• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국진공학회 2015년도 제49회 하계 정기학술대회 초록집
• /
• pp.64-64
• /
• 2015

Control of plasma processing methodologies can only occur by obtaining a thorough understanding of the physical and chemical properties of plasmas. However, all plasma processes are currently used in the industry with an incomplete understanding of the coupled chemical and physical properties of the plasma involved. Thus, they are often 'non-predictive' and hence it is not possible to alter the manufacturing process without the risk of considerable product loss. Only a more comprehensive understanding of such processes will allow models of such plasmas to be constructed that in turn can be used to design the next generation of plasma reactors. Developing such models and gaining a detailed understanding of the physical and chemical mechanisms within plasma systems is intricately linked to our knowledge of the key interactions within the plasma and thus the status of the database for characterizing electron, ion and photon interactions with those atomic and molecular species within the plasma and knowledge of both the cross-sections and reaction rates for such collisions, both in the gaseous phase and on the surfaces of the plasma reactor. The compilation of databases required for understanding most plasmas remains inadequate. The spectroscopic database required for monitoring both technological and fusion plasmas and thence deriving fundamental quantities such as chemical composition, neutral, electron and ion temperatures is incomplete with several gaps in our knowledge of many molecular spectra, particularly for radicals and excited (vibrational and electronic) species. However, the compilation of fundamental atomic and molecular data required for such plasma databases is rarely a coherent, planned research program, instead it is a parasitic process. The plasma community is a rapacious user of atomic and molecular data but is increasingly faced with a deficit of data necessary to both interpret observations and build models that can be used to develop the next-generation plasma tools that will continue the scientific and technological progress of the late 20th and early 21st century. It is therefore necessary to both compile and curate the A&M data we do have and thence identify missing data needed by the plasma community (and other user communities). Such data may then be acquired using a mixture of benchmarking experiments and theoretical formalisms. However, equally important is the need for the scientific/technological community to recognize the need to support the value of such databases and the underlying fundamental A&M that populates them. This must be conveyed to funders who are currently attracted to more apparent high-profile projects.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.39-44
• /
• 2006

본 시험은 예건기간이 목초 라운드베일 사일리지의 품질에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 축산연구소에서 2년간 수행되었다. 사일리지 조제전 목초를 수확하여 비예건, 반나절 예건 및 1일 예건 등 3처리를 두고 각각 3롤의 라운드베일 사일리지를 조제하였다. 일반성분중 조섬유 함량은 예건으로 증가되었으나 나머지 성분은 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았다. 섬유소 함량에 있어서도 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 건물 소화율에 있어서는 1일 예건구가 비예건구에 비해 유의적으로 낮았다. 건물함량은 예건기간이 길어짐에 따라 23.7%에서 40.0%로 높아졌으며 pH도 증가되었다. 사일리지의 유기산 함량은 예건기간이 길어질수록 감소되는 경향을 보여주었으며 사일리지의 품질 점수 및 등급이 약간 개선되었다. 건물 손실에 있어서는 예건으로 약 $4{\sim}10%$ 줄일 수 있었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 고품질의 목초 라운드베일 사일리지 조제를 위해서는 1일정도 예건하는 것이 권장되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제24권9호
• /
• pp.1217-1226
• /
• 2011

