• International Journal of Advanced Culture Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.34-41
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• 2023

The purpose of this paper is to consider the expansion of non-traditional security threats and the national-level response to the emergence of emerging security threats in ultra-uncertain VUCA situations. As a major research method for better analysis, the theoretical approach was referred to papers published in books and academic journals, and technical and current affairs data were studied through the Internet and literature research. The instability and uncertainty of the international order and security environment in the 21st century brought about a change in the security paradigm. Human security emerged as the protection target of security was expanded to individual humans, and emerging security was emerging as the security area expanded. Emerging security threatsthat have different characteristicsfrom traditionalsecurity threats are expressed in various ways, such as cyber threats, new infectious disease threats, terrorist threats, and abnormal climate threats. First, the policy and strategic response to respond to emerging security threats is integrated national crisis management based on artificial intelligence applying the concept of Foresight. Second, it is to establish network-based national crisis management smart governance. Third, it is to maintain the agile resilience of the concept of Agilience. Fourth, an integrated response system that integrates national power elements and national defense elements should be established.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.173-179
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• 2023

The 4th Industrial Revolution technology has emerged as a solution to build a hyper-connected, super-intelligent network-oriented operational environment, overcoming the obstacles of reducing troops and defense budgets facing the current military. However, the overall risk management, including the increase in complexity of the latest inform ation technology and the verification of the impact with the existing information system, is insufficient, leading to serious threats to system integrity and availability, or negatively affecting interoperability between systems. It can be inhibited. In this paper, we suggest cyber threat response strategies for our military to prepare for cyber threats by examining information security risk management in the United States in order to protect military information assets from cyber threats that may arise due to the advancement of information technology.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.38.1-38.24
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• 2022

Exosomes, which are well-known nanoscale extracellular vesicles, are multifunctional biomaterials derived from endosomes and perform various functions. The exosome is a critical material in cell-cell communication. In addition, it regulates the pathophysiological conditions of the tumor microenvironment in particular. In the tumor microenvironment, exosomes play a controversial role in supporting or killing cancer by conveying biomaterials derived from parent cells. Innate immunity is a crucial component of the host defense mechanism, as it prevents foreign substances, such as viruses and other microbes and tumorigenesis from invading the body. Early in the tumorigenesis process, the innate immunity explicitly recognizes the tumor via Ags and educates the adaptive immunity to eliminate it. Recent studies have revealed that exosomes regulate immunity in the tumor microenvironment. Tumor-derived exosomes regulate immunity against tumor progression and metastasis. Furthermore, tumor-derived exosomes regulate polarization, differentiation, proliferation, and activation of innate immune cells. Exosomes produced from innate immune cells can inhibit or support tumor progression and metastasis via immune cell activation and direct cancer inhibition. In this study, we investigated current knowledge regarding the communication between tumor-derived exosomes and innate immune cell-derived exosomes (from macrophages, dendritic cells, NK cells, and neutrophils) in the tumor microenvironment. In addition, we discussed the potential development of exosomal immunotherapy using native or engineered exosomes against cancer.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.6.1-6.17
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• 2024

The intricate role of innate type-2 cytokines in immune responses is increasingly acknowledged for its dual nature, encompassing both protective and pathogenic dimensions. Ranging from defense against parasitic infections to contributing to inflammatory diseases like asthma, fibrosis, and obesity, these cytokines intricately engage with various innate immune cells. This review meticulously explores the cellular origins of innate type-2 cytokines and their intricate interactions, shedding light on factors that amplify the innate type-2 response, including TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33. Recent advancements in therapeutic strategies, specifically the utilization of biologics targeting pivotal cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13), are discussed, offering insights into both challenges and opportunities. Acknowledging the pivotal role of innate type-2 cytokines in orchestrating immune responses positions them as promising therapeutic targets. The evolving landscape of research and development in this field not only propels immunological knowledge forward but also holds the promise of more effective treatments in the future.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.19.1-19.18
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• 2021

Clinical and molecular phenotypes of asthma are complex. The main phenotypes of adult asthma are characterized by eosinophil and/or neutrophil cell dominant airway inflammation that represent distinct clinical features. Upper and lower airways constitute a unique system and their interaction shows functional complementarity. Although human upper airway contains various indigenous commensals and opportunistic pathogenic microbiome, imbalance of this interactions lead to pathogen overgrowth and increased inflammation and airway remodeling. Competition for epithelial cell attachment, different susceptibilities to host defense molecules and antimicrobial peptides, and the production of proinflammatory cytokine and pattern recognition receptors possibly determine the pattern of this inflammation. Exposure to environmental factors, including infection, air pollution, smoking is commonly associated with asthma comorbidity, severity, exacerbation and resistance to anti-microbial and steroid treatment, and these effects may also be modulated by host and microbial genetics. Administration of probiotic, antibiotic and corticosteroid treatment for asthma may modify the composition of resident microbiota and clinical features. This review summarizes the effect of some environmental factors on the upper respiratory microbiome, the interaction between host-microbiome, and potential impact of asthma treatment on the composition of the upper airway microbiome.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.3.1-3.16
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• 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been spreading worldwide since its outbreak in December 2019, and World Health Organization declared it as a pandemic on March 11, 2020. SARS-CoV-2 is highly contagious and is transmitted through airway epithelial cells as the first gateway. SARS-CoV-2 is detected by nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal swab samples, and the viral load is significantly high in the upper respiratory tract. The host cellular receptors in airway epithelial cells, including angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and transmembrane serine protease 2, have been identified by single-cell RNA sequencing or immunostaining. The expression levels of these molecules vary by type, function, and location of airway epithelial cells, such as ciliated cells, secretory cells, olfactory epithelial cells, and alveolar epithelial cells, as well as differ from host to host depending on age, sex, or comorbid diseases. Infected airway epithelial cells by SARS-CoV-2 in ex vivo experiments produce chemokines and cytokines to recruit inflammatory cells to target organs. Same as other viral infections, IFN signaling is a critical pathway for host defense. Various studies are underway to confirm the pathophysiological mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Herein, we review cellular entry, host-viral interactions, immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in airway epithelial cells. We also discuss therapeutic options related to epithelial immune reactions to SARS-CoV-2.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.11.1-11.26
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• 2022

