• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.470-478
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• 2017

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the chemical composition, fermentation quality and in vitro ruminal fermentation of various ratios and storage periods of liquid brewer's yeast (LBY) mixed with cassava pulp (CVP). Methods: Four mixtures of fresh LBY and CVP were made (LBY0, LBY10, LBY20, and LBY30 for LBY:CVP at 0:100, 10:90, 20:80, and 30:70, respectively) on a fresh matter basis, in 500 g in plastic bags and stored at 30 to $32^{\circ}C$. After storage, the bags were opened weekly from weeks 0 to 4. Fermentation quality and in vitro gas production (IVGP) were determined, as well as the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber and acid detergent lignin contents. Results: The contents of CP and EE increased, whereas all other components decreased, in proportion to LBY inclusion (p<0.01). The DM and OM contents gradually decreased in weeks 3 and 4 (p<0.05), while EE contents were lowest in week 0. The pH, ammonia nitrogen per total nitrogen ($NH_3-N/TN$) and V-score in each mixture and storage period demonstrated superior fermentation quality ($pH{\leq}4.2$, $NH_3-N/TN{\leq}12.5%$, and V-score>90%). The pH increased and $NH_3-N/TN$ decreased, with proportionate increases of LBY, whereas the pH decreased and $NH_3-N/TN$ increased, as the storage periods were extended (p<0.01). Although IVGP decreased in proportion to the amount of LBY inclusion (p<0.01), in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was unaffected by the mixture ratios. The highest IVGP and IVOMD were observed in week 0 (p<0.01). Conclusion: The inclusion of LBY (as high as 30%) into CVP improves the chemical composition of the mixture, thereby increasing the CP content, while decreasing IVGP, without decreasing fermentation quality and IVOMD. In addition, a preservation period of up to four weeks can guarantee superior fermentation quality in all types of mixtures. Therefore, we recommend limiting the use of CVP as a feed ingredient, given its low nutritional value and improving feed quality with the inclusion of LBY.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.230-235
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• 2020

Objective: This study was realized to evaluate the nutritional value of rice grains as a replacement for corn grains in the diet of growing Hanwoo steers. Methods: Two experimental diets were prepared: i) Corn total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of 20% corn grains and ii) Rice TMR consisting of 20% rice grains, in a dry matter (DM) basis. These treatments were used for in vitro rumen fermentation and in vivo growth trials. In the rumen fermentation experiment, the in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD), in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility, pH, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were estimated at 48 h, and the gas production was measured at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Twenty four growing Hanwoo steers (9 months old; body weight [BW]: 259±13 kg) were randomly divided into two treatment groups and the BW, dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured. Results: The in vitro experiment showed that the IVDMD, IVCPD, and VFA production of the Rice TMR were higher than those of the Corn TMR (p<0.05). The growth trial showed no differences (p>0.05) in the final BW, ADG, DMI, and FCR between the two TMRs. Conclusion: The use of rice grains instead of corn grains did not exhibit any negative effects on the rumen fermentation or growth performance, thereby rice grains with a DM of less than 20% could be used as a starch source in the diet of growing steers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.446-455
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• 2020

Objective: Our recent series of laboratory- and large-scale experiments confirmed that under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, sodium metabisulfite (SMB) was effective in preserving nutrients and antioxidant capacity of highly perishable fruit and vegetable discards (FVD). Hence, the purpose of this study was to examine how partial inclusion of SMB-treated FVD in total mixed ration (TMR) influences in vitro ruminal fermentation, whole-tract digestibility, nitrogen metabolism, blood metabolites, and voluntary feed intake of sheep. Methods: The FVD were mixed thoroughly with 6 g SMB/kg wet biomass and kept outdoors under aerobic conditions for 7 days. Four TMRs including four levels of SMB-treated FVD (as-fed basis) at 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% (equaling to 0%, 1.9%, 3.8%, and 5.7% on dry matter basis, respectively), were prepared as replacement for corn grain. The ruminal fermentation metabolites were studied using an in vitro gas production test. Four mature male Corriedale sheep were assigned at random to the 4 diets for two separate sub-experiments; i) digestibility trial with four 21-d periods, and ii) voluntary feed intake trial with four 28-d periods. Results: Inclusion of SMB-treated FVD in the TMR tended to quadratically increase partitioning factor. No effect was seen on total-tract digestibility of organic matter, ether extract, crude protein, and acid detergent fiber, except for neutral detergent fiber digestibility that tended to linearly increase with increasing SMB-treated FVD in the TMR. The progressive increase of FVD preserved with SMB in the diet had no effect on nitrogen metabolism. Treatment had no effect on serum antioxidant capacity and blood metabolites assayed. Voluntary feed intake was not impaired by inclusion of SMB-treated FVD in the TMR. Conclusion: It appears that FVD preserved with SMB can be safely incorporated into TMR as replacement of corn grain without impairment of nutrient metabolism and feed intake.

