• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.335-339
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to analyze effects of greenhouse gas reduction in organic agriculture. To accomplish the objective of the study, a field survey was conducted. Based on the field survey results, LCA method was used to estimate the greenhouse gas emission. The farmer survey and LCA estimation data were provided by The Foundation of Agricultural Technology Commercialization and Transfer. The GHG estimation results showed that GHG emission of organic farming is less by 10.6~89.3% when compared with the conventional farming. In addition, the economic value of greenhouse gas reduction in organic farming amounts to 1,097 million won. Based on major findings, in response to national greenhouse gas reduction target, it is needed to expand organic farming, supporting organic farmers' income.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.99-117
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• 2019

Environmental impact assessment (EIA), which predicts, evaluates, and manages the influences on natural landscape, plays a role of monitoring natural resources for systematic management of natural landscape. However, the function of verification and correction of the system is still insufficient and feed-back, one of the most important features of EIA follow-up, has not been introduced in Korea's EIA system yet. As a procedure, it is required to check if the opinions of the evaluators are properly reflected to the outcomes of the project through a reviewing process after assessing environmental impacts of a development project. In reality, despite the awareness about the importance of follow-up inspection of the conformity with, the system mainly focuses on the agreement during the planning stage of the development project and fails to continuously manage after its completion. There have been various preceding studies related to prediction, evaluation, and management of environmental impacts on natural landscape for better management. They primarily dealt with the problems in the EIA process and suggested improvement measures, including directions for institutional development, step-by-step goals, and operation methods, to address the problems which arise in the EIA follow-up process. However, suggested measures are not actively applied with the focus only put on institutional operation, there are virtually no standardized methods to predict and assess landscape changes due to the development project and to manage landscape after the project. Against this backdrop, this study aims to explore the existing methods to analyze the impacts natural landscape and to establish a system where landscape management is continued after the development project. To this end, we will suggest reducing methods according to the predicted changes in landscape for post-project management of natural landscape. Characteristics of reduction methods by project type were examined through reviewing the guide to natural landscape rating and the importance of development project impacts on natural landscape by type of reduction was evaluated through questionnaire for experts. Evaluated types of reduction are classified and presented by characteristics of each development project and content of reduction type.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.192-194
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• 2008

A series of non-free hydride reducing systems containing boron or aluminum atom, which possess no metal-hydride bond but an available hydrogen at a branched ${\beta}$-position, has been applied to the selective reduction (chemo--, regio-, and stereoselective reduction) of organic compounds. The systems, comprised of diisopinocampheylborane and diisobutylalane derivatives, exhibited almost perfect selectivities in the reduction of aldehydes and ketones. The characteristics features of this systems leading to a perfect transformation have been depicted in this report, especially in the 1) Reduction of ${\alpha}$,${\beta}$-Unsaturated Carbonyl Compounds to Allylic Alcohols via 1,2-Reduction, 2) Chemoselective Reduction between Structurally Different Carbonyl Compounds, and 3) Stereoselective Reduction of Cyclic Ketones.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.18-24
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• 2022

Dry reduction using natural gas was proposed to recover tin from waste tin oxide generated in a tin bath that was used for controlling the smoothness of architectural glass during production, and the reduction behavior was investigated. The utilized vertical natural gas dry reduction system is capable to process 4 L or 20 kg depending on input raw materials. The system was established by applying the upper intake and lower discharge method. The recovery rate was 97.2% at 800 ℃ and 4 sccm flow rate and increased with the amount of input gas. Hydrogen accounted for 23% of the discharge gas, showing a 16.6% hydrogen conversion rate. The reaction behavior of tin recovered via natural gas reduction provides basic data on the new waste resource reduction/recovery technology.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.79-84
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• 2004

We evaluated the reduction performance of NOx storage catalyst and TWC for lean-burn natural gas engine by the model gas. The method of unsteady state reaction was used to compare with reduction performances of NOx storage catalyst and TWC. It was found that the effective parameter was rich spike duration, temperature of the model gas. In the presence of $CO_2$ and $H_2O$ in the reaction mixture was decreased the NOx reduction performance.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.652-654
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• 2005

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.508-517
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• 2010