Finding alternative feeds, such as sesame hulls and Prosopis juliflora species can attenuate difficulties of feed shortage and reduce the cost of animal feed in arid and semi-arid countries. Thirty-two Black male kids with similar initial weights (BW = $16.7{\pm}0.80\;kg$) and $120{\pm}5\;d$ of age, were used to evaluate the effect of replacing barley grains and soybean meal with Prosopis juliflora pods (PJP) and sesame hulls (SH) on growth performance, digestibility and carcass and meat characteristics. Kids were equally divided into four dietary treatment groups for an 84-d fattening period. Treatment diets had similar crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (ME). The treatment groups were: (T1) no PJP nor SH, (T2) 10% PJP and 20% SH, (T3) 15% PJP and 15% SH, and (T4) 20% PJP and 10% SH. A tendency was detected (p<0.08) for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), organic matter (OM) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intakes that were greater for T2 than T3 and T4 while T1 was not different from all other treatment groups. Ether extract (EE) intake was the greatest (p<0.05) for T2 and the lowest for T1. Acid detergent fiber (ADF) intake was greater (p<0.05) for T2 than T1 while T3 and T4 were intermediate. Final live weight, average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were comparable among different treatment groups. Digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF and ADF were similar among all treatment groups, however, EE digestibility was the lowest (p<0.05) for T1 when compared to other treatments. In addition, nitrogen intake, nitrogen in urine and retained and retention percentages were similar among all treatment groups. However, N loss in feces was higher (p<0.05) for T2 than T3 and T4 while T1 was intermediate. No differences were observed among treatment groups with respect to fasting live weight, hot and cold carcass weights, dressing-out percentages, mesenteric fat, visceral organs, carcass cuts percentages and carcass linear dimensions. No differences were also observed for dissected loin, leg, rack and shoulder tissues except in the total bone % for loin cuts and in the meat to bone ratio for rack cuts. T3 has the greatest total bone % and the lowest meat to bone ratio when compared to all other treatment groups. No differences were observed between treatment groups in all quality characteristics of the longissimus muscle. The present study demonstrates the potential of using PJP and SH for growing kids without adverse effects on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality.

• 한국가스학회지
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.26-32
• /
• 2000

본 연구에서는 힌지재인 SM20C, YBsC3 및 STC4H재에 대하여 공기 및 여러 가지 부식환경중에서 이종금속간의 찰과마멸부식실험을 실시하여, 이종금속간의 찰과마멸부식특성에 미치는 환경조건의 영향을 연구하였으며, 주요 결론은 다음과 같다. 1) 이동측 금속인 SM20C의 찰과마멸부식에 미치는 지하수의 영향은 STC4H에서 더 민감하고 YBsC3에서는 둔화된다. 2) STC4H의 찰과마멸부식에 미치는 지하수의 영향은 작지만, $0.5\%\;H_2SO_4$ 및 $0.5\%HNO_3$ 용액중에서 더 크게 된다. 3) 이동측 SM20C의 찰과마멸부식은 $3.5\%\;NaCl$, $0.5\%\;H_2SO_4$ 및 $0.5\%\;HNO_3$ 용액중에서보다 지하수중에서 가장 작게 나타났다. 4) 시간이 경과함에 따라 찰과마멸부식에 미치는 영향은 $0.5\%\;HNO_3$ 용액중에서는 증가하지 $0.5\%\;H_2SO_4$ 용액중에서는 둔화된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.29-34
• /
• 2008

본 시험은 품종 및 수확시기가 총체 벼 사일리지의 품질에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 2004년부터 2005년까지 축산연구소에서 수행되었다. 식용벼인 추청벼와 총체 벼 전용품종인 하마사리를 이용하여 생육시기별로 6회(출수기, 개화기, 유숙기, 호숙기, 황숙기 및 완숙기)에 걸쳐 수확을 하여 사일리지로 조제하였다. 조단백질 함량은 숙기가 진행됨에 따라 감소되었으며 TDN 함량은 증가되었다. 평균 조단백질 함량은 총체 벼 전용품종이 식용벼 품종보다는 높게 나타났다. ADF 및 NDF 함량은 숙기가 진행됨에 따라 감소되었으며 ADF로 추정된 TDN 함량은 숙기가 진행됨에 따라 증가되었다. 그러나 품종간에는 통계적 유의성이 나타나지 않았다(p<0.05). 사일리지의 평균 pH는 4.69 이었으며 숙기가 진행됨에 따라 증가하였다. 생육이 진행됨에 따라 초산 및 낙산 함량은 감소되었으나 젖산 함량은 증가되었다. 품질등급은 호숙기에서 가장 우수하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼때 총체 벼 사일리지는 전용 품종이 일반 벼 품종보다 약간 개선되는 것으로 나타났으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 따라서 양질의 총체 벼 사일리지 조제를 위해서는 호숙기 전후에 수확하여 사일리지를 만드는 것이 추천된다.