• 청정기술
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.104-112
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• 2017

해조류로부터 수열 액화 반응을 통해 생성된 원료를 이용하여 수소가스를 생산하기 위해 개질 반응용 상용화 촉매와 $K_2Ti_xO_y$가 첨가된 니켈(Ni) 제조 촉매를 사용하여 반응온도에 따른 수증기 개질 반응을 수행하였다. 반응원료는 해조류 바이오매스를 503 K의 반응온도에서 2시간 동안 수열 액화를 통해 생성된 액화 원료를 사용하였으며, 상용화 촉매(FCR-4-02)와 제조 촉매($Ni/K_2Ti_xO_y-Al_2O_3$, $Ni/K_2Ti_xO_y-SiO_2$, $Ni/K_2Ti_xO_y-ZrO_2/CeO_2$, Ni/$K_2Ti_xO_y$-MgO) 및 반응온도에 따른 수증기 개질 반응의 활성을 비교 연구하였다. 실험결과 제조 촉매 4종 모두 상용화 촉매와 비교하여 반응활성이 높게 나타나는 것이 확인되었으며, 제조 촉매의 지지체에 따라 생성되는 가스의 조성이 달라지는 것이 확인되었다. 특히, 산성이나 염기성을 띄는 $Al_2O_3$와 MgO의 지지체와 중성을 띄는 $SiO_2$의 지지체에서는 CO가 선택적으로 높게 생성이 되었으며 환원성을 띄는 $CeO_2$를 포함하는 지지체에서는 수성가스 전환 반응이 일어나 $CO_2$가 높게 생성됨을 보였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.867-874
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• 2000

고추장 제품의 유통시 문제가 되는 가스 발생을 억제하고자 주요 미생물은 존재하면서 효모를 사멸시킬 수 있는 방법으로 $50-70^{\circ}C$에서 5-15분 동안 열처리를 시도하였다. 고추장을 담금 직후 가열하는 방법과 40일간 발효한 후 가열 처리한 방법으로 구분하여 고추장의 생화학적 특성을 실험한 결과 고추장을 담금 직후 $60^{\circ}C$에서 15분 가열한 처리구는 발효 전 과정에서 효모가 전연 증식되지 않았고 세균수는 변화가 거의 없었다. 이 열처리조건에서 ${\alpha}-amylase$는 열처리에 따른 변화가 없으나 ${\beta}-amylase$는 열처리로 역가가 상승하는 경향을 보였고 산성 protease는 가열 처리로 60일 이후 대조구보다 증가하나 중성 protease는 80일 이후 감소하는 경향을 보였고 아미노산성 질소량은 비열처리구 보다 낮은 경향을 보였다. 고추장의 색도는 L, a, b 값이 감소하나 발효전 열처리 조건에서는 ${\Delta}E$값의 차이가 있고 색소물질인 5-hydroxy-2-methyl furfural(HMF)는 증가하고 총 carotenoid 및 capsanthin 함량은 가열처리로 감소하는 경향을 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.392-399
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• 2017

