하게 요구되며, 국내 건설구간의 약 50~70%가 산악지형으로서 터널공사가 필수적으로 요구된다. 국내터널굴착은 주로 발파에 의한 NATM(New Austrian Tunneling Method)으로 공사가 이루어지고 있으나, 굴착효율이 낮으며 안전사고의 위험성이 높다. 해외에서는 급속한 시공을 위하여 TBM(Tunnel Boring Machine)의 적용 사례가 증가하고 있다. 그러나 국내에는 TBM에 대한 연구가 전무한 상태이고, TBM 터널의 설계 시공 기술과 경험이 미흡하다. 최근 대도시의 지하터널과 장대터널의 수요가 증대되어 TBM터널시공 기술과 TBM장비의 국산화가 절실하게 요구되고 있다. 본고에서는 국내외 주요 TBM 시공현황과 전망을 정리하여 TBM 터널 기술의 확보가 매우 시급함을 상기시키고자 하였다.