• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.281-292
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• 2017

Objective: This study aims to identify important physical design variables in designing a necklace type wearable device, and to present design guidelines to maximize comfort that a user feels upon wearing the device. Background: Interests in fitness culture and personal health are on the rise recently. In such a situation, demand for necklace type wearable devices is projected to increase a lot, as the devices enable users to use their hands freely and to enjoy various contents through connection with mobile devices. However, the necklace type wearable device's comfort was assessed to have the lowest comfort in a running situation, where human body moves up and down and left and right more than other devices wearable on other human body parts. Therefore, the usability of a necklace type wearable device was low. In this regard, studies on identification of the variables affecting user comfort upon wearing a necklace type wearable device and on physical design direction maximizing comfort and usability are needed. Method: A pretest and a main test were carried out to draw the direction of necklace type wearable device design. In the pretest, wearing evaluation on the diverse types of devices released in the market was conducted to draw physical design variables of the devices affecting comfort. Furthermore, variables significantly affecting the comfort of a device were selected through an analysis of variance (ANOVA). In the main test, anthropometry was performed, and information on anthropometric items corresponding to the design variables selected in the pretest was acquired. Based on the pretest results and the anthropometric information in the main test, the present study produced design guidelines maximizing the comfort of a necklace type wearable device with regard to major design variables upon dynamic tasks. Results: According to the pretest results, the variables having effects on comfort were the angle of side points, width, and height. Due to interactions between variables, those need to be simultaneously considered upon designing a device. Upon dynamic tasks, the angle of side points and width of a device was designed to be smaller than mean angle of the trapezius muscle and neck width, and thus attachment to human body was high. As height was designed to be larger than mean neck front and rear point width, comfort was higher due to feeling of stability. Conclusion: Because user sensitivity to comfort was high at human body's inflection points, a device needs to be designed for users not to feel high pressure on specific body parts with the device fitting human body shape well. A design considering user's situation is also required in further studies.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.274-281
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• 2010

In this study, PEG-PLA(or PLGA) amphiphilic di-block copolymers were synthesized by ring opening polymerization of D,L-lactide(or glycolide) and applied to polymeric micelle system for solubilization of a rosiglitazone as diabetes drug. The drug could be efficiently loaded into the polymer micelle by solid dispersion technique, and the drug-loaded micelles were characterized and evaluated as a drug delivery carrier by fluorescence spectrometer, DSC, and DLS measurements. The colloidal stability of drug loaded micelles in aqueous media could be enhanced by addition of 2-hydroxy-N-picolylnitinamide as a hydrotropic agent. The polymer micelles also showed biocompatible and nontoxic properties in vitro cell viability using MTT assay, and the drug loaded micelles were observed to be more effective than free drug for decreasing glucose in blood of rats.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.44-52
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• 2009

Purpose: We assessed the radiographic and clinical results of one surgeon's experience treating proximal humerus fractures with a locked proximal humeral plate. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients with unstable proximal humerus fractures were treated with a locking compression plate between February 2005 and September 2007. The average age of the patients was 60.6 years, and the average postoperative follow-up period was 22.3 months. The clinical results were evaluated using the Constant and DASH scores. The radiologic results were evaluated by the Paavolainen method, which measures the neck shaft angle and humeral head height. Results: At the last follow-up examination, the mean Constant score was 75.3 and 15 cases (75%) had excellent or good results; the mean DASH score was 16.4. The mean neck shaft angle was $137.1^{\circ}$, and 19 cases (95%) had good results by the Paavolainen method. There was one delayed union, malunion, and screw loosening. Conclusion: The patients treated with a locking compression plate had relatively good clinical and radiologic results, and a low complication rate. Moreover, the patients could exercise earlier due to good reduction and initial stability. Treatment of unstable proximal humerus fractures with a locking compression plate is a reliable method.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.30-39
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• 2017

