• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.341-350
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• 2002

본 시험은 한우수소 24두를 이용하여 성장단계별 증체량 및 건물 섭취량을 측정하고, 그에 대한 추정식을 유도하기 위하여 수행되었다. 시험구는 조사료 3종류(볏짚, 건초, 옥수수사일리지)와 조사료 급여비율 4수준(100, 60, 40 및 20%)의 3${\times}$4요인시험으로서 공시축은 incomplete turnover design에 의해 처리당 4두씩 배치되었다. 조사료의 종류 및 급여비율에 따른 한우수소의 일일 증체량은 옥수수사일리지 급여구 및 조사료 20% 급여구에서 각각 가장 많았다. 한우수소에게 건초 혹은 옥수수사일리지만 전량 급여하였을 경우에도 전 기간동안 증체가 지속되었지만, 볏짚구에서는 체중 350kg대 이후부터 체중이 감소하였다. 대사체중당 건물 섭취량은 체중이 증가할 수록 줄어들었으며, 조사료 공급원과 조사료 급여비율에 따른 건물 섭취량은 옥수수사일리지 및 조사료 20%구에서 각각 가장 높았다. 대사체중당($BWkg^{0.75}$) 건물 섭취량(DMI, kg/ day)에 따른 한우수소의 일일 증체량(DG, kg) 추정공식은 다음과 같이 유도되었다. DG = －0.842 + 17.5DMI/$BWkg^{0.75}$체중(BW, kg)과 일일 증체량(DG, kg)을 고려한 사료의 NDF 함량(NDF, %)과 건물 섭취량(DMI, kg/day)과의 관계식은 다음과 같이 유도되었다 DMI = 4.125 + 0.013BW + 1.075DG － 0.045NDF

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제61권6호
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• pp.313-323
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• 2019

The interactive effect of dietary fat supplementation and milk yield level on dairy cows performance under heat stress has not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of production level, the source of fat supplements and their interaction on dairy cows performance under heat stress. In this study, 64 Holstein multiparous cows were divided into 2 groups and received one of two rations having either calcium salts of fatty acids (Ca-FA) or high-palmitic acid (PA) supplements (2.8% of DM; dry matter). After completing the experiment and based on maturity-equivalent milk, cows were divided into two groups of high-yielding (14,633 kg) and medium-yielding (11,616 kg). Average temperature humidity index (THI) was 71 during the trial period. Apparent digestibility of dry matter (p = 0.04), organic matter (p = 0.05), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF; p = 0.04) for cows fed Ca-FA were greater than cows fed PA. The milk fat content in high-producing cows was 0.3% greater than medium-producing cows (p = 0.03). The milk protein content in cows fed Ca-FA was greater than cows fed PA (p < 0.01). High-producing cows had greater serum cholesterol (p = 0.02) than medium-producing cows. The cows fed PA tended to have a greater BUN than cows fed Ca-FA (p = 0.06). Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase tended to be increased by PA, which indicates that cows in PA treatment may have experienced more adverse effect on the liver function than cows on Ca-FA. Therefore, under heat stress and in 90 d trial, milk production level does not affect the cows' response to PA or Ca-FA. Although cows fed Ca-FA received lower energy than those fed PA, they compensated for this shortage likely with increasing the digestibility and produced a similar amount of milk.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.371-377
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• 2009