One-step reduction/dyeing method was optimized for wool dyeing with natural indigo dye in this study. The effects of reduction/dyeing conditions including dye temperature and time, the pH of bath, concentration of dye, and reducing agent on dye uptake and color were investigated. The dye uptake was higher with no addition of alkali. Dyeing was carried out through the use of only sodium hydrosulfite in the bath. The maximum dye uptake was obtained at $60^{\circ}C$ for 30min and the dyed fabrics appeared in the PB Munsell color range. Dye uptake improved with the increase of a natural indigo dye concentration with the same sodium hydrosulfite concentration. At a higher dye uptake, the fabric color became more purplish and the maximum absorption shifted from 660nm to 620nm. Color reproducibility was reliable with a color difference in the range of 0.41~1.43. Regardless of color strength, washing and dry cleaning fastnesses were good with a 4/5 rating, and fastnesses to rubbing and light were acceptable with a 3/4~4 rating.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.283-288
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• 1988

The titled properties on reduction of the perovskite $LaBO_3$ (B = Fe, Co, Ni) have been investigated by means of temperature-programmed reduction, isothermal reduction and X-ray diffraction methods. Nominal composition of $LaFeO_{3.18},\;LaCoO_{3.00}\;and\;LaNiO_{2.92}$ are determined. Reduction reaction of these mixed oxides differed according to B-site transition metal and thermal stability on reduction decreased as following order: $LaFeO_{3.18}$ > $LaCoO_{3.00}$ > $LaNiO_{2.92}$. From the results of isothermal reaction, kinetics on reduction of the perovskite has been discussed in detail.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.467-476
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• 2016

In the present study, we examined the effect of pertussis toxin (PTX) administered centrally in a variety of stress-induced blood glucose level. Mice were exposed to stress after the pretreatment of PTX (0.05 or 0.1 mg) i.c.v. or i.t. once for 6 days. Blood glucose level was measured at 0, 30, 60 and 120 min after stress stimulation. The blood glucose level was increased in all stress groups. The blood glucose level reached at maximum level after 30 min of stress stimulation and returned to a normal level after 2 h of stress stimulation in restraint stress, physical, and emotional stress groups. The blood glucose level induced by cold-water swimming stress was gradually increased up to 1 h and returned to the normal level. The intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) or intrathecal (i.t.) pretreatment with PTX, a $G_i$ inhibitor, alone produced a hypoglycemia and almost abolished the elevation of the blood level induced by stress stimulation. The central pretreatment with PTX caused a reduction of plasma insulin level, whereas plasma corticosterone level was further up-regulated in all stress models. Our results suggest that the hyperglycemia produced by physical stress, emotional stress, restraint stress, and the cold-water swimming stress appear to be mediated by activation of centrally located PTX-sensitive G proteins. The reduction of blood glucose level by PTX appears to due to the reduction of plasma insulin level. The reduction of blood glucose level by PTX was accompanied by the reduction of plasma insulin level. Plasma corticosterone level up-regulation by PTX in stress models may be due to a blood glucose homeostatic mechanism.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2010

The objective of this study is to investigate the characteristics of natural indigo dyeing of cotton fabric. Reduction and dyeing were carried out by one-step process using an infrared dyeing machine at the liquor ratio of 1:100, and subsequently oxidation and washing in water were followed. Dye uptake was increased with the increase of indigo concentration. Over the full range of dyeing tests, the dyeing condition was optimized to $40^{\circ}C$ for 40min. For most of dye concentrations, the cotton fabrics showed mainly PB color. Maximum K/S value was shown at 4g/L of sodium hydrosulfite concentration and the color strength increased with the increase of dye concentration. Value(lightness) decreased with the increase of dye uptake irrespective of mercerization or reduction method, while the mercerized cotton showed two times higher dye uptake than the untreated cotton. Whereas hue of the untreated cotton showed large decrease of P character(5.6~3.5 PB) with the increase of dye uptake, that of the mercerized cotton increased P character(4.7~5.5 PB). Irrespective of mercerization, value and chroma decreased with the increased of dye uptake. In addition, the untreated showed lower chroma than the mercerized cotton. In the case of traditional reduction, hue of the untreated cotton was changed very little with the increase of dye uptake. For hydrosulfite reduction, P character decreased with the increase of dye uptake. The difference of hue value was small with the change of reduction method(hydrosulfite reduction or traditional fermentation). Color character was not influenced by the changed maximum absorption wavelength. Washing fastness showed 4~4/5 shade change rating without any staining. And dry rubbing fastness was good at low color strength. The bacterial reduction ratios of dyed cotton fabric were also increased.