• 분석과학
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.78-84
• /
• 2011

본 연구에서는 양성 및/또는 음성 이온 방식으로 저에너지 충돌-유발 분해(CID)를 이용한 serine protease 저해제인 camostat 와 그것의 분해산물인 4-(4-guanidinobenzoyloxy)phenylacetic acid (GBPA)의 분해 패턴을 전자분무 소스가 있는 사중극자 텐덤 질량분석기(ESI-MS/MS)를 이용하여 최초로 조사하였다. Camostat의 양이온 CID 질량 스펙트럼 분석결과, 분자구조내 에스테르 결합을 이루는 카르보닐 기와 산소 원자사이의 단일 결합(C-O) 분해가 우선적으로 일어나고, guanidine 기의 초기 손실보다는 N,Ndimethylcarbamoylmethyl기의 초기 손실이 더 잘 일어난다는 것이 특징적으로 확인되었다. GBPA의 양이온 CID 스펙트럼의 경우는, 4-guanidinobenzoyloxy 기에 있는 카르보닐 기와 산소원자 사이의 초기 분해가 일어나서 m/z 145에서 가장 강도가 높은 피크를 만들었다. 반면에, GBPA의 음이온 스펙트럼은 m/z 312의 모분자 이온에서 $CO_2$와 NH=C=NH의 순차적인 중성 손실로 인하여 m/z 226의 가장 강도가 높은 피크가 특징적으로 생성되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제30권4호
• /
• pp.514-522
• /
• 2017

Objective: The study aimed to assess the N use efficiency (NUE) of pig slurry (in comparison with chemical fertilizer) for each regrowth yield and annual herbage production and their nutritive value. Methods: Consecutive field experiments were separately performed using a single application with a full dose of N (200 kg N/ha) in 2014 and by four split applications in 2015 in different sites. The experiment consisted of three treatments: i) control plots that received no additional N, ii) chemical fertilizer-N as urea, and iii) pig-slurry-N with five replicates. Results: The effect of N fertilization on herbage yield, N recovery in herbage, residual inorganic N in soil, and crude protein were significantly positive. When comparing the NUE between the two N sources (urea and pig slurry), pig slurry was significantly less effective for the earlier two regrowth periods, as shown by lower regrowth dry matter (DM) yield, N amount recovered in herbage, and inorganic N availability in soil at the 1st and 2nd cut compared to those of urea-applied plots. However, the effect of split application of the two N sources was significantly positive at the last two regrowth periods (at the 3rd and 4th cut). The two N sources and/or split application had little or no influence on neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content, acid detergent fiber (ADF) content, and in vitro DM digestibility, whereas cutting date was a large source of variation for these variables, resulting in a significant increase in in vitro DM digestibility for the last two regrowth periods when an increase in NDF and ADF content occurred. Split application of N reduced the N loss via nitrate leaching by 36% on average for the two N sources compared to a single application. Conclusion: The pig slurry-N was utilized as efficiently as urea-N for annual herbage yield, with a significant increase in NUE especially for the latter regrowth periods.

• 대한인간공학회지
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.169-181
• /
• 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the influence of outdoor weather conditions on subjective responses during physical activity. Background: The largest difference between indoor and outdoor conditions is the existence of the sun. The heat load from the sun has an influence on the heat gain of the human body and the intense degree of solar radiation affected thermal comfort. Method: Thirty eight people were exposed to a range of climatic conditions in the UK. Weather in England does not have extremely hot and cold temperature, and the current study was conducted under warm (summer and autumn) and cool (spring and summer) climates. Measurements of the climate included air temperature, radiant temperature (including solar load), humidity and wind around the subjects. Subjective responses were taken and physiological measurements included internal body temperature, heart rate and sweat loss. Results: This study was conducted under four kinds of environmental conditions and the environmental measurement was performed in September, December, March, and June. The values for sensation, comfort, preference, and pleasantness about four conditions were from 'neutral' to 'warm', from 'not uncomfortable' to 'slightly comfortable', from 'slightly cooler' to 'slightly warmer', and from 'neither pleasant nor unpleasant' and 'slightly unpleasant', respectively. All subjective responses showed differences depending on air temperature and wind speed, and had correlations with air temperature and wind speed (p<0.05). However, subjective responses showed no differences depending on the radiant temperature. The combined effects of environmental parameters were showed on some subjective responses. The combined effects of air temperature and radiant temperature on thermal sensation and pleasantness were significant. The combined effects of metabolic rate with air temperature, wind speed and solar radiation respectively have influences on some subjective responses. In the case of the relationships among subjective responses, thermal sensation had significant correlations with all subjective responses. The largest relationship was shown between preference and thermal sensation but acceptance showed the lowest relationship with the other subjective responses. Conclusion: The ranges of air temperature, radiant temperature, wind speed and solar radiation were $6.7^{\circ}C$ to $24.7^{\circ}C$, $17.9^{\circ}C$ to $56.6^{\circ}C$, $0.84ms^{-1}$ to $2.4ms^{-1}$, and $123Wm^{-2}$ to $876Wm^{-2}$ respectively. Each of air temperature and wind speed had significant relationships with subjective responses. The combined effects of environmental parameters on subjective responses were shown. Each radiant temperature and solar radiation did not show any relationships with subjective responses but the combinations of each radiant temperature and solar radiation with other environmental parameters had influences on subjective responses. The combinations of metabolic rate with air temperature, wind speed and solar radiation respectively have influences on subjective responses although metabolic rate alone hardly made influences on them. There were also significant relationships among subjective responses, and pleasantness generally showed relatively high relationships with comfort, preference, acceptance and satisfaction. Application: Subjective responses might be utilized to predict thermal stress of human and the application products reflecting human subjective responses might apply to the different fields such as fashion technology, wearable devices, and environmental design considering human's response etc.