The objectives of the present study were to investigate the effects of different dietary ratios of whole-crop corn silage and alfalfa hay on nitrogen (N) digestion, duodenal flow and metabolism across the portal-drained viscera (PDV) of growing beef steers, and to elucidate their relationships. Four steers (236${\pm}$7 kg BW) fitted with duodenal cannulae and chronic indwelling catheters into the portal and mesenteric veins and abdominal aorta were used in a 4${\times}$4 Latin square design. Animals were fed (at 12-h intervals) the 4 diets consisting of whole-crop corn silage (C) and alfalfa hay (A) in 80:20 (C8A2), 60:40 (C6A4), 40:60 (C4A6) and 20:80 (C2A8) ratios of which dietary crude protein (CP) was 10.5, 12.0, 13.5 and 15.0% of dry matter (DM), respectively. Feeding level was restricted to 95% of ad libitum intake to measure N digestion, blood flow and net flux of N across the PDV. Digestibility of DM and neutral detergent fiber and digestible energy intake linearly increased as the ratio of alfalfa hay increased. The N intake, duodenal flow and intestinal disappearance increased linearly with increasing alfalfa hay. Arterial and portal concentrations of ${\alpha}$-amino N showed a quadratic response to increasing levels of alfalfa hay and were the highest in steers fed the C6A4 diet. The net PDV release of ${\alpha}$-amino N and ammonia N increased linearly with increasing alfalfa hay, but urea N uptake by PDV did not differ among diets. As a percentage of apparently digested N in the total gut, net PDV release of ${\alpha}$-amino N linearly decreased from 66 to 48% with increasing alfalfa hay. Conversely, net PDV recovery of ${\alpha}$-amino N to intestinal N disappearance varied with increasing alfalfa hay accounting for 49, 50, 58 and 61% on C8A2, C6A4, C4A6 and C2A8 diets, respectively. Net PDV uptake of urea N, relative to apparently digested N, linearly decreased from 81 to 25% as alfalfa hay increased from 20 to 80% of DM intake. Considering PDV uptake of urea N, microbial efficiency and conversion of total tract digested N to PDV ${\alpha}$-amino N net supply, a diet consisting of 80% whole-crop corn silage and 20% alfalfa hay (10.5% CP) was the best, while considering the quantities of intestinal N disappearance and ${\alpha}$-amino N absorption, a diet of 20% whole-crop corn silage and 80% alfalfa hay (15% CP) would be preferred. The proportion of ${\alpha}$-amino N recovered by PDV relative to the intestinal N disappearance may vary with energy intake level of mixed forage diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.230-235
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• 2020

Objective: This study was realized to evaluate the nutritional value of rice grains as a replacement for corn grains in the diet of growing Hanwoo steers. Methods: Two experimental diets were prepared: i) Corn total mixed ration (TMR) consisting of 20% corn grains and ii) Rice TMR consisting of 20% rice grains, in a dry matter (DM) basis. These treatments were used for in vitro rumen fermentation and in vivo growth trials. In the rumen fermentation experiment, the in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro crude protein digestibility (IVCPD), in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility, pH, ammonia nitrogen, and volatile fatty acids (VFA) were estimated at 48 h, and the gas production was measured at 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h. Twenty four growing Hanwoo steers (9 months old; body weight [BW]: 259±13 kg) were randomly divided into two treatment groups and the BW, dry matter intake (DMI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured. Results: The in vitro experiment showed that the IVDMD, IVCPD, and VFA production of the Rice TMR were higher than those of the Corn TMR (p<0.05). The growth trial showed no differences (p>0.05) in the final BW, ADG, DMI, and FCR between the two TMRs. Conclusion: The use of rice grains instead of corn grains did not exhibit any negative effects on the rumen fermentation or growth performance, thereby rice grains with a DM of less than 20% could be used as a starch source in the diet of growing steers.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.651-659
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• 2017

This study aimed to estimate the effects of replacing Mushroom By-Product (MBP) with Tofu By-Product (TBP) on the chemical composition, microbes, and rumen fermentation indices of Fermented Diets (FDs). The basal diet was formulated using MBP, TBP, rice bran, molasses, and inoculants. The MBP in the basal diet was replaced with TBP at 0, 5, and 10% on Dry Matter (DM) basis for the experimental diets. The experimental diets were fermented at $39^{\circ}C$ for 144 h. Chemical composition, pH, microbes, and rumen fermentation indices of the FDs were analyzed. With increasing TBP replacement, crude protein content of FDs increased (L, P < 0.001), whereas crude ash content decreased (L, P = 0.002). Lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus subtilis contents in the TBP-replaced FDs were higher than those in the control (P < 0.05), whereas pH level and mold count were lower (P < 0.05). With increasing TBP replacement, in vitro rumen digestibility of DM (L, P = 0.053) and neutral detergent fiber (L, P = 0.024) increased, wheres rumen pH changed (P = 0.026) quadratically. Rumen total volatile fatty acid (L, P = 0.001) and iso-butyrate contents (Q, P = 0.003) increased with increasing TBP replacement. In conclusion, this study indicates that the replacement of MBP with TBP could improve the quality of FD.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.147-150
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• 2002

