• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.971-979
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• 2012

Four, lactating dairy crossbreds ($50%{\times}50%$ Holstein Friesian${\times}$Native Zebu cattle) were randomly assigned according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement (two protein levels and two levels of mangosteen peel pellets (Mago-pel)) in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to receive four dietary treatments. All cows received concentrate at a proportion of 1 kg concentrate per 2 kg of milk yield, and urea-treated 5% rice straw (UTRS) was given ad libitum. It was found that total dry matter intakes, nutrient digestibility, ruminal pH and $NH_3$-N concentrations were not affected (p>0.05) by treatments. Concentrations of ruminal pH and $NH_3$-N were not affected by dietary treatments although the concentration of BUN varied significantly (p<0.05) between protein levels (p<0.05). The populations of rumen bacteria and fungal zoospores did not differ among treatments (p>0.05); however, the population of protozoa was decreased (p<0.05) when cows received Mago-pel supplementation. The composition of the population of bacteria, identified by real-time PCR technique, including total bacteria, methanogens, Fibrobacter succinogenes and Ruminococcus albus was similar (p>0.05) among dietary treatments (p>0.05); however, copy numbers of Ruminococcus flavefaciens was increased when protein level increased (p<0.05). Microbial protein synthesis, in terms of both quantity and efficiency, was enriched by Mago-pel supplementation. Milk yield was greatest in cows fed UTRS based diets with concentrate containing protein at 16% CP with Mago-pel, but were lowest without Mago-pel (p<0.05). In addition, protein level and supplementation of Mago-pel did not affect (p>0.05) milk composition except solids-not-fat which was higher in cows fed the diet with 19% CP. Therefore, feeding a concentrate containing 16% CP together with 300 g/hd/d Mago-pel supplementation results in changes in rumen fermentation and microbial population and improvements in milk production in lactating dairy crossbreds fed on UTRS.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 1998

The efficacy of conidia of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin strain CS-1 that showed high mortality in laboratory and net house was examined against diamondback moth larvae in the field. Conidia ($4{\times}10^{7}$ conidia/ml) were applied to larvae on chinese cabbage in a 1.5% emulsifiable oil-emulsion amended with 4% clay at a volume of 0.55 L/3.3 $m^{2}$. There were no significant differences among plants and replicates in the deposition of spray droplets on water-sensitive papers or of conidia on leaves and larvae. Weather conditions were rainy and cool during first few days, and then hot and dry. Persistence of conidia was equally short on both leaves and larvae. Nevertheless, treatment of B. bassiana potentially reduced larval populations. But the field efficacy was lower than the laboratory efficacy. This reduced efficacy was ascribed to unfavorable environmental conditions.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.447-476
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• 2007

The pollen and revisional study aimed for an elucidation of taxonomic delimitation and relationship of Thalictrum taxa in Korea, especially among the morphologically confused taxa. Pollen grains of 63 populations of 17 taxa were investigated by light and scanning electron microscopy. Although pollen morphology was not useful for the species classification, it revealed a tendency in which Sects. Physocarpum, Erythrandra and Tripterium having broad filaments and round-tipped anthers possess closer distance between adjacent pores, less echinus number per unit area, smaller pollen, and higher echinus, on the contrary to Sects. Omalophysa, Camptonotum and Thalictrum having filiform filaments and acute-acuminate- or more or less round-tipped anthers. The palynological result did not support several section system by Tamura (1992) but one section system by Lecoyer (1885). If a infrasectional system is needed, it was suggested that the system dividing the section into two (Clauiformes and Filiformes sensu Lecoyer) would be natural on the basis of stamen and pollen characteristics. Revisional study found out that 17 taxa(16 species) of Thalictrum are distributed in Korean including T. filimentosum which presence in Korea was not confirmed.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.268-273
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• 2008

For evaluation of immune stimulation effect of lacquer tree extracts, lymphocytes were counted by labeling of FITC-conjugated monoclonal antibody in the pheripheral blood of pigs that fed with a fodder supplemented by lacquer tree extracts. Populations of MHC-II+, CD4+, and CD8+T lymphocytes were increased more than 2% level after 1 week feed supply of the lacquer tree extracts. The increase of those T cells reached at maximum level after 2 weeks in the tested group. B lympyocytes with surface IgM were increased 5% after 1 week feed supply of the lacquer tree extracts, and their numbers reached maximum after 2 weeks in the tested group. For the assessment of cytotoxicity of the lacquer tree extracts, morphological changes were examined on the epithelial cells of small intestine from pigs fed with a fodder supplemented by 0.1 % lacquer tree extracts for 6 weeks (the tested group). Thin-sectioned tissue of small intestine was fixed with glutaraldehyde, then coated with gold particles, and the specimen was examined under scanning electron microscope. The villi on the mucus membrane of jejunum and ileum from the tested pigswere enlarged on the tip and were linked each other.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2005