When epithelial cells are exposed to potentially threatening external stimuli such as allergens, bacteria, viruses, and helminths, they instantly produce "alarmin" cytokines, namely, IL-33, IL-25, and TSLP. These alarmins alert the immune system about these threats, thereby mobilizing host immune defense mechanisms. Specifically, the alarmins strongly stimulate type-2 immune cells, including eosinophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, type-2 helper T cells, and type-2 innate lymphoid cells. Given that the alarm-raising role of IL-33, IL-25, and TSLP was first detected in allergic and infectious diseases, most studies on alarmins focus on their role in these diseases. However, recent studies suggest that alarmins also have a broad range of effector functions in other pathological conditions, including psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, and cancer. Therefore, this review provides an update on the epithelium-derived cytokines in both allergic and non-allergic diseases. We also review the progress of clinical trials on biological agents that target the alarmins and discuss the therapeutic potential of these agents in non-allergic diseases.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.6.1-6.20
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• 2020

IL-17 is produced by RAR-related orphan receptor gamma t (RORγt)-expressing cells including Th17 cells, subsets of γδT cells and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). The biological significance of IL-17-producing cells is well-studied in contexts of inflammation, autoimmunity and host defense against infection. While most of available studies in tumor immunity mainly focused on the role of T-bet-expressing cells, including cytotoxic CD8⁺ T cells and NK cells, and their exhaustion status, the role of IL-17-producing cells remains poorly understood. While IL-17-producing T-cells were shown to be anti-tumorigenic in adoptive T-cell therapy settings, mice deficient in type 17 genes suggest a protumorigenic potential of IL-17-producing cells. This review discusses the features of IL-17-producing cells, of both lymphocytic and myeloid origins, as well as their suggested pro- and/or anti-tumorigenic functions in an organ-dependent context. Potential therapeutic approaches targeting these cells in the tumor microenvironment will also be discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society for information Management
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.23-39
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• 2021

This study aims to explore research trends in Blockchain studies in South Korea using dynamic topic modeling and network analysis. To achieve this goal, we conducted the university & institute collaboration network analysis, the keyword co-occurrence network analysis, and times series topic analysis using dynamic topic modeling. Through the university & institute collaboration network analysis, we found major universities such as Soongsil University, Soonchunhyang University, Korea University, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) and major institutes such as Ministry of National Defense, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Samil PricewaterhouseCoopers, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute that led collaborative research. Next, through the analysis of the keyword co-occurrence network, we found major research keywords including virtual assets (Cryptocurrency, Bitcoin, Ethereum, Virtual currency), blockchain technology (Distributed ledger, Distributed ledger technology), finance (Smart contract), and information security (Security, privacy, Personal information). Smart contracts showed the highest scores in all network centrality measures showing its importance in the field. Finally, through the time series topic analysis, we identified five major topics including blockchain technology, blockchain ecosystem, blockchain application 1 (trade, online voting, real estate), blockchain application 2 (food, tourism, distribution, media), and blockchain application 3 (economy, finance). Changes of topics were also investigated by exploring proportions of representative keywords for each topic. The study is the first of its kind to attempt to conduct university & institute collaboration networks analysis and dynamic topic modeling-based times series topic analysis for exploring research trends in Blockchain studies in South Korea. Our results can be used by government agencies, universities, and research institutes to develop effective strategies of promoting university & institutes collaboration and interdisciplinary research in the field.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.193-218
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of closed-type SNS use (i.e., Naver Band) on the perception and behavior of the Korean Army soldiers. In contrast to open-type SNS (e.g., Facebook or Twitter), Naver Band is an online communication service system mostly based on confined offline social network. Therefore, it increases communication between acquaintances who have previously formed relationships. Although the Korean Army recently began to use Naver Band as a method of communication between soldiers, their parents/acquaintance, and Army commanders (or leaders), little research has been done about how this use directly affects army soldiers. Hence, applying the motivation opportunity ability theory of behavior, this study examines how enjoyment (Motivational factor), social ties (Opportunity factor), and social intelligence (Ability factor) affect soldiers' belongingness to their organization and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). We also hypothesize that army soldiers' belongingness and OCB may enhance their individual performance. Survey results show that enjoyment, social ties, and social intelligence increase army soldiers' belongingness, which leads to OCB. Also, enhanced OCB increases individual performance. However, the effect of enjoyment and social ties on soldiers' OCB is non-significant and soldiers' belongingness does not have influence on individual performance. Theoretical and practical implications are presented.