• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.48-53
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• 2012

The tiger population that once inhabited the Korean peninsula was initially considered a unique subspecies (Panthera tigris coreensis), distinct from the Amur tiger of the Russian Far East (P. t. altaica). However, in the following decades, the population of P. t. coreensis was classified as P. t. altaica and hence forth the two populations have been considered the same subspecies. From an ecological point of view, the classification of the Korean tiger population as P. t. altaica is a plausible conclusion. Historically, there were no major dispersal barriers between the Korean peninsula and the habitat of Amur tigers in Far Eastern Russia and northeastern China that might prevent gene flow, especially for a large carnivore with long-distance dispersal abilities. However, there has yet to be a genetic study to confirm the subspecific status of the Korean tiger. Bone samples from four tigers originally caught in the Korean peninsula were collected from two museums in Japan and the United States. Eight mitochondrial gene fragments were sequenced and compared to previously published tiger subspecies' mtDNA sequences to assess the phylogenetic relationship of the Korean tiger. Three individuals shared an identical haplotype with the Amur tigers. One specimen grouped with Malayan tigers, perhaps due to misidentification or mislabeling of the sample. Our results support the conclusion that the Korean tiger should be classified as P. t. altaica, which has important implications for the conservation and reintroduction of Korean tigers.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.269-277
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• 2008

Siberian flying squirrel, an endangered species in South Korea, is distributed through major mountain regions of South Korea. The number of Siberian flying squirrel(Pteromys volans) in South Korea has decreased and their habitats are fragmented and isolated because of anthropogenic activities. So far no molecular genetic data has, however, been available for their conservation and management. To obtain better information concerning genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of the Siberian flying squirrel in South Korea, we examined 14 individuals from South Korea, 7 individuals from Russia, and 5 individuals from northeastern China along with previously published 29 haplotypes for 1,140 bp of the mtDNA cytochrome b gene. The 14 new individuals from South Korea had 7 haplotypes which were not observed in the regions of Russia and Hokkaido. The level of genetic diversity(0.616%) in the South Korean population was lower than that in eastern Russia(0.950%). The geographical distribution of mtDNA haplotypes and reduced median network confirmed that there are three major lineages of Siberian flying squirrel, occupying; Far Eastern, northern Eurasia, and the island of Hokkaido. The South Korean population only slightly distinct from the Eurasia, and eastern Russian population, and is part of the lineage Far Eastern. Based on these, we suggest that the South Korean population could be considered to belong to one partial ESU(Far Eastern) of three partial ESUs but a different management unit. However, the conservation priorities should be reconfirmed by nuclear genetic marker and ecological data.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.31-43
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• 2016

Objectives Based on related literature, cold and heat, deficiency and excess, true and false, and actually used formulas, paradoxical treatments presented in the 『Plain Questions of Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor』 including ‘treating pseudo-heat symptoms and real cold syndrome with cold herbs, treating pseudo-heat symptoms and real cold syndrome with cold herbs’ were analyzed.Methods Out of literature, paradoxical treatment related classics and papers were investigated and analyzed. Among diseases and syndromes, real cold syndrome with pseudo-heat symptoms, real heat syndrome with pseudo-cold symptoms, real deficiency syndrome with pseudo-excess symptoms, and real excess syndrome with pseudo-deficiency symptoms were reviewed. Among formulas, typical examples of the above mentioned paradoxical treatments were used as examples to analyze paradoxical treatments.Results Treating pseudo-heat symptoms and real cold syndrome with cold herbs is a method that uses herbs with cool and cold nature to treat real cold syndrome with pseudo-heat symptoms and Tongmaeksayeokgajeodamjeuptang is suitable for this method. Treating pseudo-cold symptoms and real heat syndrome with hot herbs is a method that uses herbs with warm and hot nature to treat real heat syndrome with pseudo-cold symptoms and Baekhogainsamtang is suitable for this method.Conclusions Based on the related literature, cold and heat, deficiency and excess, true and false, and actually used formulas examined as mentioned above, the paradoxical treatments presented in the 『Plain Questions of Inner Canon of Yellow Emperor』 are thought to be reasonable paradoxical treatments that fit the diseases and syndromes that actually appeared in our bodies.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.285-324
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to describe the nature of nursing and life style of nurses. This study was conducted from march, 1994 to May, 1995. There are two kinds of data used in this research. To discern the nature of nursing and life style of nurses, 34 articles selected from nursing journals and text books, and the data which were collected by unstructured questionare with two main open ended questions were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin's method. The questions were "what is nature of nursing?" "When do you feel your professionl life worth?" 29 participants were nurses working at two university hospitals and two general hospitals in Seoul, understood the study purpose. The results were as follows : (1) The nursing is evolving phenomenon which is developed, and changed. (1) ${\lceil}$encounter${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$trust${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$interrelationship${\rfloor}$have been identified as the causal condition of nursing phenomenon. (2) ${\lceil}$concern${\rfloor}$has been identified as the central phenomenon of nursing. (3) ${\lceil}$humanity${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$sincerity${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$nursing spirit${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$empathy${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$understanding${\rfloor}$have been identified as intervening condition and context of nursing phenomenon. (4) ${\lceil}$helping behavior${\rfloor}$has been identified as action/strategy of nursing phenomenon. (5) ${\lceil}$caring${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$observation${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$comfort${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$problem solving${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$co-ordination${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$education${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$stimulus${\rfloor}$have been as helping behavior. (6) ${\lceil}$change${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$growth and development${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$to do by oneself${\rfloor}$ have been as consequences of nursing phenomenon. (2) the nature of nursing have been classified into five properties ; ${\lceil}$relational property${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$moral property${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$technological property${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$behavioral property${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$objective property${\rfloor}$ (3) The life style of nurses is not considered as ${\lceil}$to have${\rfloor}$ living mode, but ${\lceil}$to be${\rfloor}$ living mode because the professional life of nurses is chracterized by ${\lceil}$encounter${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$trust${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$humanity${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$understanding${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$concern${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$togetherness with human being${\rfloor}$ ${\lceil}$growth and development${\rfloor}$ and others, which are properties of the nature of nursing, and are also considered as esential factors of real existence of professional nurse as a human being in nursing situation.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.177-184
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• 1996