땅콩 수확시기 및 첨가제에 따른 땅콩경엽의 수량 및 사일리지용 사료가치를 비교 조사하였던 바 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 수확시기별 생육은 개화후 90일 수확시 경엽의 병해(갈색무늬병 및 흑색무늬병) 발생 정도가 낮고, 성숙협비율은 89%, 100립중은 81g으로 높았다. 2. 수확시기에 따른 경엽 및 종실 생산성은 개화후 90일에 경엽은 52 t/ha, 종실중은 3.6 t/ha이었다. 3. 경엽과 종실수량간에는 고도의 정상관($r^2$=0.62$^{**}$ )이 있었다. 4. 땅콩경엽의 사일리지 사료가치는 땅콩경엽+볏짚+젖산균 조제시 ADF 42.2%, NDF 49.6%, CP 10.5%, TDN 55.6%이었다. 5. 땅콩경엽 사일리지의 유기산함량은 땅콩경엽+볏짚 및 땅콩경엽+보릿짚에다 젖산균 첨가시 각각 산도 5.04 및 5.10, 낙산함량 3.12% 및 4.64%, 젖산함량은 7.34% 및 2.07%이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권9호
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• pp.1303-1311
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• 2008

Twenty four early lactating Nili-Ravi buffaloes, eight in each group, were used in a Randomized Complete Block Design to evaluate the influence of varying ruminally degradable protein (RDP) to ruminally undegradable protein (RUP) ratio on feed intake, digestibility, N balance, milk yield and its composition, conception rate and days open. Three experimental diets were formulated to contain RDP:RUP of 50:50, 66:34 and 82:18 and were denoted as HRUP, MRUP and LRUP, respectively. Dry matter (DM) intake was higher (p<0.05) in buffaloes fed HRUP diet than in those fed MRUP and LRUP diets. Dry matter digestibility was higher (p<0.05) in buffaloes fed LRUP diet than in those fed HRUP and MRUP diets. Linear increase was observed in DM digestibility with increasing RDP:RUP while Neutral detergent fiber digestibility remained unaltered in buffaloes fed HRUP and MRUP diets, however, it was higher than in those fed LRUP diet. Crude protein digestibility remained unaltered across all treatments. Milk and 4 percent fat corrected milk (4% FCM) yield was higher (p<0.05) in buffaloes fed HRUP diet than those fed MRUP and LRUP diets. Linear decrease in milk yield was observed with increased RDP:RUP. Milk protein and fat yields were higher (p<0.05) in animals fed HRUP diet than those fed MRUP and LRUP diets. Milk protein percent in animals fed HRUP diet was higher than in those fed LRUP diet, whereas it did not differ with those fed MRUP diet. Percent of fat, total solids, solid not fat and lactose remained unaltered across all diets. Nitrogen balance was higher in buffaloes fed HRUP diet than in those fed other diets. Increasing the RDP:RUP resulted in a linear decrease in N balance. The blood urea nitrogen and milk urea nitrogen were lower (p<0.05) in buffaloes fed HRUP diet than those fed MRUP and LRUP diets. The blood pH remained unaltered across all treatments. Days open did not differ significantly. Conception rate was higher in buffaloes fed HRUP diet than those fed MRUP and LRUP diets. The findings of the present study indicate that feeding high (50% of the total crude protein) ruminally undegradable protein diet not only increased nutrient intake and milk yield but also improved conception rate in early lactating buffaloes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권4호
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• pp.539-548
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• 2016

The objective of the present study was to investigate the influence of palm kernel meal (PKM) inclusion and exogenous enzyme supplementation on growth performance, nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), coefficient of apparent ileal digestibility (CAID) and total tract retention of nutrients in young broilers fed corn-based diets. Four inclusion levels of PKM (no PKM [PKM0], 8% [PKM8], 16% [PKM16], and 24% [PKM24]) and two enzyme additions were evaluated in a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments. A total of 384, one-d-old male broilers (Ross 308) were individually weighed and allocated to 48 cages (eight broilers/cage), and cages were randomly assigned to eight dietary treatments. Results indicated that the inclusion of 8% and 16% PKM increased (p<0.05) the weight gain compared to the PKM0 diet. Birds fed the PKM8 diets had the highest (p<0.05) feed intake. Weight gain and feed intake were severely reduced (p<0.05) by feeding the PKM24 diet. Enzyme supplementation increased weight gain (p<0.05), independent of PKM inclusion level. In PKM0 and PKM8 diets, enzyme addition significantly (p<0.05) lowered feed conversion ratio (FCR); whereas enzyme addition had no effect on FCR of birds fed PKM16 and PKM24 diets. In PKM0 and PKM16 diets, enzyme addition significantly (p<0.05) increased CAID of nitrogen and energy but had no effect in the PKM8 and PKM24 diets. Inclusion of PKM into the basal diet, irrespective of inclusion level, enhanced (p<0.05) starch and fat digestibility. Inclusion of PKM at 16% and 24% resulted in similar CAID of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) but higher (p<0.05) than that of the PKM0 and PKM8 diets. Enzyme addition, regardless of the level of PKM inclusion, significantly (p<0.05) increased CAID of NDF. There was a significant (p<0.05) decrease in AMEn with PKM inclusion of 24%. The present data suggest that inclusion of PKM in broiler diets could be optimized if PKM-containing diets are formulated based on digestible amino acid contents and supplemented with exogenous enzymes. If amino acid digestibility and AME of PKM considered in the formulation, it can be included in broiler diets up to 16% with no deleterious effects on growth performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2016

