• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.207-213
• /
• 2021

Networks in Mobile ad hoc contain distribution and do not have a predefined structure which practically means that network modes can play the role of being clients or servers. The routing protocols used in mobile Ad-hoc networks (MANETs) are characterized by limited bandwidth, mobility, limited power supply, and routing protocols. Hybrid routing protocols solve the delay problem of reactive routing protocols and the routing overhead of proactive routing protocols. The Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm is used to solve other real-life problems such as the travelling salesman problem, capacity planning, and the vehicle routing challenge. Bio-inspired methods have probed lethal in helping to solve the problem domains in these networks. Hybrid routing protocols combine the distance vector routing protocol (DVRP) and the link-state routing protocol (LSRP) to solve the routing problem.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
• /
• 제24권6호
• /
• pp.23-32
• /
• 2024

Mobile Ad hoc Network is a network of multiple wireless nodes which communicate and exchange information together without any fixed and centralized infrastructure. The core objective for the development of MANET is to provide movability, portability and extensibility. Due to infrastructure less network topology of the network changes frequently this causes many challenges for designing routing algorithms. Many routing protocols for MANET have been suggested for last few years and research is still going on. In this paper we review three main routing protocols namely Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid, performance comparison of Proactive such as DSDV, Reactive as AODV, DSR, TORA and Hybrid as ZRP in different network scenarios including dynamic network size, changing number of nodes, changing movability of nodes, in high movability and denser network and low movability and low traffic. This paper analyzes these scenarios on the performance evaluation metrics e.g. Throughput, Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR), Normalized Routing Load(NRL) and End To-End delay(ETE).This paper also reviews various network layer security attacks challenge by routing protocols, detection mechanism proposes to detect these attacks and compare performance of these attacks on evaluation metrics such as Routing Overhead, Transmission Delay and packet drop rates.

• 한국마린엔지니어링학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국마린엔지니어링학회 2006년도 전기학술대회논문집
• /
• pp.79-81
• /
• 2006

Simulation and physical implementation are both valuable tools in evaluating sensor network routing protocols, but neither alone is sufficient. In this paper, we present the implementation and analysis of sensor routing protocols on the discrete-event simulation system that allows existing nesC codes of sensor network routing protocols to be used to create a physical implementation of the same protocol. We have evaluated the Surge function of TinyOS through example implementations in the Ptolemy II of the unmodified codes and Direct-diffusion routing protocols using VIPTOS simulation models.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
• /
• 제22권7호
• /
• pp.13-20
• /
• 2022

Basically Mobile Ad Hoc Network (MANET) is an autonomous system with the collection of mobile nodes, these nodes are connected to each other by using wireless networks. A mobile ad hoc network poses this quality which makes topology in dynamic manner. As this type of network is Ad Hoc in nature hence it doesn't have fixed infrastructure. If a node wishes to transfer data from source node to a sink node in the network, the data must be passed through intermediate nodes to reach the destination node, hence in this process data packet loss occurs in various MANET protocols. This research study gives a comparison of various Mobile Ad Hoc Network routing protocols like proactive (DSDV) and reactive (AODV, DSR) by using random topology with more intermediate nodes using CBR traffic. Our simulation used 50, 100, and 150 nodes variations to examine the performance of the MANET routing protocols. We compared the performance of DSDV, AODV and DSR, MANET routing protocols with the result of existing protocol using NS-2 environment, on the basis of different performance parameters like Packet Delivery Ratio, average throughput and average end to end delay. Finally we found that our results are better in terms of throughput and packet delivery ratio along with low data loss.

• Journal of Computing Science and Engineering
• /
• 제2권3호
• /
• pp.249-273
• /
• 2008

Epidemic protocols have two fundamental assumptions. One is the availability of a mechanism that provides each node with a set of log(N) (fanout) nodes to gossip with at each cycle. The other is that the network size N is known to all member nodes. While it may be trivial to support these assumptions in small systems, it is a challenge to realize them in large open dynamic systems, such as peer-to-peer (P2P) systems. Technically, since the most fundamental parameter of epidemic protocols is log(N), without knowing the system size, the protocols will be limited. Further, since the network churn, frequently observed in P2P systems, causes rapid membership changes, providing a different set of log(N) at each cycle is a difficult problem. In order to support the assumptions, the fanout nodes should be selected randomly and uniformly from the entire membership. This paper investigates one possible solution which addresses both problems; providing at each cycle a different set of log(N) nodes selected randomly and uniformly from the entire network under churn, and estimating the dynamic network size in the number of nodes. This solution improves the previously developed distributed algorithm called Shuffle to deal with churn, and utilizes the Shuffle infrastructure to estimate the dynamic network size. The effectiveness of the proposed solution is evaluated by simulation. According to the simulation results, the proposed algorithms successfully handle network churn in providing random log(N0 fanout nodes, and practically and accurately estimate the network size. Overall, this work provides insights in designing epidemic protocols for large scale open dynamic systems, where the protocols behave autonomically.

