• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.642-648
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• 2012

To evaluate the water quality in Juksancheon constructed wetlands for treating non-point source pollution, the removal rates of nutrients in water and the total amounts of T-N and T-P uptakes by water plants were investigated. Chemical characteristics of T-N and T-P in sediment were investigated. The concentrations of BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), SS (Suspended Solids), T-N and T-P in inflow were 0.07~1.47, 0.60~2.65, 0.50~4.60, 1.38~6.26 and $0.08{\sim}0.32mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. The removal rates of BOD, COD, SS, T-N, and T-P were -10, 51, 66, -3 and 5%, respectively. The maximum amount of T-N uptake by water plants in August was $368.7mg\;plant^{-1}$ in the $2^{nd}$ treatment stage by Nymphoides peltata, $1314.6mg\;plant^{-1}$ in the $3^{rd}$ treatment stage by Iris pseudacorus, $1160.4mg\;plant^{-1}$ in the $4^{th}$ treatment stage by Nymphaea tetragona GEORGI, respectively. The maximum amount of T-P uptake by water plants in August was $121.7mg\;plant^{-1}$ by Nymphoides peltata in the $2^{nd}$ treatment stage, $268.7mg\;plant^{-1}$ by Iris pseudacorus in the $3^{rd}$ treatment stage and $212.0mg\;plant^{-1}$ by Nymphaea tetragona GEORGI in the $4^{th}$ treatment stage, respectively. Organic matter contents in sediments were not different. Contents of T-N and T-P in sediments were higher in spring. Microbial biomass C:N:P ratios in sediments in spring, summer, autumn and winter were 117~140:1~4:1, 86~126:5~6:1, 68~101:2~6:1 and 47~138:2~4:1, respectively. We could conclude that Juksancheon constructed wetlands show high removal efficiencies of COD and SS. However, improvements of management in winter season should be considered to improve the removal efficiencies of pollutants.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.279-286
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• 2002

This pot experiment was conducted to find out the forage productivity and contents of mineral nutrients in an orchardgrass sward affected by the compost lime, and phosphorus applications on the newly reclaimed and arable pasture soils. This 2nd part was concerned with the effect of lime application(L$_{0}$=control, L$_1$=279, L$_2$=54g CaCO$_3$/pot). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. There were considerable differences between the newly reclaimed and arable pasture soils in the soil chemical properties as follows in general; poor/common in the newly reclaimed soil longrightarrow and common/good in the arable pasture soil in terms of soil fertility standard. 2. It was recognized that the lime application was resulted in somewhat decrease of the concentrations of available P$_2$O$_{5}$ and increase of P$_2$O$_{5}$ absorbtion coefficient in the newly reclaimed soil, whereas these negative effects were positively enhanced by both lime and compost applications. The concentrations of exchangeable Ca and mg in both soils were increased by lime application. 3. The vigour at early growth stage of orchardgrass was better in the arable pasture soil than newly reclaimed soil. It was worsened by the heavy lime application(L$_2$), but this negative effect was positively enhanced by both lime and compost application. 4. Compared with the non-lime application, the forage yields of L$_1$ treatment were increased in both soils by 15~18%. whereas it of L$_2$ treatment was similar or lower than it of L$_1$. 5. The concentrations of Ca, mg, and P in orchardgrass were relatively higher in the arable pasture soil than the newly reclaimed soil, whereas there it was no difference in the K concentration. It was recognized that the concentrations of mg and Ca in orchardgrass were higher in the L$_1$ treatment than the Lo treatment in both soils, whereas there were no difference in it between L$_1$ and L$_2$ treatments.ments.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 1997.07a
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• pp.11-25
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• 1997

