• International Journal of Oral Biology
• /
• 제40권4호
• /
• pp.183-187
• /
• 2015

The present study was aimed to evaluate the influence of glutaraldehyde (GA) concentration on multiple electron microscopic (EM) immunostaining using pre-embedding peroxidase and post-embedding immunogold method. Influence of various concentrations of GA included in the fixative on immuoreactivity was assessed in the multiple immunostaining using antisera against anti-transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) for peroxidase staining and anti-GABA for immunogold labeling in the rat trigeminal caudal nucleus. Anti-TRPV1 antiserum had specificity in pre-embedding peroxidase staining when tissues were fixed with fixative containing paraformaldehyde (PFA) alone. Immunoreactivity for TRPV1 was specific in tissues fixed with fixative containing 0.5% GA at both perfusion and postfixation steps, though the immunoreactivity was weaker than in tissues fixed with fixative containing PFA alone. Tissues fixed with fixative containing 0.5% GA at the perfusion and postfixation steps showed specific immunogold staining for GABA. The results of the present study indicate that GA concentration is critical for immunoreactivity to antigens such as TRPV1 and GABA. This study also suggests that the appropriate GA concentration is 0.5% for multiple immunostaining with peroxidase labeling for TRPV1 and immunogold labeling for GABA.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제3권5호
• /
• pp.461-469
• /
• 1999

Glutamate and ${\gamma}-aminobutyric$ acid (GABA) are major excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the vertebrate retina, respectively. Using the whole-cell patch clamp technique and a rapid solution changer, glutamate and GABA receptors have been extensively investigated in carp retina. Glutamate receptors on both horizontal and amacrine cells may be an AMPA preferring subtype, which predominantly consists of flop splice variants. $GABA_A$ and $GABA_C$ receptors coexist in bipolar cells and they both show significant desensitization. Kinetics analysis demonstrated that activation, deactivation and desensitization of the $GABA_C$ receptor-mediated response of these cells are overall slower than those of the $GABA_A$ response. Endogenous modulator $Zn^{2+}$ in the retina was found to differentially modulate the kinetic characteristics of the $GABA_C$ and $GABA_A$ responses.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제42권1호
• /
• pp.9-16
• /
• 2012

이 연구에서는 삼차신경꼬리핵 제 3~4층에서 저역치기계자극정보를 전달하는 일차들신경섬유의 종말과 연접하는 연접이전종말(presynaptic ending; p-ending)들이 어떤 억제성 신경전달물질을 함유하는 지를 분석하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 전기생리학적으로 동정된 고양이콧수염유래 일차들신경종말을 단일 축삭내 HRP주입법으로 표식하였고, GABA와 glycine에 대한 항혈청으로 포매후금입자면역염색법을 시행한 후, 정량적 분석을 실시하였다. 표식종말과 연접하는 16개 p-ending들 중 8개(50%, 8/16) p-ending들은 GABA만을 함유하였으며, 나머지 8개(50%, 8/16) p-ending들은 GABA와 glycine 모두를 함유하는 집단으로 분류할 수 있었다. 또한, 이 두 집단의 p-ending 사이에는 유의한 평균체적의 차이가 보이지 않았으며, 각 p-ending이 함유하는 GABA와 glycine의 상대적 함량은 서로 달랐다. 이러한 결과들은 삼차신경꼬리핵에서 콧수염유래 일차들신경섬유에 의해 전달되는 저역치기계자극정보는 GABA 및 glycine에 의해 연접이전제어(presynaptic modulation)를 받으며, 그 연접이전제어는 각 일차들신경섬유의 종말마다 다르게 나타날 것 이라는 점을 제시한다.

• Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine
• /
• 제3권3호
• /
• pp.175-180
• /
• 2016

Objective Combination of ${\beta}_1-adrenergic$ receptor (AR) blockade and ${\beta}_2-AR$ activation might be a potential novel therapy for treating heart failure. However, use of ${\beta}-AR$ agonists and/or antagonists in the clinical setting is controversial because of the lack of information on cardiac inotropic or chronotropic regulation by AR signaling. Methods In this study, we performed hemodynamic evaluation by examining force frequency response (FFR), Frank-Starling relationship, and response to a non-selective ${\beta}-AR$ agonist (isoproterenol) in hearts isolated from 6-month-old transgenic (TG) mice overexpressing ${\beta}_1-$ and ${\beta}_2-ARs$ (${\beta}_1-$ and ${\beta}_2-AR$ TG mice, respectively). Results Cardiac physiologic consequences of ${\beta}_1-$ and ${\beta}_2-AR$ overexpression resulted in similar maximal response to isoproterenol and faster temporary decline of positive inotropic response in ${\beta}_2-AR$ TG mice. ${\beta}_1-AR$ TG mice showed a pronounced negative limb of FFR, whereas ${\beta}_2-AR$ TG mice showed high stimulation frequencies with low contractile depression during FFR. In contrast, Frank-Starling relationship was equally enhanced in both ${\beta}_1-$ and ${\beta}_2-AR$ TG mice. Conclusion Hemodynamic evaluation performed in the present showed a difference in ${\beta}_1-$ and ${\beta}_2-AR$ signaling, which may be due to the difference in the desensitization of ${\beta}_1-$ and ${\beta}_2-ARs$.

• 대한약리학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한약리학회 2006년도 The 6th Congress of the Federation of Asian and Oceanian Physiological Societies
• /
• pp.105.2-105.2
• /
• 2006

• 대한약리학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한약리학회 2006년도 The 6th Congress of the Federation of Asian and Oceanian Physiological Societies
• /
• pp.107.1-107.1
• /
• 2006

• 대한약리학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한약리학회 2006년도 The 6th Congress of the Federation of Asian and Oceanian Physiological Societies
• /
• pp.121.2-121.2
• /
• 2006

• 한국생명과학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국생명과학회 2006년도 제47회 학술심포지움 및 추계국제학술대회
• /
• pp.29.1-29.1
• /
• 2006

• 대한불안의학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한불안의학회 2005년도 춘계학술대회
• /
• pp.25-34
• /
• 2005

• 대한생식의학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한불임학회 2006년도 The 5th Biannual Meeting of Pacific Rim Society for Fertility and Sterility
• /
• pp.60-61
• /
• 2006