• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.513-525
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• 1999

Objectives : High-normal blood pressure' is a factor influencing decision to initiate targeted intensive intervention strategy in westernized populations. JNC-VI offered the vigorous lifestyle modification for persons with 'high-normal blood pressure', who could be early detected. As a hypertension seems to be the result of multiple genetic factors operating in concert with associated environmental factors, it will be necessary to identify the high-normal blood pressure as a risk factor of hypertension for applying primary prevention strategy in Korean people. Methods : Although cohort study design might be adequate to recruit incidence cases, to keep time sequence of events, and to prevent information bias, nested case-control study was chosen for avoiding measurement errors because hypertension is a benign disease. Source population was the 'Seoul Cohort' participants and follow-up was done by using Korea Medical Insurance Corporation's database on the utilization of health services from 1 Jan93 to 30Jun97. Incidence cases were ascertained through the chart review, telephone contacts, and direct blood pressure measurements. Controls included the pairing of 4 individuals to each case on the basis of age. Results : As 75% of 247 incident cases had high-normal blood pressure, the crude odds ratio for hypertension was 2.04 (95% CI 1.47-2.83). Another statistically significant risk factors of hypertension were body mass index, dietary fiber, alcohol consumption, weekly activity and history of quitting smoking. The multivariate odds ratio of high-normal blood pressure adjusted for all risk factors was 1.84 (95% CI 1.31-2.56). Among high-normal blood pressure group, body mass index, weekly ethanol amounts, weekly physical activity, and dietary fiber except history of quitting smoking were still risk factors of hypertension. Conclusion : 'High-normal blood pressure' is a risk factor for hypertension in Korean middle-aged men, which represents that the vigorous lifestyle modification for persons with 'high-normal blood pressure' is need.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.134-138
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• 2016

Objectives: Season of birth, an exogenous indicator of early life environment, has been related to higher risk of adverse psychiatric outcomes but the findings for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been inconsistent. We investigated whether the month or season of birth are associated with AD. Methods: A nationwide nested case-control study including all community-dwellers with clinically verified AD diagnosed in 2005 to 2012 (n=70 719) and up to four age- sex- and region of residence-matched controls (n=282 862) residing in Finland. Associations between month and season of birth and AD were studied with conditional logistic regression. Results: Month of birth was not associated with AD (p=0.09). No strong associations were observed with season (p=0.13), although in comparison to winter births (December-February) summer births (June-August) were associated with higher odds of AD (odds ratio, 1.03; 95% confidence interval, 1.00 to 1.05). However, the absolute difference in prevalence in winter births was only 0.5% (prevalence of those born in winter were 31.7% and 32.2% for cases and controls, respectively). Conclusions: Although our findings do not support the hypothesis that season of birth is related to AD/dementia risk, they do not invalidate the developmental origins of health and disease hypothesis in late-life cognition. It is possible that season does not adequately capture the early life circumstances, or that other (postnatal) risk factors such as lifestyle or socioeconomic factors overrule the impact of prenatal and perinatal factors.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.149-156
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• 2001

Objective : To elucidate risk factors for coronary heart diseases among Korean males. Methods : A nested case control study was conducted among a Korea Medical Insurance Cooperation(KMIC) cohort composed of 108,802 males. The eases included 246 male patients who were admitted to hospital due to coronary heart diseases from 1993 to 1997 (120-25 by ICD) and whose diagnosis was confirmed by the protocol by WHO MONICA Project(1994). The control group was composed of 483 patients selected by frequency matching considering age and resident area from an inpatient care group without coronary heart disease during the same period. For study cases and the controls, the results of a health check-up in 1990 and a questionnaire on life style in 1992 were received through the KMIC. Some additional information was collected by telephone interviews during October 1999. Results : Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the odds ratio(OR) of coronary heart diseases among past smokers and current smokers as compared to non-smokers were 1.94(95% CI : 1.14-3.31) and 2.20(55% CI : 1.35-3.59), respectively. The OR among persons who drank 4 cups or more of caffeinated beverages such as coffee or tea daily as compared to persons who drank one cup for 2-3 days was 2.50(95% CI : 1.07-6.12). The OR among persons with high normal BP and stage 3 hypertension against normotension were 2.51 (95% CI : 1.44-4.37) and 5.08(95% CI : 2.38-10.84). The OR among persons whose blood cholesterol were 240 mg/dL or mere against lower than 200mg/dL was 2.24(95% CI : 1.43-3.49). Conclusion : Smoking, drinking of excessive caffeinated beverages, hypertension and high blood cholesterol were proven to be significant risk factors for coronary heart diseases among Korean males.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.149-156
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• 2014