• 한국물환경학회지
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.357-366
• /
• 2016

N-니트로스아민은 인체에 매우 위험한 발암성 화합물이다. 수용액상 N-니트로스아민을 효과적으로 감소시킬 수 있는 방법 중 하나로 자외선 조사가 고려되고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 수처리와 연관성이 높은 N-니트로스아민(즉, N-nitrosodibutylamine (NDBA)과 N-nitrosopyrrolidine (NPYR))의 UV 광분해에서 pH 영향을 규명하는 것이다. NDBA과 NPYR의 광분해 속도상수는 pH2-10 사이에서 각각 3.26×10^-2 L/W-min에서 5.08×10^-3 L/W-min와 1.14×10^-2 L/W-min에서 2.80×10^-3 L/W-min로 나타났다. 한편 산화 생성물인 NO2^-와 NO3^- 이온의 생성에 대해서도 연구하였다. 약산성에서 중성의 조건에서는 NO^3-에 비해 NO^2-이 주로 생성되었고, 강한 산성에서는 NO^3-이 더 많이 생성되었다. 총유기 탄소(TOC)와 총질소(TN)은 거의 변화가 없었으며, 이것으로부터 N-니트로스아민과 생성물이 광분해 시스템에서 거의 손실이 없었던 것으로 볼 수 있다. BDBA가 NPYR에 비해 상대적으로 용이하게 광분해되었다. 또한 수용액상 N-니트로스아민을 UV 광분해로 제거할 때 pH가 낮을수록 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국방사성폐기물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국방사성폐기물학회 2005년도 춘계 학술대회
• /
• pp.239-247
• /
• 2005

본 연구에서는 현재 국내에서 잠재적인 완충재 물질로 고려되고 있는 경주산 칼슘벤토나이트에서 발생되는 벤토나이트 콜로이드를 대상으로 대표적인 악티나이드 핵종이며 고준위 핵종인 우라늄(VI)에 대한 수착특성에 대한 실험적 연구를 수행하였다. 실험에 사용될 벤토나이트 콜로이드의 농도 및 크기를 여과법을 사용하여 측정한 결과 벤토나이트 콜로이드 원액의 농도는 약 5100ppm 이고 $98\%$ 이상의 콜로이드들이 200-450nm 크기 사이에 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 우라늄 수착실험에 대한 공시험을 수행하여 수착반응 용기 벽면에 의해, 침전에 의해, 한외여과 또는 콜로이드 형성에 의해 손실된 우라늄 양을 평가하였다. 한외여과에 의한 우라늄 손실의 경우 이온강도가 낮은 경우에(즉, 0.001M $NaClO_4$의 경우) 한외여과 필터의 표면전하 역전에 의한 양이온 수착 영향으로 매우 높은 핵종 손실을 유발하였다. 벤토나이트 콜로이드에 대한 우라늄(VI)의 수착 분배계수(의사콜로이드 형성상수)는 pH에 따라 $10^4^{\sim}10^6$ mL/g 정도의 값을 가지는 것으로 관측되었으며 중성 영역인 pH 6.5 근처에서 최대값을 가지는 것으로 나타났다.