This presentation will focus on building basic English Prosodic Skills which are very useful and helpful for Japanese learners of English. The focus first will be on recognizing the seven basic nuclear tones, analysing intonation structures, distinguishing intonation patterns and then on the way of improving speaking ability using sufficient verbal contents of intonation (mini-dialogue). My presentation deals mainly with some difficulties which Japanese learners of English have in the field of RP intonation, It is chiefly concerned with identifying, describing and analysing tone-group sequences. It sometimes happens that Japanese learners of English can pronounce isolated bounds correctly and read phonetic symbols sufficiently, bet have difficult problems in carrying out accurate prosodic features. The use of wrong intonation is sometimes the cause of misunderstanding of speaker's attitude, connotation and shades of meaning, etc.. However accurately students can pronounce the nuclear tone or tone-group of English, they have to learn how to connect tone-groups properly for suitable sequences in respect to meaning or implication. We are faced with the complicated theory of RF intonation on the one hand and difficult realization of it on the other. Japanese learners of English have special difficulties in employing "rising tune" and "falling + rising tune". If students are taught pitch movements by indicating dots graphically between two horizontal lines, they can easily understand the whole shape of pitch movements. In this presentation, I illuminate several tone-group sequences which are very useful for Japanese learning English intonation. Among them, four similar Pitch Patterns, such as, (1) (equation omitted)- type, (2) (equation omitted) - type, (3) (equation omitted) - type and (4) (Rising Head) (equation omitted)- type are clarified and other important tone-group sequences aye also highlighted from the point of view of teaching English as a foreign language. The intonation theory, tone marks and technical terms are, in all essentials, those of Intonation of Colloquial English by O'Connor, J. D. and Arnold, G. F., Longman, 2nd ed., 1982. The changes of tone are shown graphically between two horizontal lines representing the ordinary high and low zones of the utterance. A.C.Gimson (1981:314) : The intonation of English has been studied in greater detail and for longer than that of any other language. No definitive analysis, classifying the features of RP intonation, has yet appeared (though that presented by O'Connor and Arnold (1973) provides the most comprehensive and useful account from the foreign learner's point of view).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.632-637
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• 2017