Objective: The objectives were to assess the effects of purified lignin from wheat straw (sodium hydroxide dehydrated lignin; SHDL) on in vitro ruminal fermentation and on the growth performance of feedlot cattle. Methods: In vitro experiments were conducted by incubating a timothy-alfalfa (50:50) forage mixture (48 h) and barley grain (24 h) with 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/mL of rumen fluid (equivalent to 0, 2, 4, 8, and 16 g SHDL/kg diet). Productions of $CH_4$ and total gas, volatile fatty acids, ammonia, dry matter (DM) disappearance (DMD) and digestion of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) or starch were measured. Sixty Hereford-Angus cross weaned steer calves were individually fed a typical barley silage-barley grain based total mixed ration and supplemented with SHDL at 0, 4, 8, and 16 g/kg DM for 70 (growing), 28 (transition), and 121 d (finishing) period. Cattle were slaughtered at the end of the experiment and carcass traits were assessed. Results: With forage, SHDL linearly (p<0.001) reduced 48-h in vitro DMD from 54.9% to 39.2%, NDF disappearance from 34.1% to 18.6% and the acetate: propionate ratio from 2.56 to 2.41, but linearly (p<0.001) increased $CH_4$ production from 9.5 to 12.4 mL/100 mg DMD. With barley grain, SHDL linearly increased (p<0.001) 24-h DMD from74.6% to 84.5%, but linearly (p<0.001) reduced $CH_4$ production from 5.6 to 4.2 mL/100 mg DMD and $NH_3$ accumulation from 9.15 to $4.49{\mu}mol/mL$. Supplementation of SHDL did not affect growth, but tended (p = 0.10) to linearly reduce feed intake, and quadratically increased (p = 0.059) feed efficiency during the finishing period. Addition of SHDL also tended (p = 0.098) to linearly increase the saleable meat yield of the carcass from 52.5% to 55.7%. Conclusion: Purified lignin used as feed additive has potential to improve feed efficiency for finishing feedlot cattle and carcass quality.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.326-331
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• 2006

본 연구에서는 경기도 안양에 있는 하천에서 분리한 홍색 비황 광합성 세균Rhodopseudomonas sp. KH4에서 생성된 extracellular polysaccharide (EPS)의 중금속 흡착특성에 대해 연구하였다. 100 mg/L의 Cd과 Cu의 최적 흡착조건(온도$40^{\circ}C$ Cd; pH 8, Cu; pH 5)에서 1.0 g/L의 EPS를 첨가하였을 때, Cd의 경우 30분 동안 842 mg/L, Cu의 경우 10분 동안 70.0 mg/L가 흡착되었다. 또한 Cd과 Cu가 각각 100 mg/L씩 공존되어 있는 경우, pH 5, $25^{\circ}C$에서 EPS 1.0 g/L 첨가하였을 때 Cd과 Cu가 각각 16.8 mg/L, 48.7 mg/L가 흡착되었다. 또한 Langmuir 등은 흡착식으로 부터 EPS 1.0 g/L, pH 5, $25^{\circ}C$에서 Cd과 Cu의 흡착량은 각각 76.9 mg/L, 67.1 mg/L로 실제 경험치와 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다. 에탄올 침전법으로 정제된 KH4 strain으로부터 생성된 EPS는 gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) 분석에 의한 중성당 분석 결과, arabinose, glucose, mannose가 각각 2.4%, 7.1%, 90.5%로 mannose가 대부분을 구성하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1238-1243
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• 2018

Objective: Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of feeding level on nutrient digestibility and enteric methane ($CH_4$) emissions in growing goats and Sika deer. Methods: Three growing male goats (initial body weight [BW] of $22.4{\pm}0.9kg$) and three growing male deer (initial BW of $20.2{\pm}4.8kg$) were each allotted to a respiration-metabolism chamber for an adaptation period of 7 d and a data collection period of 3 d. An experimental diet was offered to each animal at one of three feeding levels (1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5% of BW) in a $3{\times}3$ Latin square design. The chambers were used for measuring enteric $CH_4$ emission. Results: Nutrient digestibility decreased linearly in goats as feeding level increased, whereas Sika deer digestibility was not affected by feeding level. The enteric production of $CH_4$ expressed as g/kg dry matter intake (DMI), g/kg organic matter intake, and % of gross energy intake decreased linearly with increased feeding level in goats; however, that of Sika deer was not affected by feeding level. Six equations were estimated for predicting the enteric $CH_4$ emission from goats and Sika deer. For goat, equation 1 was found to be of the highest accuracy: $CH_4(g/d)=6.2({\pm}14.1)+10.2({\pm}7.01){\times}DMI(kg/d)+0.0048({\pm}0.0275){\times}dry$ matter digestibility (DMD, g/kg)-0.0070 (${\pm}0.0187$)${\times}$neutral detergent fiber digestibility (NDFD; g/kg). For Sika deer, equation 4 was found to be of the highest accuracy: $CH_4(g/d)=-13.0({\pm}30.8)+29.4({\pm}3.93){\times}DMI(kg/d)+0.046(0.094){\times}DMD(g/kg)-0.0363({\pm}0.0636){\times}NDFD(g/kg)$. Conclusion: Increasing the feeding level increased $CH_4$ production in both goats and Sika deer, and predictive models of enteric $CH_4$ production by goats and Sika deer were estimated.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.109-114
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• 1989