중첩형 일반화 사례 (NGE, Nested Generalized Exemplar) 기법은 거리 기반 분류를 최적 일치 규칙으로 사용하며, 노이즈에 대한 내구력을 증가시켜 주는 동시에 모델 크기를 감소시키는 장점이 있다. NGE 학습 중 생성된 교차(cross)나 중첩(overlap) 현상은 분류성능을 저해하는 요인으로 작용한다. 따라서 본 논문은 NGE 학습 중 생성된 교차나 중첩 현상이 발생한 초월 평면에대해 상호정보가 가장 큰 구간을 분리하여, 새로운 초월평면을 구성하게 하여, 분류성능 향상시키고 초월평면의 개수를 감소시키는 기법인 DHGen(Dominant Hyperrectangle Generation) 알고리즘을 제안하였다. 제안한 DHGen은 분류성능면에서 kNN과 유사하고 NGE이론으로 구현한 EACH보다 우수함을 UCI Machine Learning Repository에서 벤치마크데이터를 발췌한 실험자료로 입증하였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.785-790
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• 2013

Background: Persistent infection of one or more of about 15 high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs), most commonly HPV types 16/18, has a significant role in cervical cancer initiation and progression. There are limited data available from north-east India about HPV prevalence though this region has high incidence rates of cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the HPV genotypes prevalent in cervical cancer patients of north-east India. Materials and Methods: We analyzed 107 cervical cancer patient samples. Nested multiplex PCR assays were employed for detection of 13 high risk and 5 low risk HPV types. Results: HPV was confirmed in 105 samples. The presence of 6 'carcinogenic' HPV types, HPV-16 (88%), -18 (15%), -31(4%),-45 (3%), -59 (4%), -58(1%), and one non carcinogenic, HPV-6/11 (6%), was recorded. Among various demographic and clinical factors only tumour stage showed a statistically significant association with HPV type infection (P=0.019). Conclusions: We suggest that the most prevalent genotype is HPV-16 followed by HPV-18 in cervical carcinoma patients of the north-eastern region of India. Advanced tumour stage may be associated with increased possibility of harbouring multiple HPV genotypes.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.577-585
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• 2008

This paper suggests a marginal probability model for analyzing repeated polytomous response data when some factors are nested in others in treatment structures on a larger experimental unit. As a repeated measures factor, time is considered on a smaller experimental unit. So, two different experiment sizes are considered. Each size of experimental unit has its own design structure and treatment structure, and the marginal probability model can be constructed from the structures for each size of experimental unit. Weighted least squares(WLS) methods are used for estimating fixed effects in the suggested model.

• 대한예방의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한예방의학회 1998년도 제50차 추계 학술대회 연제집
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• pp.105-106
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• 1998

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.91-97
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• 2011