This study was conducted to determine the minimal processing characteristics of four vegetables (brown mustard, kale, red beet and red lettuce) for wrapping (Ssam). Prior to evaluation, the vegetable leaves were cut, washed, and packaged. The texture, weight loss, browning index, pH, gas concentrations ($O_2$ and $CO_2$), microbial growth, and organoleptic qualities of the leaves were assessed at $10^{\circ}C$ for 7 days. The cutting strength of red beet was significantly different among leaves. The initial springiness of brown mustard was the lowest (0.98%). The weight loss varied between 0.24 to 4.77%, pH ranged from 6.00 to 6.95, and browning index increased to 0.95 during storage. Changes of gas composition were lower in cut leaf than whole leaf. Aerobic bacteria (4.9-8.0 log CFU/g), yeast (not detected), mold (-3.5 log CFU/g), and total coliforms (5.0-8.0 log CFU/g) were assessed in the samples. Thus, overall quality of kale and red beet leaves with minimal processing showed satisfactory results when stored for 7 days.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.483-501
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to apply a multi-metric model of Lentic Ecosystem Health Assessments(LEHA) for environmental impact assessments of Cheongpyung Reservoir during 2005 - 2006 and assessed the ecological model values. The ecosystem model of LEHA was composed of eleven metrics such as biological parameters($B_p$), physical parameters($P_p$), and chemical parameters($C_p$), and determined the rank of ecological health by the criteria. The variables of $B_p$ were metrics of % sensitive species($M_2$, NMS) and insectivore species($M_5$, % $I_n$), which decrease as the water quality degradates, and these metric values were low as 1.5% and 32.4%, respectively. In contrast, the proportions of tolerant species and omnivore species as the other $B_p$ parameters were 43% and 62%, respectively, which indicate a degradation and disturbance of the ecosystem. Riparian vegetation coverage($M_9$, % $V_c$) as a variable of $P_p$, were higher in the 2nd than 1st survey, and decreased toward the dam site from the headwaters. This was due to a habitat simplification(modifications) by frequent bottom dredging of sand and rocks. The variables of $C_p$ were two metrics of specific conductivity($M_{10}$, $C_I$) as an indicator of ionic contents(cations and anions) and the Trophic State Index(TSI) based on chlorophyll-a($M_{11}$, $TSI_{CHL}$) as an indicator of trophic state. These metric values of $C_p$ had high temporal variations, but low spatial variations on the main axis of the reservoir along with the ecological health of a good condition. The environmental impact assessments using the LEHA multi-metric model indicated that the model values of LEHA averaged 30.7 in 1st survey(fair - poor condition) vs. 28 in 2nd survey(poor condition), indicating a temporal variation of the ecological health. The model values of LEHA showed a minimum(28) in the lacustrine zone(S5) and ranged from 29 to 30 in the other locations sampled, indicating a low longitudinal variation. Overall, environmental impact assessments, based on LEHA model, suggest that chemical water quality conditions were in good, but biological conditions were disturbed due to habitat modifications by frequent dredgings in the system.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.343-350
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of harvest seasons on quality and microbial population at different steps of production chain of fresh-cut iceberg lettuce. Iceberg lettuces harvested in May, June, July, October, and December were processed following industrial practices, and stored at $5^{\circ}C$ for 9 days. For microbial measurement, samples were taken from each of the following steps: harvest, transport, pretreatment, cutting, 1st-washing, 2nd-washing, and day 3, 6, and 9 of storage. Iceberg lettuce cultivated in protect house and harvested in May and October showed higher $CO_2$ levels in the packages and electrolyte leakages than lettuce harvested in June, July and December. Microbial population of raw materials harvested in July was highest (6.76 log), and microbial growth rate during storage was highest in samples harvested in May. Lettuce harvested in June had better quality and microbial safety compared to other lettuces. Although lettuce harvested in October and December had less microbial population in either raw materials or processed products, those samples had inferior quality due to off-odor development and severe browning. Therefore, it is required to maintain quality and ensure microbial safety to distribute fresh-cut lettuce with high quality and safety throughout the year.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.28-36
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• 2002

These studies were carried out to develop some easy-checking thermometers instead of taking temperature of ectum for the farmers to detect easily a diseased animal with fever. Thermometers such as pincher-type, hood-type, raser-type, stick-type, and wrap-type were devised for the experiments. The experimental animals were cattle, horse, swine, aprine, and canine. Temperature-taking parts of the body were ear, shoulder, axilla, gluteal part, and coccygeal part according o the devised thermometer. Rectal temperature was taken at the same time for the comparison of temperature between rectum nd the certain part. The difference of temperature between rectum and shoulder part using eraser-type thermometer for the domestic animals were $3.37^{\circ}C$ for cattle, $1.94^{\circ}C$ for horses, $2.04^{\circ}C$ for swine, $1.27^{\circ}C$ for caprine, $0.9^{\circ}C$ for canine. The difference of temperature between rectum and gluteal part using eraser-type thermometer for domestic animals were $3.46^{\circ}C$ for cattle, $1.98^{\circ}C$ for horses, $2.22^{\circ}C$ for swine, and $1.1^{\circ}C$ for canine. The difference of intra-individual temperature taken by eraser-type thermometer of shoulder and gluteal part were 0.3 and $0.8^{\circ}C$ for cattle, 0.7 and $1.1^{\circ}C$ for horses, 0.6 and $0.7^{\circ}C$ for swine, 0.9 and $1.1^{\circ}C$ for canine. The difference of temperature between rectum and shoulder part taken by hood-type thermometer for cattle was $3.93^{\circ}C$ and the difference of intra-individual temperature was $0.8^{\circ}C$. The difference of temperature between rectum and gluteal part taken by stick-type thermometer for cattle was $3.7^{\circ}C$ and the difference of intra-individual temperature was $0.8^{\circ}C$. The other types of thermometers than the above three were not proved to be reliable to detect temperature of domestic animals. It was concluded that hood-type, stick-type and eraser-type thermometers are recommendable devices of thermometer to detect easily the status of body temperature and that the eraser-type was proved to be a practical one of the thermometers used in this study.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.721-733
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• 2009