쌀보리가루에서 결합지질을 방법을 달리하여 추출하고 이들을 중성지질, 당지질, 인지질등으로 분획하였으며 다시 이 분획된 성분들의 구성 지질들을 분별 정량한 다음 각 지질들의 지방산 조석을 분석하였다. Water saturated butanol ($25^{\circ}C$, WSB-LT) 추출 결합지질에서는 중성, 당, 인지질의 함량이 각각 35.5%, 32.4%, 32.1% 그리고 WSB($95^{\circ}C$, WSB-HT)추출 결합지질에서는 인지질의 함량이 50.6%로 가장 많았다. 중성지질 성분중 대부분을 차지하는 성분중 대부분을 차지하는 것은 triglyceride$(66{\sim}82.9%)$이고 그외 free fatty acid, free sterol, diglycericte, esterified sterol 등이 분별정량되었으며, 당지질 성분중에서는 digalactosyl diglycerides, cerebrosides, steryl glycosides, monogalactosyl diglycerides등이 주요 구성성분이였고 이중 digalactosyl diglyceride$(40.2{\sim}44.8%)$의 함량이 가장 많았다. 인지질의 경우에는 lysophosphatidyl choline $(20.3{\sim}34.4%)$, phosphatidyl choline & phsphatidyl serine$(18.6{\sim}22.5%)$, phosphatidyl ethanolamine$(18.4{\sim}28.2%)$, dtphosphatidyl glycerols $(10.5{\sim}16.9%)$등으로 그 성분이 구성되어 있었으며, 대체로 구성성분은 추출방법에 따른 차이를 발견할 수 있었으나 인지질외에는 그 차이가 심하지 않았다. 또한 쌀보리에서 추출한 결합지질의 주요 지방산은 linoleic acid와 palmitic acid로서 추출방법에 따른 지방산 조성의 큰 차이점은 없었으며, 특히 중성지질에서는 palmitic acid 함량이 $34.3{\sim}38.2%$, linoleic acid 함량이 $44.2{\sim}48.8%$였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.27-34
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• 1987

우리나라 전통효소식품(傳統酵素食品)인 고추장의 품질(品質)을 개선(改善)하기 위한 자료(資料)를 얻고자 일반가정(一般家庭)에서 재래식(在來式)으로 담근 80시료(試料)의 고추장을 수집(蒐集)하여 일반성분(一般成分)을 분석(分析)하고 5개월간(個月間) 효소숙성(酵素熟成)킨 고추장의 향기성분(香氣成分)을 동정(同定)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 일반가정(一般家庭)에서 수집(蒐集)된 고추장의 일반성분(一般成分)은 수분(水分) 40.51%, 염분(鹽盆) 6.0%, 조지질(粗脂質) 3.25%, 조탄분(粗炭分) 10.30%, 환원당(還元糖) 19.60%, 아미노질소(室素) 179.5mg/100g 및 총질소(總窒素) 4.43%였고, pH는 4.79, 적정산도(滴定酸度)(0.1N NaOH)는 9.28ml였으며 관능검사점수(官能檢査点數)는 평균치(平均値)가 125.01점(点)이였고 표준편차(標準偏差)는 15.42였다. 또한 담금고추장의 휘발성성분(擇發性成分)은 중성회분(中性劃分)에서 methoxy acetophenone 외(外) 29성분(成分), phenol성획분(性劃分)에서 thymol 외(外) 7성분(成分) 및 산성획분(酸性劃分)에서 methyl octanoic acid 외(外) 7성분(成分)으로 모두 46성분(成分)이 동정(同定)되었으며 염기성획분(盛基性劃分)에서는 검출(檢出)되지 않았다.