• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.312.2-313
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to report dose-independent pharmacokinetics of KR-31543, a new neuroprotective agent for ischemia-reperfusion damage, after intravenous and oral administration and first-pass effects after intravenous. intraportal, intragastric, and intraduodenal administration in rats. After intravenous (10, 20 and 50 mg/kg) and oral (10, 20 and 50 mg/kg) administration, the pharmacokinetic parameters of KR-31543 were dose-independent. (omitted)

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.821-828
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• 2012

In an attempt to identify the neuroprotective effect of Cudrania tricuspidata (CT) leaves against ROS (reactive oxygen species)-induced oxidative stress in neuronal cells, the extracts from CT leaves were investigated using PC12 cells and N18-RE-105 cells. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts from CT were denoted as CTM (Cudrania tricuspidata Leaves methanolic extracts) and CTE (Cudrania tricuspidata Leaves ethanolic extracts), respectively. The neuroprotective effects of the extracts were measured by DCF-DA assay, MTT reduction assay, and LDH release assay. The PC12 cells exposed to $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress and the N18-RE-105 cells exposed to glutamate-induced oxidative stress were treated with various concentrations of CTM and CTE. The results, CTM treatments resulted in the induction of a dose-dependent protective effect in PC12 cells and N18-RE-105 cells. Interestingly, CTE also showed neuroprotective effect in PC12 cells and N18-RE-105 cells. Therefore, these results suggest that CTM and CTE could be a new potential candidate as neuroprotective agents against ROS-induced oxidative stress in neuronal cells.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.162-166
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• 2009

Oxczaasssaidative stress plays an important role in neuronal cell death, which is associated with neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. This study evaluated the neuroprotective effect of Euryale ferox (EF) extracts against glutamate-induced cytotoxicity in hybridoma N18-RE-105 cells. Specifically, neuroprotective effects of methanol and ethanol extracts were evaluated by the MTT reduction assay. The ethanol extracts of EF displayed dose dependent protection against neuronal cell death induced by 20 mM of glutamate. Furthermore, the ethanol extracts of EF was sequentially fractionated with hexane, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, and water layer according to degree of polarity. The hexane fractions exhibited neuroprotective effect against glutamate-stressed N18-RE-105 cells. Overall, results suggest that EF extracts can potentially be used as chemotherapeutic agents against neuronal diseases.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.77-84
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• 2006

Objectives : To evaluate the neuroprotective effects of modified Bo-Yang-Hwan-O-Tang (BHT), we investigated the neuronal death protection effects to oxidative damages in N2a neuroblastoma cells. Methods : To study the cytotoxic effect of BHT on N2a neuronal cells, the cell viability was determined by MTT assay. To investigate the neuronal death protection of BHT, N2a neuronal cells were induced oxidative damages by H2O2, and assayed the cell viability and DNA fragmentation. We also investigated DPPH free radical scavenging effects of BHT by tube test. Results : In MTT assay, $500{\mu}g/ml$ of BHT was not showed cytotoxic effect on N2a neuronal cells. BHT protected N2a neuronal cells from H2O2-induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner. BHT also protected N2a neuronal cells from H2O2-induced DNA fragmentation. BHT scavenged DPPH free radicals in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion : These data suggest that BHT may have strong anti-oxidant effects through the free radical scavenging and neuroprotective effects in neuronal cells.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.166-175
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• 2007

Objectives : This study was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of Cirsium japonicum and Silibinin on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in BV2 microglial cells. Methods : We studied on the neuroprotective effect of lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation using MTS assay, western blot, and nitric oxide detection on mouse BV2 microglial cells. Results : Cirsium japonicum dose-dependently (50${\mu}g/ml$${\sim}$$250{\mu}g/ml$) inhibited nitrite production and iNOS expression in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 microglia and also significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced COX-2 activation in western blot. Silibinin dose-dependently (10${\mu}M$${\sim}$$100{\mu}M$) inhibited nitrite production and iNOS expression in lipopolysaccharide-induced BV2 microglial cells. Silibinin also significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced COX-2 activation in western blot. Conclusion : These effects of neuroprotection related to anti-inflammation suggest that Cirsium japonicum and Silibininmay be useful candidates for the development of a drug for related neurodegenerative diseases.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.146-152
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• 1995

