• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.19-27
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• 2010

The aim of this study is to compare the sensitivity of both two NCI-H292 and A549 cell types to acute inflammatory responses induced by cigarette smoke. For this, we treated two kinds of smoke fractions derived from 2R4F reference cigarettes: total particulate matter(TPM) collected onto a Cambridge filter pad and gas/vapor phase(GVP) prepared by bubbling through in buffer solution. When we measured cellular cytotoxicity by neutral red uptake assay after treatment for 24 hours, TPM and GVP induced cytotoxic effect in a dose-dependent manner in the range of 10-$100{\mu}g$/mL and 60-$300 {\mu}g$/mL., respectively, in both cell types without any cellular difference. Additionally, when we examined acute inflammatory responses by analyzing cytokines secreted into culture media including tumor necrosis factor-$\alpha$ (TNF-$\alpha$), interleukin-8(IL-8), and transforming growth factor-$\alpha$(TGF-$\alpha$) as well as matrix metalloproteinase-1(MMP-1), the treatment with smoke fractions increased those marker proteins in a dose-dependent manner in NCI-H292. Meanwhile, in A549 cells only MMP-1 was observed to be increased in a dose-dependent fashion. Collectively, our data indicate that NCI-H292 cell type is more sensitive to cigarette smoke-induced inflammatory response than A549 cells. This suggests that NCI-H292 could be useful as an in vitro evaluation tool to assess harmful effects of cigarette smoke.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.10
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• pp.5719-5723
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• 2013

Pharmacological and preventive properties of Petroselinum sativum seed extracts are well known, but the anticancer activity of alcoholic extracts and oil of Petroselinum sativum seeds on human breast cancer cells have not been explored so far. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the cytotoxic activities of these extracts against MCF-7 cells. Cells were exposed to 10 to $1000{\mu}g/ml$ of alcoholic seed extract (PSA) and seed oil (PSO) of Petroselinum sativum for 24 h. Post-treatment, percent cell viability was studied by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2, 5-biphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and neutral red uptake (NRU) assays, and cellular morphology by phase contrast inverted microscopy. The results showed that PSA and PSO significantly reduced cell viability, and altered the cellular morphology of MCF-7 cells in a concentration dependent manner. Concentrations of $50{\mu}g/ml$ and above of PSA and $100{\mu}g/ml$ and above of PSO were found to be cytotoxic in MCF-7 cells. Cell viability at 50, 100, 250, 500 and $1000{\mu}g/ml$ of PSA was recorded as 81%, 57%, 33%, 8% and 5%, respectively, whereas at 100, 250, 500, and $1000{\mu}g/ml$ of PSO values were 90%, 78%, 62%, and 8%, respectively by MTT assay. MCF-7 cells exposed to 250, 500 and $1000{\mu}g/ml$ of PSA and PSO lost their typical morphology and appeared smaller in size. The data revealed that the treatment with PSA and PSO of Petroselinum sativum induced cell death in MCF-7 cells.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.983-987
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• 2014

Nigella sativa (N sativa), commonly known as black seed, has been used in traditional medicine to treat many diseases. The antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities of N sativa extracts are well known. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the anticancer activity of seed extract (NSE) and seed oil (NSO) of N sativa against a human lung cancer cell line. Cells were exposed to 0.01 to 1 mg/ml of NSE and NSO for 24 h, then percent cell viability was assessed by 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2, 5-biphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and neutral red uptake (NRU) assays, and cellular morphology by phase contrast inverted microscopy. The results showed NSE and NSO significantly reduce the cell viability and alter the cellular morphology of A-549 cells in a concentration dependent manner. The percent cell viability was recorded as 75%, 50%, and 26% at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/ml of NSE by MTT assay and 73%, 48%, and 23% at 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/ml of NSE by NRU assay. Exposure to NSO concentrations of 0.1 mg/ml and above for 24 h was also found to be cytotoxic. The decrease in cell viability at 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg/ml of NSO was recorded to be 89%, 52%, 41%, and 13% by MTT assay and 85%, 52%, 38%, and 11% by NRU assay, respectively. A-549 cells exposed to 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg/ml of NSE and NSO lost their typical morphology and appeared smaller in size. The data revealed that the treatment of seed extract (NSE) and seed oil (NSO) of Nigella sativa significantly reduce viability of human lung cancer cells.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.370-378
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• 2017