The embryos of marine bivalves have been commonly used in bioassays for the quality assessment of marine environments. Although several standard protocols for developmental bioassay with bivalves have been already proposed, there have been few trials for applying these protocols in environmental assessment, or for developing new protocol with Korean species. So, there is a strong need to establish the standard bioassay protocols using bivalves commonly found in Korean waters. Prior to developing a new protocol, it is essential to know the optimum conditions for the reliable bioassay procedures. Here, we established the purpose of this study to determine the optimum bioassay conditions for successful development of a common mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis. The conditions considered as critical for developmental bioassay, and determined in this study were; (1) temperature, (2) salinity, and (3) initial density of embryo. The optimal temperature for developmental bioassay of M. galloprovincialis was determined as $15^{\circ}C$. At this temperature, the required time for the embryo to become veliger larva was 48 hr. The acceptable range of salinity for the embryotoxicity test using M. galloprivincialis was from 30 to 35 psu, which was narrower than that of the natural habitat of adult populations. The optimum density of embryo at the beginning of bioassay was 100 embryos/ml. Over this density, the proportion of normally developed larvae decreased significantly. The results obtained in this study will serve as a basis for preparation of the standard bioassay protocol using embryo of M. galloprovincialis.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.432-441
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• 2014

April, 2005 to October, 2013. The collected species during the survey period were 17 species belonging to 6 families. Dominant species was Zacco koreanus(Relative abundance 59.9%) and subdominant species Pungtungia herzi(8.5%). Korea endemic species were 12, including Coreoleuciscus splendidus. The species of Hemibarbus mylodon was identified as natural monument, and Pseudopungtungia tenuicorpa and Gobiobotia brevibarba were endangered species. Water quality assessment of Gapyeong Stream, had lately maintained the rating of "very good" for nine years, based on the Ministry of the Environment standards notice. It was found that there was a tendency for populations which is Coreoperca herzi carnivorous species decreases, increases omnivorous species Zacco platypus. As a result of community analysis, dominant index was 0.58~0.86, diversity index was 0.94~1.77 and richness index was 0.99~2.39. As a result of using the Rarefaction curve, were analyzed occurrence species expected each year, number of species is estimated from a sample of 151 individuals, up to 12(2005) was at least 5(2007) species. The regression coefficient (b) in relation to length-weight on Z. koreanus population were annual average $3.29{\pm}1.11$, condition factor slope $0.0034{\pm}0.0021$, which maintained good growth condition and stabilized population.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.245-263
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• 2014

This study tries to investigate the changes of mortality regarding heat waves which are usually considered as one of the most direct impacts of climate change. Based on 17 years data period (1994-2010), each city's threshold temperature and minimum mortality temperature are recognized. According to the results, minimum mortality temperature varies from 23 to $25^{\circ}C$, showing minimum temperature corresponding to $23^{\circ}C$ in Gangwondo and maximum temperature corresponding to $25.4^{\circ}C$ in Jeollabukdo and Major 7 city group. In case of threshold temperature, it ranges from 27 to $30^{\circ}C$. The cities having higher threshold temperatures tend to have large populations and vice versa. In addition, the cities having negative demographic vulnerability relatively have lower temperatures, representing correlation -0.44(p=0.06). The socio-economic-environmental vulnerability shows negative correlation with minimum mortality temperature(r=-0.36, p=0.032) and threshold temperature(r=-0.29, p=0.081). This paper represents that the number of mortality could increase rapidly and show large spatial differences in the number of mortality depending on various factors including natural, social, and economic factors of each region.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.1255-1264
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• 2015