Background: Scapular posterior tilt (SPT) is important in the prevention of abnormal scapular movement and pain during elevation of the arm. However, previous studies have overlooked increased upper trapezius (UT) muscle activity interrupting the normal force couple of scapular motion and compensation of levator scapulae (LS) muscle activated simultaneously with UT during SPT exercise. Objects: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of modified SPT with depression exercise versus SPT exercise on serratus anterior (SA), lower trapezius (LT), UT, and LS muscle activities and the clavicular tilt angle, in subjects with rounded shoulder posture (RSP) and myofascial pain in the UT muscle region. Methods: Eighteen subjects with RSP were recruited and randomly allocated to 2 groups; 9 in the SPT group and 9 in the SPT with depression group. All subjects met the specific RSP criteria and had myofascial pain of UT region. Depending on the allocated group, subjects performed the assigned SPT exercise and EMG data were recorded during the each exercise. Clavicular tilt angle was defined as the angle between the line joining the medial and lateral end of the clavicle and a horizontal line. Results: The SA muscle activity was significantly greater in SPT with depression than with SPT exercise (p<.05). The UT, LS muscle activity and the clavicular tilt angle was significantly lower in SPT with depression than with SPT exercise (p<.05). Conclusion: These findings were insightful because the potential risk of pain from overactivation of the UT and LS was considered, in contrast with SPT exercise. SPT with depression exercise can be implemented as an effective method to facilitate scapular muscle activity for stability and to prevent myofascial pain in the neck and shoulder.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.224-235
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• 1996

Early implantation before sufficient ossification has taken place usually results in osseointegartion failure due to reduced bone-fixture interface area. However, various studies have shown successful osseointegration results following immediate implants concurrently with GTR. The clinical trends have been to shorten the patients' edentulous state by immediate implantation, and reduce the alveolar bone resorption. However, it may be difficult to attain the complete soft tissue coverage of the sites, increasing the chance of infection. Furthermore, there may be more studies needed on the clinical behaviors of e-PTFE membranes, various modofications in the membrane materials and bone graft materials. Various animal and clinical studies have been reported on the successful osseointagration following immediate implantation, but the long-term follow-up studies are limited. The present study investigated 16 immediately-implanted implants with GTR therapy with or without calcium carbonate grafting on 11 patients 3 years after installation and 24-30 months after functional loading. Based on the clinical, radiographic and histologic findings, the following results have been attained. 1. Clinically, stability has been shown on all 16 implants throughout the investigated periods. 2. Radiologically, the alveolar bone loss has progressed up to the polished neck portion but not beyond it, suggesting the progressive osseointegration from the GTR therapy. 3. The GTR method used in the present study is easy to use clinically, and may be appied in the regeneration of ossoeous defects around implants and in the immediate implantation. 4. The difficulty in complete tissue coverage may be avoided by delaying the installation for 2 to 3 weeks after the extraction allowing certain degree of soft tissue healing.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.111-121
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• 2017

Verification of dose distribution is an essential part of ensuring the treatment planning system's (TPS) calculated dose will achieve the desired outcome in radiation therapy. Each measurement have uncertainty associated with it. It is desirable to reduce the measurement uncertainty. A best approach is to reduce the uncertainty associated with each step of the process to keep the total uncertainty under acceptable limits. Point dose patient specific quality assurance (QA) is recommended by American Association of Medical Physicists (AAPM) and European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology (ESTRO) for all the complex radiation therapy treatment techniques. Relative and absolute point dose measurement methods are used to verify the TPS computed dose. Relative and absolute point dose measurement techniques have a number of steps to measure the point dose which includes chamber cross calibration, electrometer reading, chamber calibration coefficient, beam quality correction factor, reference conditions, influences quantities, machine stability, nominal calibration factor (for relative method) and absolute dose calibration of machine. Keeping these parameters in mind, the estimated relative percentage uncertainty associated with the absolute point dose measurement is 2.1% (k=1). On the other hand, the relative percentage uncertainty associated with the relative point dose verification method is estimated to 1.0% (k=1). To compare both point dose measurement methods, 13 head and neck (H&N) IMRT patients were selected. A point dose for each patient was measured with both methods. The average percentage difference between TPS computed dose and measured absolute relative point dose was 1.4% and 1% respectively. The results of this comparative study show that while choosing the relative or absolute point dose measurement technique, both techniques can produce similar results for H&N IMRT treatment plans. There is no statistically significant difference between both point dose verification methods based upon the t-test for comparing two means.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1111-1117
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• 2012