To achieve a better understanding of the effects on behavioral safety caused by possible neuroprotective doses (50 mg/kg, p.o.) of dextromethorphan HBr (DM), several motor activity measures were monitored in two generations of mice through a long-term period of ten months. Adult male mice (G1), in the presence of DM, developed behavioral tolerance after an initial suppression period. Prenatally exposed, second generation (G2) mice formed two groups, prenatal exposure alone (G2C) and prenatally exposed with additional postnatal exposure (G2T). In the presence of DM, group G2T was characterized by significant behavioral impairment; while G2C exhibited behavioral activation. These results suggest that more attention should be given to the prenatal effects of DM on a developing organism.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.3-10
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• 2000

In order to elucidate the toxic mechanism of neurotoxical damage and neuroprotective effect of Jangwon-hwan(Zhuangyuan-wan) water extract, this experiment was performed. Neurotoxic effects of xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine(XO/HX) were examined by MTT and NR assay, neuroprotective effects of Jangwon-hwan(Zhuangyuan-wan) water extract were examined by neurofilament enzymeimmuno assay(EIA). XO/HX induced an increase in cell viability, and a decrease in the amount of neurofilament on cultured mouse cerebral cortical neurons in dose-dependent manner. In neuroprotective effect of herb medicine, Jangwon-hwan(Zhuangyuan-wan) water extract increased the amount of neurofilament on cultured mouse cerebral cortical neurons damaged by XO/HX. From the results, it is suggested that XO/HX showed toxic effect in cultured mouse cerebral cortical Neurons and Jangwon-hwan(Zhuangyuan-wan) water extract is very effective in the prevention of neurotoxicity induced by XO/HX.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.246-253
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• 2010

Ginsenoside $Rg_3$ ($Rg_3$), one of the active ingredients in Panax ginseng, attenuates NMDA receptor-mediated currents in vitro and antagonizes NMDA receptors through a glycine modulatory site in rat cultured hippocampal neurons. In the present study, we examined the neuroprotective effects of $Rg_3$ on 24-hydroxycholesterol (24-OH-chol)-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. The results showed that $Rg_3$ treatment significantly and dose-dependently inhibited 24-OH-chol-induced cell death in rat cultured cortical neurons, with an $IC_{50}$ value of $28.7{\pm}7.5\;{\mu}m$. Furthermore, the $Rg_3$ treatment not only significantly reduced DNA damage, but also dose-dependently attenuated 24-OH-chol-induced caspase-3 activity. To study the mechanisms underlying the in vitro neuroprotective effects of $Rg_3$ against 25-OH-chol-induced cytotoxicity, we also examined the effect of $Rg_3$ on intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ elevations in cultured neurons and found that $Rg_3$ treatment dose-dependently inhibited increases in intracellular $Ca^{2+}$, with an $IC_{50}$ value of $40.37{\pm}12.88\;{\mu}m$. Additionally, $Rg_3$ treatment dose-dependently inhibited apoptosis with an $IC_{50}$ of $47.3{\pm}14.2\;{\mu}m$. Finally, after confirming the protective effect of $Rg_3$ using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling assay, we found that $Rg_3$ is an active component in ginseng-mediated neuroprotection. These results collectively indicate that $Rg_3$-induced neuroprotection against 24-OH-chol in rat cortical neurons might be achieved via inhibition of a 24-OH-chol-mediated $Ca^{2+}$ channel. This is the first report to employ cortical neurons to study the neuroprotective effects of $Rg_3$ against 24-OH-chol. In conclusion, $Rg_3$ was effective for protecting cells against 24-OH-chol-induced cytotoxicity in rat cortical neurons. This protective ability makes $Rg_3$ a promising agent in pathologies implicating neurodegeneration such as apoptosis or neuronal cell death.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2009