Cnidium officinale, a traditional herb, has diverse beneficial pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and antiangiogenesis effects. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms of apoptosis by C. officinale are poorly defined. The present study investigated the proapoptotic effects of water, ethanol, and methanol extract of C. officinale (WECO, EECO, and MECO, respectively) in human leukemia U937 cells. The antiproliferative activity of EECO was higher than that of WECO and MECO. The antiproliferative effect of EECO treatment in U937 cells was associated with the induction of apoptotic cell death, including increased populations of annexin-V positive cells, the formation of apoptotic bodies, DNA fragmentation, and increased numbers of cells with a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, Δψm). EECO-induced apoptotic cell death was associated with upregulation of death receptor 4 (DR4) and down-regulation of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein-1 (cIAP-1), Bcl-2, and total Bid. The EECO treatment also induced the proteolytic activation of caspases (-3, -8, and -9), and degradation of caspase-3 substrate proteins, such as poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), β-catenin, and phospholipase C-γ1 (PLCγ1). In addition, the EECO treatment effectively activated the adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway. However, compound C, a specific inhibitor of AMPK, significantly reduced EECO-induced apoptosis. These results indicate that AMPK is a key regulator of apoptosis in response to EECO in human leukemia U937 cells.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.12
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• pp.5917-5935
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• 2012

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) causes acute and chronic human hepatitis infection and as such is an important global health problem. The virus was discovered in the USA in 1989 and it is now known that three to four million people are infected every year, WHO estimating that 3 percent of the 7 billion people worldwide being chronically infected. Humans are the natural hosts of HCV and this virus can eventually lead to permanent liver damage and carcinoma. HCV is a member of the Flaviviridae family and Hepacivirus genus. The diameter of the virus is about 50-60 nm and the virion contains a single-stranded positive RNA approximately 10,000 nucleotides in length and consisting of one ORF which is encapsulated by an external lipid envelope and icosahedral capsid. HCV is a heterogeneous virus, classified into 6 genotypes and more than 50 subtypes. Because of the genome variability, nucleotide sequences of genotypes differ by approximately 31-34%, and by 20-23% among subtypes. Quasi-species of mixed virus populations provide a survival advantage for the virus to create multiple variant genomes and a high rate of generation of variants to allow rapid selection of mutants for new environmental conditions. Direct contact with infected blood and blood products, sexual relationships and availability of injectable drugs have had remarkable effects on HCV epidemiology. Hundreds of thousands of people die each year from hepatitis and liver cancer caused by HCV virus infection. Approximately 80% of patients with acute hepatitis C progress into a chronic disease state leading to serious hepatic disorders, 10-20% of which develop chronic liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The incubation period of HCV is 6-8 weeks and the infection is often asymptomatic so it is very hard to detect at early stages, making early treatment very difficult. Therefore, hepatitis C is called a "silent disease". Neutralizing antibodies are produced against several HCV proteins during infection but the virus mutates to escape from antibodies. Some patients with chronic hepatitis C may have some symptoms such as fatigue, muscle aches, nausea and pain. Autoimmune and immunecomplex-mediated diseases have also been reported with chronic HCV infection.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.868-875
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• 2012

This study was carried out to analyze the vegetation properties, soil characteristics and ordination of Hemerocallis hongdoensis population in South Korea. The Hemerocallis hongdoensis population was classified into Mallotus japonicus dominant population, Viburnum wrightii dominant population, Melampyrum setaceum dominant population. Hemerocallis hongdoensis were mainly distributed along the coast of south-western iland of the Korean penninsula and it's population was located at an elevation of 6m to 362m. In the study sites, soil organic matter, total nitrogen, exchangeable potassium, exchangeable calcium, exchangeable magnesium, cation exchange capacity and soil pH were 16.18~21.70%, 0.56~0.97%, 0.42~0.88mg/kg, $3.38{\sim}5.65cmol^+/kg$, $1.12{\sim}2.38cmol^+/kg$, $25.93{\sim}41.45cmol^+/kg$, and 4.45~4.86 respectively. Mallotus japonicus dominant population was found in the steep sloped area that has high percentage of cation exchange capacity and total nitrogen than other populations. Viburnum wrightii dominant population was found gentle sloped area that has low percentage of cation exchange capacity and total nitrogen. Melampyrum setaceum dominant population was found in the medium sloped area that has medium percentage of cation exchange capacity and total nitrogen. Current status of Hemerocallis hongdoensis habitats is very vulnerable with local development constantly threatening the species' survival. Thus, concrete conservation plans to protect natural habitats should be set up as soon as possible.