Implants for rhinoplasty should ideally be biocompatible and possess long-term stability after implantation. Silicone implants are most widely used for rhinoplasty. However, these implants suffer from problems related to high extrusion and infection rates. To minimize these complications, we propose a novel augmentation rhinoplasty technique using tissue engineering. To demonstrate its feasibility, a nasal-implant-shaped scaffold was designed using commercialized CAD software and fabricated using a Multi-head Deposition System, which is a solid freeform fabrication system that dispenses material. In vitro cell proliferation and chondrogenic differentiation tests were carried out using nasal septal chondrocytes.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1469-1475
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• 2000

Objective : The goal of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of the posterior C1-2 transarticular screw fixation without C1-2 sublaminar wiring in atlantoaxial instability. Methods : Between Apr. 1995 and Feb. 2000, we used this technique in treat randomly selected 17 patients (11 men, 6 women) who had atlantoaxial instability. The causes of instability were : type II-A odontoid process fracture(10 cases) ; type II-P odontoid process fracture(1 case) ; Os odontoideum(2 cases) ; transverse ligament laxity due to rheumatoid disease(1 case) ; and, transverse ligament injury without bone fracture(3 cases). All cases were operated with posterior C1-2 transarticular screw fixation with 3.5mm cortical screw and interlaminar iliac graft without sublaminar wire fixation. The mean follow-up period was 28 months(5 to 58 months) and the mean age at the time of operation was 41 years(15 to 68 years). All Patients were allowed to ambulate with Philadelphia neck collar on the first post-operation day. Results : Bony fusion was successfully achieved in all cases demonstrated at 3-month follow-up studies. There was no operative mortality or morbidity. Conclusion : The authors conclude that the posterior transarticular screw fixation without C1-2 sublaminar wiring provide adequate stability with high bony union rate in atlantoaxial instability of various causes.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.57-71
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• 2002

Cervical pain is a rapid increase that is owing to a flexion-extension whiplash injury, unappropriated posture, chronical repetition injury from abdominal position of head and neck, excessive repeating work, chronical deficiency of excercise. Because of that is bring about muscle unbalance, tightness of cervical extensor muscle, weakness of cervical deep flexor muscles, instability of cervical region and reduction of proprioceptive sensor. Recent the role of muscle is more emphasized for preservation of sine stabilization. And cognition of integrated muscular system, importance for the operation and relation is increased to maintain stability of the motor system and pertinent function. Therefore we are going to introduce the sling exercise and stabilization exercise method for advanced efficient of cervical and upper limb and for the muscle strengthening to importance cervical stabilization through neurological program as control the reaction of cervical stabilization. Sling exercise therapy(SET) concept consists of a system of diagnosis and treatment. The system of diagnosis involves testing the muscle's tolerance through progressive loading in open and close kinetic chains. The SET system contains elements such as relaxation, increasing the range of movement, traction, training the stabilizing musculature, sensory-motor exercises, training in open and close kinetic chains, dynamic training of the mobilizing musculature, cardiovascular exercise, group exercise, personal exercise at home Sensory-motor training is an essential element of the SET concept. The emphasis is on closed kinetic chain exercise on an unstable surface, there by achieving optimum stimulation of the sensory-motor apparatus.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.769-775
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• 2015

Background The radial forearm flap is a versatile, widely used flap. However, the possibility of donor site complications has led to concern over its use. Some surgeons prefer using other flaps whose donor sites can be closed primarily with less morbidity, including avoiding unpleasant scarring. However, in our experience, donor site stability of the radial forearm flap can be reliably achieved by using well-implemented specific procedures. Here, we present a collection of donor site cases of the radial forearm flap and investigate factors that affect the aesthetic results as the basis for a reference for selecting a radial forearm flap. Methods In this retrospective study, we reviewed 171 cases in which a radial forearm flap was used for free tissue transfer after resecting head and neck cancer. We focused on donor site morbidity rates. Each operation involved a detailed procedure designed to minimize donor site morbidity. Moreover, statistical investigations were conducted for 22 cases to determine factors affecting the scar appearance. Results Only one case developed total skin graft necrosis as a major complication. Scar-related aesthetic results were acceptable, and the body-mass index, body weight, diabetes, and cardiac problems were significant factors related to the appearance of scars. Conclusions Performing the radial forearm flap using a well-implemented detailed technique helps achieve acceptable donor site morbidity results. The aesthetic results were more promising for patients without excess body weight, diabetes, or cardiac problems. Therefore, anxiety about donor site morbidity should not be a reason to avoid selecting the radial forearm flap in suitable patients.