Objectives : This Study was performed to assess the antioxidative and neuroprotective effect of Guibi-tang(Guipi-tang) and Guibi-tang gamibang(Guipitang jiaweifang) on PC12 cells. Methods : The antioxidative effect was investigated through the DPPH radical and ABTS cation scavenging methods and total polyphenol amount of Guibi-tang(Guipitang) and Guibi-tang gamibang(Guipitang jiaweifang). The neuroprotective effect of Guibi-tang(Guipitang) and Guibi-tang gamibang(Guipitang jiaweifang) was assessed using MTT assay in PC12 cells. The scavenging effect of Guibi-tang(Guipitang) and Guibi-tang gamibang(Guipitang jiaweifang) on NO and ROS production induced by 6-OHDA in PC12 cells was evaluated, as well as the attenuating effect of Guibi-tang gamibang(Guipitang jiaweifang) on GSH reduction. Results : 1. Guibi-tang(Guipitang) and Guibi-tang gamibang(Guipitang jiaweifang) had concentration-dependent scavenging activities of DPPH radical 2. Guibi-tang(Guipitang) and Guibi-tang gamibang(Guipitang jiaweifang) had concentration-dependent scavenging activities of ABTS cation. 3. Total polyphenol amount of Guibi-tang(Guipitang) and Guibi-tang gamibang(Guipitang jiaweifang) was calculated 79.10${\pm}$2.20 pg/IO mg and 121.03${\pm}$1.11 pg/IO mg, respectively. 4. Cell viability of Guibi-tang(Guipitang) was increased in a dose dependent manner. Guibi-tang gamibang(Guipitang jiaweifang) was increased at low concentrations, but decreased at high concentrations. 5. In Guibi-tang(Guipitang), cell viability of PC12 cell treated with 6-OHDA was decreased by pre-treatment, and increased by post- and co- treatment. Cell viability of Guibi-tang gamibang(Guipitang jiaweifang) showed variable effects by pre-treatment, but increased by post- and co- treatment. 6. NO production rate of Guibi-tang(Guipitang) didn't show a significant effect, but that of Guibi-tang gamibang(Guipitang jiaweifang) was decreased in a dose dependent manner. 7. ROS production rate of Guibi-tang(Guipitang) was decreased at some concentrations. In Guibi-tang gamibang(Guipitang jiaweifang), ROS production rate was decreased at high concentrations. 8. Guibi-tang gamibang(Guipitang jiaweifang) protected the 6-OHDA-induced GSH reduction. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that both Guibi-tang(Guipitang) and GBTGMB have antioxidative and neuroprotective effect, but Guibi-tang gamibang(Guipitang jiaweifang) has more antioxidative and neuroprotective effect than Guibi-tang.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.21-42
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• 2009

Objectives : This Study was performed to assess the antioxidant and neuroprotective effect of Chunghyul-dan(Qingxuedan) in PC12 cells and primary rat mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons. Methods : The anioxidant effect was investigated using the DPPH radical and ABTS cation scavenging assays and total polyphenol amout of Chunghyul-dan(Qingxuedan). The neuroprotective effect of Chunghyul-dan(Qingxuedan) in PC12 cells was evaluated using MTT assay. The scavenging activity of Chunghyul-dan(Qingxuedan) on ROS production induced by 6-OHDA(6-hydroxydopamine) in PC12 cells was evaluated, as well as the attenuating effect on GSH reduction. Finally, we examined the neuroprotective effect of Chunghyul-dan(Qingxuedan) against 6-0HDA-induced toxicity in the primary culture of rat mesencephalic doperminergic neurons. Results : Chunghyul-dan(Qingxuedan) showed concentration-dependent scavenging activities in DPPH radical and ABTS cation scavenging assays and it was not cytotoxic to PC12 cells. In postand co-treatment, Chunghyul-dan(Qingxuedan) protected PC12 cells from the 6-OHDA induced toxicity at 50 and 100 ${\mu}$g/mL significantly. And Chunghyu!-dan(Qingxuedan) decreased the 6-OHDA induced ROS production at a dose dependent manner, while increaing the 6-OHDA induced GSH reduction at 50 and 100 ${\mu}$g/mL significantly. Finally, Chunghyul-dan(Qingxuedan) showed signicant protection of rat mescencephalic dopaminergic neurons from 6-OHDA at 1 ${\mu}$g/mL. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that Chunghyul-dan(Qingxuedan) has the antioxidant and neuroprotective effect against 6-0HDA induced cytotoxicity through decreasing ROS production and increasing GSH reduction.