Objective: An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of a specific mixture of essential oils (MEO), containing thyme, clove and cinnamon EO, on rumen microbial fermentation, nutrient apparent digestibility and blood metabolites in fistulated sheep. Methods: Six sheep fitted with ruminal fistulas were used in a repeated measurement design with two 24-d periods to investigate the effect of adding MEO at 0 (control), 0.8, and 1.6 mL/d on apparent nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation characteristics, rumen microbial population and blood chemical metabolites. Animals were fed with a 50:50 alfalfa hay:concentrate diet. Results: Ruminal pH, total volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration, molar proportion of individual VFA, acetate: propionate ratio and methane production were not affected with MEO. Relative to the control, Small peptides plus amino acid nitrogen and large peptides nitrogen concentration in rumen fluid were not affected with MEO supplementation; while, rumen fluid ammonia nitrogen concentration at 0 and 6 h after morning feeding in sheep fed with 1.6 mL/d of MEO was lower (p<0.05) compared to the control and 0.8 mL/d of MEO. At 0 h after morning feeding, ammonia nitrogen concentration was higher (p<0.05) in sheep fed 0.8 mL/d of MEO relative to 1.6 mL/d and control diet. Ruminal protozoa and hyper ammonia producing (HAP) bacteria counts were not affected by addition of MEO in the diet. Relative to the control, no changes were observed in the red and white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, glucose, beta-hydroxybutyric acid, cholesterol, total protein, albumin, blood urea nitrogen and aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase concentration. Apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, crude proten, organic matter, and neutral detergent fiber were not influenced by MEO supplementation. Conclusion:The results of the present study suggested that supplementation of MEO may have limited effects on apparent nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation and protozoa and HAP bacteria count, blood cells and metabolites.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.352-355
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• 2003

To investigate the protective effect of Gamdu-tang(GDT) and its constituents. Radix Glycyrrhizae(RG) and Semen Glycine(SG) on the damage of cardiac endothelial cells by xanthine oxidase (XO)/hypoxanthine (HX)-induced oxygen free radical, Neutral Red (NR) and DNA synthesis assay were used. The results were obtained as follows ; Cardiac endothelial cells treated with XO/HX showed the cytotoxicity such as decreases in viability and DNA synthesis. Cardiac endothelial cells pretreated with GDT extracts were not showed the decrease of DNA synthesis by XO/HX, These results show that XO/HX elicits toxic effects in cultured cardiac endothelial cells derived from neonatal rat, and suggest that GDT extract is very effective in the prevention of XO/HX-induced toxicity.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 2015

The skin exposure to solar irradiation and photoreactive xenobiotics may produce abnormal skin reaction, phototoxicity. Phototoxicity is an acute light-induced response, which occurs when photoreacive chemicals are activated by solar lights and transformed into products cytotoxic against the skin cells. Multifarious symptoms of phototoxicity are identified, skin irritation, erythema, pruritis, and edema that are similar to those of the exaggerated sunburn. Diverse organic chemicals, especially drugs, are known to induce phototoxicity, which is probably from the common possession of UV-absorbing benzene or heterocyclic rings in their molecular structures. Both UVB (290~320 nm) and UVA (320~400 nm) are responsible for the manifestation of phototoxicity. Absorption of photons and absorbed energy (hv) by photoactive chemicals results in molecular changes or generates reactive oxygen species and depending on the way how endogenous molecules are affected by phototoxicants, mechanisms of phototoxcity is categorized into two modes of action: Direct when unstable species from excited state directly react with the endogenous molecules, and indirect when endogeneous molecules react with secondary photoproducts. In order to identify phototoxic potential of a chemical, various test methods have been introduced. Focus is given to animal alternative test methods, i.e., in vitro, and in chemico assays as well as in vivo. 3T3 neutral red uptake assay, erythrocyte photohemolysis test, and phototoxicity test using human 3-dimensional (3D) epidermis model are examples of in vitro assays. In chemico methods evaluate the generation of reactive oxygen species or DNA strand break activity employing plasmid for chemicals, or drugs with phototoxic potential.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.675-682
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• 1995