H. pylori는 위 뿐만 아니라 구강의 치태, 타액 등에 존재하여 구강편평태선, 재발성 아프타성 구내염, 치주질환 그리고 구취와 같은 많은 구강질환과 관련되여 있다. 구강작열감증후군은 어떠한 임상적 징후를 나타내지 않는 구강 내 통증장애로 주로 혀나 구강점막에 타는 듯 한 통증을 특징적으로 나타낸다. 구강작열감증후군의 원인으로는 국소적, 전신적 및 정신적 요인 등이 제시되고 있으나, H. pylori 균의 감염과 관련된 연구는 매우 부족하다. 이에 본 연구에서는 구강 내 H. pylori 발현 상태가 구강작열감증후군과 관련성이 있는지를 알아보고자 21명의 구강작열감증후군 환자와 21명의 대조군의 협점막, 혀의 배면 그리고 타액에서 표본을 채취한 후 nested PCR을 시행 하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. Nested PCR 분석을 시행한 후 표본채취 부위 중 한 개 이상에서 양성으로 나타난 경우가 구강작열감증후군환자에서 6명(29%), 대조군에서 3명(14%)이었다 (p>0.05). 2. 구강작열감증후군 환자의 협점막, 혀의 배면 그리고 타액에서 3명(14%), 2명(10%), 4명(19%)이 양성을 나타내었으며, 대 조군에서는 혀의 배면과 타액에서만 2명(10%) 과 1명(5%)이 양성을 나타내었다(P>0.05). 이상의 결과로 구강 내 H. pylori와 구강작열감증후군과는 관련성이 없음을 추론할 수 있었다.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.295-301
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• 2006

본 실험은 육계에서의 Marek's disease(MD) 백신에 대한 안전성과 효용성을 국내에 기 도입된 18일령 계란에서의 백신 접종 방법(In-Ovo vaccination)을 이용하여 평가하고자 실시하였다. 육계에서의 MD 오염율은 nested PCR을 이용하였으며 백신 접종군과 비접종군간의 생산성 차이를 출하 일령, 평균출하체중, 출하율, 사료 효율을 기본으로 하는 생산 지수를 측정하여 비교하였다. 백신에 의한 면역 억제 현상을 파악하기 위하여 접종 농장에서 채취한 혈청에서의 항체 역가수준과 F낭의 무게 변화를 검사하였다. 국내 육계에서의 MD 발생율을 파악하기 위하여 nested PCR을 실시한 결과 조사 대상 농장 중 26.09%가 오염되었으며, 백신 접종 농장과 비접종 농장간의 생산 지수의 차이는 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 없었다. 그러나 MDV 오염군에서의 MD 백신 접종 농장의 생산 지수가 비접종 농장보다 높아 간접적으로 효과가 있음이 인정되었다. 면역 억제여부를 파악하기 위한 검사에서는 두 그룹 간 B/B ratio 차이는 없었으나 두 계군 모두 출하 시 심한 위축을 보여주어 혈청 검사 성적과 연계하여 볼 때 국내 육계 농장에서의 IBD 감염이 만연되어 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구를 통해서 국내 육계에서의 MDV 오염율이 파악되었으며, In-Ovo 백신 접종에 의한 MD 백신 접종은 안전성에 있어서는 별다른 문제가 없었으나 효능면에 있어서는 MD 야외감염율이 낮고 IBD와 같은 면역 억제 질병의 감염이 만연되어 있어 정확한 평가가 되지 않아 앞으로 후속 연구가 진행되어야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권21호
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• pp.9535-9541
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• 2014

Background: Identifying risk factors of breast cancer is a key point for preventive strategies to reduce the incidence. The aim of current study was to determine most important risk factors for breast cancer in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) using a systematic review. Materials and Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science till August 24, 2012 and the reference lists of all included studies were searched. Analytic studies which had reported odds ratios (OR), relative risk (RR) or required data to calculate them were included. A total of 343 studies were critically appraised and finally 30 studies were meta-analyzed. Heterogeneity between the studies was assessed by $I^2$ and Cochran's Q. Egger's test was used to assess publication bias. Results: Twenty five casecontrol studies, one nested case-control and four cohort studies were included. The largest ORs were obtained for history of no live birth (2.25; 95%CI: 1.58-3.18), body mass index (BMI) more than 30 (2.21; 95%CI: 1.71-2.36), age at first pregnancy more than 30 years old (1.52; 95%CI: 1.30-1.77) and meat consumption more than three times per week (1.39; 95%CI: 1.03-1.87). The other important predictors were higher education and smoking as risk factors, physical activity and ovulatory stimulating medication as protective factors. Conclusions: The most important predictors of breast cancer in EMR were history of no live birth, BMI more than 30, age at first pregnancy more than 30 years old, physical inactivity and smoking. Almost all these risk factors are consistent with known risk factors for this cancer in other parts of the world.