The objective was to evaluate the effect of fodder tree species (FTS) with condensed tannin contents: Cordia elaeagnoides, Platymiscium lasiocarpum, Vitex mollis, and Haematoxylon brasiletto, on in vitro methane ($CH_4$) production at 24 h post incubation. The analysis was performed using the in vitro gas production technique, with three levels of inclusion/species: 600, 800, and 1,000 mg and with 4 replicates/species/level of inclusion. The substrate was incubated at $39^{\circ}C$, and the gas and $CH_4$ production were recorded at 4, 8, 12, and 24 h post incubation. The data collected was analyzed through Pearson correlation, polinomial regression and fixed effects models. There were negative correlations between FTS-total gas volume (r = -0.40; p<0.001); FTS-volume of $CH_4$ produced (r = -0.40; p<0.001) and between the inclusion level-volume of $CH_4$ produced (r = -0.20; p<0.001). As well as a positive correlation between hours post incubation-total gas volume (r = 0.42; p<0.001) and between hours post incubation-volume of $CH_4$ produced (r = 0.48; p<0.001). The FTS: C. elaeagnoides, V. mollis, and H. brasiletto have potential, in the three inclusion levels analyzed, to reduce $CH_4$ emission on in vitro trials (>32.7%), taking into account the total $CH_4$ production at 24 h of the forage used as reference (Avena sativa). It's suggested that C. elaeagnoides-according to its crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and condensed tannins content- is the best alternative within the FTS analyzed, for feeding ruminants and for the control of $CH_4$ emissions during the dry season.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.100-110
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• 2000

음식찌꺼기의 사료화를 위한 발효처리시 수분조절제로 이용되는 재료 (톱밥, 버섯폐재, 밀기울, 야자박 등)와 발효방법 (호기성파 혐기성)및 발효기간이 음식찌꺼기 사료의 사료가치에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위한 일련의 시험을 실시하였다. 본 연구의 시험설계는 농가 지도자료로 활용 될 수 있도록 하였다. 참나무 톱밥과 소나무 톱밥의 NDF(중성세제 불용성 섬유)함량은 각각 건물기준 93.5%와 95.4%로써 사료로 이용하기는 어려운 재료라고 할 수 있다. 톱밥을 수분조절제로 50% 혼합하여 $30^{\circ}C$에서 2일간 호기성발효를 했을때 NDF 함량은 발효 전 재료에 비하여 12% 증가했고 in vitro DDM (인공반추위 건물소화율)은 48% 감소했다. 참나무 톱밥은 소나무 톱밥에 비하여 양호하였으며, 버드나무 톱밥(80%)과 밀기울(20%)을 혼합하여 팽이버섯재배의 배지로 이용된 후의 폐재는 톱밥류에 비하여 사료가치가 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 발효된 사료의 NDF함량과 건물소화율은 이용된 수분조절제의 NDF함량에 주로 관계된다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 버섯폐재를 밀기울로 대체 했을때 밀기울의 대체율이 증가함에 따라 발효된 사료의 NDF함량은 직선적으로 감소했고 소화율은 직선적으로 증가했다. NDF함량이 높은 수분조절제를 이용한 호기성발효는 발효기간이 길어질수록 NDF함량은 증가되었고 건물소화율은 감소되었다. 그러나 밀기울 만을 이용하거나 밀기울이 함유된 수분조절제는 발효기간이 연장됨에 따라 조단백질 함량이 증가되었다. 혐기성발효는 호기성 발효에 비해 전 처리구에서 NDF함량은 감소되었고 건물소화율은 향상되었다. 버섯폐재와 밀기울을 수분조절제로 이용하여 실온에서 30일간 혐기적으로 발효한 사료를 유기산 조성과 pH가를 기준으로 발효상태를 판정할 때 우수한 것으로 나타났다.