Intraoperative cytologic examination of intracranial tumors using crush preparation provides useful information in operative decision making. The diminutive nature of many biopsy specimens, particularly those obtained by stereotactic neurosurgical procedures emphasizes the importance of combining the cytologic smear method with conventional frozen section interpretation. The great advantage of the cytologic smear method resides in its suitability for the study of minute fragments of tissue, allowing retention of the majority of the specimen for optimal processing. We present the cytologic features of 3 cases of intracranial germ cell tumors(2 germinomas and 1 endodermal sinus tumor), using crush preparation during intraoperative diagnosis and compare them with histologic findings. The cytologic features of the germ cell tumors were similar to those of the respective gonadal counterparts. The cytologic differential diagnosis of both types of germ cell tumors is described.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.273-276
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• 2012

Metronidazole-induced encephalopathy is a very rare complication of the long standing use of metronidazole. The encephalopathy is bilateral and symmetric in nature. We report on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and clinical course of metronidazole-induced encephalopathy in a 60-year-old female with a persistent anaerobic brain abscess after draining of the abscess. After 3 months of metronidazole administration, the patient complained of dysarthria, tingling sense of all extremities, and left hemiparesis. MRI revealed symmetric hyperintensity lesions in medulla, pons, dentate nuclei of cerebellum, and splenium of corpus callosum, all of which represent typical findings of metronidazole-induced encephalopathy. In addition, asymmetric lesions in midbrain, thalamus, putamen and cerebral subcortical white matter were noted. The patient recovered after discontinuation of metronidazole and the remaining abscess was successfully treated with meropenem and levofloxacine.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.100-104
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• 1993

Sputum smears of 116 cases in 55 pulmonary tuberculosis patients with the demonstration of acid-fast bacilli in sputum were retrospectively reviewed to investigate the cytologic diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in sputum. Epithelioid cells, multinucleated giant cells of Langhans or nonspecific type, or necrotic materials of caseation or nonspecific nature were found in 40% of the cases, but in 60% of the cases, only nonspecific findings including squamous metaplasia were found. Only in 6% of the cases, the cytologic diagnosis of tuberculosis was possible with the findings of epithelioid cells and muitlnucleated giant cells in a necrotic background.

• Journal of International Society for Simulation Surgery
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.12-15
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• 2016

Functional and esthetic reconstruction after segmental mandibulectomy is one of the most challenging surgeries in microsurgical reconstruction field. Simulation surgery before free flap reconstruction has been performed for efficient surgery and successful results. Fibula free flap is the flap of the choice for reconstruction of the segmental mandibular defect. Straight nature of the fibula bone requires multiple segmentations to fit into mandible. 3D rapid prototype (RP) model gives a lot of information for mandibular reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to report mandibular reconstruction with free fibular flap using simulation surgery. A total of 30 consecutive patients were included for functional and esthetic evaluation. Among 30 patients, two flaps showed necrosis after radiotherapy. The other flaps were all survived and showed successful reconstruction in both function and esthetics.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.13 no.1 s.21
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• pp.23-27
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• 1977

To investigate the efficacy, tolerance of Vibramycin Precon PT-122 M and to determine the nature, incidence and severity of side effects of this formulation, 19 patients with urogenital infections were studied. 1. Vibramycin Precon PT-122 M reduced the signs and symptoms of various urogenital infections so as to determine the overall efficacy as good or satisfactory. 2. Intravenous injection of PT-122 M was generally well tolerated in all patients except 2 case of discontinuation because of adverse effect. 3. PT-122 M showed mild to moderate side effects but clinical features ana response to therapy were not influencea by those side effects.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.240-243
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• 2011

Clear cell ependymomas (CCEs) are rare variants of ependymomas. Tumors show anaplastic histological features and behave as an aggressive manner. CCEs have a predilection for extraneural metastases and early recurrence, and they demonstrate characteristic radiographic features. These tumors should be radiologically and pathologically differentiated from oligodendrogliomas. On microscopic examination, CCEs are composed of sheets of cells and resemble oligodendroglioma. However, upon closer examination, the nature of CCEs can be detected earlier, resulting in prompt treatment of the tumor. Although we report only one case, we emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. Future description of more cases of these rare cancers is necessary to aid in their diagnosis and treatment.