A pattern of tropical cyclone (TC) movement in the western North Pacific area was studied using the empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and the best track data from 1951 to 2007. The independent variable used in this study was defined as the frequency of tropical cyclone passage in 5 by 5 degree grid. The $1^{st}$, $2^{nd}$ and $3^{rd}$ modes were the east-west, north-south and diagonal variation patterns. Based on the time series of each component, the signs of first and second mode changed in 1997 and 1991, respectively, which seems to be related to the fact that the passage frequency was higher in the South China Sea for 20 years before 1990s, and recent 20 years in the East Asian area. When the eigen vectors were negative values in the first and second modes and TC moves into the western North Pacific, TC was formed mainly at the east side relatively compared to the case of the positive eigen vectors. The first mode seems to relate to the pressure pattern at the south of Lake Baikal, the second mode the variation pattern around $30^{\circ}N$, and the third mode the pressure pattern around Japan. The first mode was also closely related to the ENSO and negatively related to the $Ni\tilde{n}o$-3.4 index in the correlation analysis with SST anomalies.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.179-188
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of fatigue and its related factors in cancer patients during chemotherapy. Methods: The subjects of this study consisted of 90 patients over 20 years old who were receiving chemotherapy at the injection room of the o.p.d. and ward admission care unit in a University hospital located in Gwang-ju city and data were collected from August 8th to October 2nd, 2002. Collected data were analysed using SPSS v 10.0. to obtain summary statistics for the descriptive analysis, t-test, ANOVA, pearson correlation, and multiple regression. Results: 1. Fatigue of the subjects was significantly correlated with physical distress score. and 6 items of subscale those were nausea, vomiting, anorexia, pain, and immobility, showed statistically significant correlation. 2. Fatigue of the subjects showed statistically significant differences according to a nap satisfaction. Fatigue of the subjects was significantly correlated with mood state, Also, all 5 items of subscale, which are those were anxiety, confusion, depression, energy, and anger showed statistically significant correlations. 3. Fatigue of the subjects showed statistically significant differences according to metastasis, chemotherapy cycle, post operation existence, post radiation therapy existence. There were significant negative correlation between fatigue and hematocrit and fatigue and weight change. There was no significant correlation between fatigue and spiritual well-being state. With the result to multiple regression, Immobility, Anorexia, Anger explained fatigue by, pain, and immobility showed statistically significant correlation.

• Journal of Cadastre & Land InformatiX
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.183-196
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• 2016

Ground control points are needed for precision geometric correction of satellite images, and the coordinates of a high-quality ground control point can be obtained from the GPS measurement. However, considering the GPS measurement requires an excessive amount o f t ime a nd e fforts, there is a need for coming up with an alternative solution to replace it. Therefore, we examined the possibility of replacing the existing GPS measurement with coordinates available at online maps to acquire the coordinates of ground control points. To this end, we examined error amounts between the coordinates of ground control points obtained through Daum Map API, and them compared the accuracies between three types of coordinate transformation equations which were used for geometric correction of satellite images. In addition, we used the coordinate transformation equation with the highest accuracy, the coordinates of ground control point obtained through the GPS measurement and those acquired through D aum M ap A PI, and conducted geometric correction on them to compare their accuracy and evaluate their effectiveness. According to the results, the 3rd order polynomial transformation equation showed the highest accuracy among three types of coordinates transformation equations. In the case of using mid-resolution satellite images such as those taken by Landsat-8, it seems that it is possible to use geometrically corrected images that have been obtained after acquiring the coordinates of ground control points through Daum Map API.