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
• /
• 제9권4호
• /
• pp.87-97
• /
• 2009

A Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) is characterized by multi-hop wireless connectivity, frequently changing network topology with mobile nodes and the efficiency of the dynamic routing protocol plays an important role in the performance of the network. In this paper, the performance of five routing protocols for MANET is compared by using OPNET modeler: AODV, DSR, GRP, OLSR and TORA. The various performance metrics are examined, such as packet delivery ratio, end-to-end delay and routing overhead with varying data traffic, number of nodes and mobility. In our simulation results, OLSR shows the best performance in terms of data delivery ratio in static networks, while AODV has the best performance in mobile networks with moderate data traffic. When comparing proactive protocols (OLSR, GRP) and reactive protocols (AODV, DSR) with varying data traffic in the static networks, proactive protocols consistently presents almost constant overhead while the reactive protocols show a sharp increase to some extent. When comparing each of proactive protocols in static and mobile networks, OLSR is better than GRP in the delivery ratio while overhead is more. As for reactive protocols, DSR outperforms AODV under the moderate data traffic in static networks because it exploits caching aggressively and maintains multiple routes per destination. However, this advantage turns into disadvantage in high mobility networks since the chance of the cached routes becoming stale increases.

• ETRI Journal
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.3-12
• /
• 1988

Several ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) protocols have implemented at ETRI (Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute) in an experimental network so that functional characteristics of the protocols under test could be certified against their protocol specifications with the help of the ETRI protocol test facilities. This paper describes ETRI protocol test architecture and its application to testing the NSP (Network Service Part) protocols : MTP (Message Transfer Part) level 3 and SCCP (Signalling Connection Control Part) of the CCITT CCS (Common Channel Signalling ) system No. 7 The test architecture presented here allows tests for two different protocol classes : peer-to-peer and multipeer protocolos. Some extensions are made to the conventional test architectures, namely the test coordination, test result transfer and network state observation method.

• 정보처리학회논문지:컴퓨터 및 통신 시스템
• /
• 제1권3호
• /
• pp.119-124
• /
• 2012

스마트 유틸리티 네트워크는 기존의 AMR, 스마트 그리드, 스마트 워터 그리드 등의 다양한 에너지 관련 서비스를 통합할 수 있는 에너지망 인프라로서 기존 사용자 중심의 통신망으로부터 기기 중심의 통신망으로의 새로운 패러다임 전환을 가능케 하고 있다. 이러한 스마트 유틸리티 네트워크는 관련 응용분야의 제약 조건과 요구사항에 있어 센서 네트워크와 많은 유사성을 가진다. 그리하여, 스마트 유틸리티 네트워크를 위한 새로운 네트워크 프로토콜을 개발하기 위해서는 기존의 관련 연구에 대한 철저한 분석이 선행되어야 한다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 스마트 유틸리티 네트워크의 서비스 요구사항과 설계 고려사항을 분석하고 기존의 저 전력 프로토콜과 데이터 수집기법 그리고 In-network 저장기법에 대한 분석을 통해 스마트 유틸리티 네트워크를 위한 새로운 네트워크 프로토콜의 설계 가이드라인을 제시한다.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.11-18
• /
• 2010

Diversity-multiplexing tradeoff (DMT) is an efficient tool to measure the performance of multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) systems and cooperative systems. Recently, cooperative multicast system with wireless network coding stretched tremendous interesting due to that it can drastically enhance the throughput of the wireless networks. It is desirable to apply DMT to the performance analysis on the multicast system with wireless network coding. In this paper, DMT is performed at the three proposed wireless network coding protocols, i.e., non-regenerative network coding (NRNC), regenerative complex field network coding (RCNC) and regenerative Galois field network coding (RGNC). The DMT analysis shows that under the same system performance, i.e., the same diversity gain, all the three network coding protocols outperform the traditional transmission scheme without network coding in terms of multiplexing gain. Our DMT analysis also exhibits the trends of the three network coding protocols' performance when multiplexing gain is changing from the lower region to the higher region. Monte-Carlo simulations verify the prediction of DMT.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
• /
• 제13권1호
• /
• pp.60-66
• /
• 2009

유비쿼터스 네트워크 환경에서는 하나의 서비스를 제공하기 위하여 여러 가지 종류의 전달 프로토콜을 포함하는 다종 프로토콜 네트워크 환경이 될 수 있다. 이러한 다종 프로토콜 네트워크 환경에서 서로 다른 전달 프로토콜 간 연동성을 제공함으로써 네트워크 환경 구축을 위한 비용증가나 네트워크 환경의 미시설 또는 장애발생, 그리고 특정 전달 프로토콜 네트워크 환경으로의 트래픽 혼잡 등의 문제를 해소할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 무선 네트워크를 구성하는 일부 노드에 SDR (Software Defined Radio)과 같은 기능을 부여함으로써 서로 다른 전달프로토콜을 포함하는 다종 네트워크의 전달성능을 향상시킬 수 있는 방안을 제시하고, 시뮬레이션 분석을 통하여 그 타당성과 전달성능이 향상될 수 있음을 보이고 그 결과를 제시한다.