Thin films of buckminsterfullerene($C_{60}$) formed by solution drop casting on Pt foil electrode surfaces were studied by cyclic voltammetry(CV) in acetonitrile(MeCN) containing quaternary ammonium or alkali-metal salts as supporting electrolyte. The electrochemical behaviors of $C_{60}$ films are found to be strongly dependent on the nature of the supporting electrolytes, especially with tetrabutyl ammonium perchlorate (TBAP, $NBu_4ClO_4$), and tetrabutyl ammonium tetrafluoroborate ($TBABF_4$, $NBu_4BF_4$). Reasonably stable films are formed into which electrons can be injected. The interaction of $C_{60}$ film with the quaternary ammonium cation may produce the fulleride salts $(TBA^+)(C{_{60}}^-)$ and $(TBA^+)_2(C{_{60}}^{2-})$. The bulk electroreduction with a controlled potential to generate the soluble $C{_{60}}^{3-}$ anions(dark red-brown color) is followed by electrooxidative deposition to produce a neutral $C_{60}$ film on the surface. The peak currents($I_{pc}$ and $I_{pa}$) of these thin film were dramatically decreased with repetitive potential scanning. These results could be explained by the adsorption-desorption phenomena and ion pairing interaction of reduced species($C{_{60}}^-$, and $C{_{60}}^{2-}$) onto the electrode surface. The peak current changes and peak potential shifts of the thin $C_{60}$ film in cyclic voltammograms formed from solution were observed by varying scan rates.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.51-61
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• 2015

Objective : This research has been conducted to comparative analysis of anti-inflammatory effects to suggest a usefulness of ethanol extracts fromGentianae sino-ornata(GSO) as a functional material for inflammatory activities.Methods : Cell viability was measured by neutral red (NR) assay, and nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells was monitored by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. The expressions of cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) was determined by western blot analysis, and Inducible nitric oxide syntase (iNOS) and cytokine were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results : When the GSO extract was added the concentration of 5-20 ㎍/㎕, the viability of cells was maintained 90% or more at all levels. NO production was suppressed by the treatment of GSO in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. GSO inhibited the expression of iNOS, COX-2, IL-1βand IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.Conclusions: From this results, we consider that GSO can be a useful therapeutic and preventive approach to various inflammatory diseases as a functional material for inflammatory activities.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.562-566
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• 2005

Effects of amino acids (Arg, Lys, Gly, Ile, Glu, Asp, and Met) on the color intensity, stability and antioxidative properties of anthocyanins extracted from grape skins were investigated. Intensity of anthocyanins was significantly increased by the addition of Asp. Except for basic amino acids such as Arg and Lys, stabilities of anthocyanins were significantly improved by the addition of other amino acids including neutral, acidic and sulfur containing amino acids during the storage at $30^{\circ}C$ at pH 3.5. In case of control anthocyanins was remained unchanged the intensity of red color decreased significantly during the storage whereas their antioxidative activity were unchanged. Although effects of amino acids addition on electron donating abilities of anthocyanins were not differentiated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method, the addition of Asp or Met resulted in increased ferric reducing ability which measured by FRAP (ferric reducing ability of plasma) assay.

• Archives of design research
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• no.16
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• pp.225-234
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to provide and suggest useful data in use of kinds of violet that is resulted from general color images of violet. The origin, history, and general images of kinds of violet were studied, and were classified vased on documcntary reviews. Findings are as follows: 1) The kinds of violet were used purple, violet, mauva, and magenta in the order of appearance of its color names and the categories of violet had been extended from dark reddish violet to affilicated colors of bright violet by development in synthetie dyestuff. 2) The kinds of violet has neutral characters due to the combination of two extreme colors, red and blue, and thereby revealing voth attreibutes in terms of symbolic, emotional, and spychological features of colors. The positive images in kinds of violet can be classified as nobleness, holiness, mysteriousness, sleep/sedation, sensuality, femininity, fragrance, and the negatibely classified images are weakness, sadness, maelancholiness, death(for example, the mourner's gard in royal families), symbols of moral corruption, and superstition.