• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.28 no.10
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• pp.79-88
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• 2012

Small amount of salt and various microorganisms are contained in natural soils or clays near the shore. In this study, most common clay minerals such as kaolinite and bentonite are used to evaluate the effect of salt and microorganism on liquid and plastic limits. The effect of time after mixing clays with water was also investigated for the consistency limits of clays. The test was conducted immediately, 1 day, or 7 days after mixing soils. For liquid limit tests two different test methods were used, the percussion cup method by Casagrande and the fall cone method. When sea water or microbial solution was used for mixing soils rather than distilled water, the liquid limit of kaolinite decreased by 6-15% and that of bentonite further decreased up to 37-53%. The liquid limit obtained from the fall cone method was approximately 10% for bentonite and 20% for kaolinite, which are higher than those from the percussion cup method. The effect of time on liquid and plastic limits was significant for those tested immediately or 1 day later but the values obtained after 1 day or 7 days did not vary a lot, regardless of soils, mixing waters or test methods.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.733-738
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• 2012

Physiochemical characteristics of Luffa cylindrica (L.) Roem and antioxidant activities of its four extracts were analyzed. The chemical composition of L. Roem contained 93.69% moisture, 1.64% crude fiber, 0.52% crude protein, 0.27% crude fat, and 0.06% crude ash. The major minerals were potassium, phosphrous, and calcium. We also analyzed the major organic acids, acetic acid and succinic acid. In free amino acids, ${\beta}$-aminoisobutyric acid showed the highest concentration (100.74 mg/100 g), followed by phosphoethanolamine, urea, asparagine, and valine. Glutamic acid was the highest hydrolyzed amino acid with 1,039.99 mg/100 g followed by aspartic acid, lysine, and arginine. Four extracts from L. Roam, hot-water (LCH), cold-water (LCC), 80% ethanol (LCE), and methanol (LCM), were prepared. Total phenolic and flavonoid levels of LCE exhibited higher than three extracts. The antioxidant potential of extracts from L. Roem were investigated using DPPH, ABTS, and NBT assays. Of the four extracts, LCE had relatively high antioxidant capability on DPPH and superoxide anion radical scavenging activities (12.13%, 16.88%, and 26.61%). Based on the above results, it is suggested that an 80% ethanolic extract from L. Roem was a natural antioxidant material for health food and should be a good ingredient for functional food.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.1036-1040
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• 2005

Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopic (NIRS) calibrations were developed for accurate and fast prediction of whole broiler chicken carcass composition. The Feed and Forage Foss systems Model 5000 Reflectance Transport Model 5000 with near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS)-WinISI II windows software was used for this purpose. One equation was developed for the prediction of each carcass component. One hundred and fifty freeze dried broiler whole carcass samples were ground in a Cyclotech 1,093 sample mill and analyzed for dry matter, protein, fat, calcium and phosphate. Samples were divided into two sets: a calibration set from which equations were derived and a prediction set used to validate these equations. The chemical analysis values (mean${\pm}$SD) were calculated based on dry matter basis as follows: dry matter: 33.41${\pm}$2.78 (range: 26.41-43.47), protein: 54.04${\pm}$6.63 (range: 36.20-76.09), fat 35.44${\pm}$8.34 (range: 7.50-55.03), calcium 2.55${\pm}$0.65 (range: 0.99-4.41), phosphorus 1.38${\pm}$0.26 (range: 0.60-2.28). One hundred and three samples were used to calibrate the equations and prediction values. The software used was modified to obtain partial least square regression statistics, as it is the most suitable for natural products analysis. The coefficients of determination ($R^2$) and the standard errors of prediction were 0.82 and 1.83 for the dry matter, 0.96 and 1.98 for protein, 0.99 and 1.07 for fat, 0.90 and 0.30 for calcium and 0.91 and 0.11 for phosphorus, respectively. The present study indicated that NIRS can be calibrated to predict the whole broiler carcass chemical composition, including minerals in a rapid, accurate, and cost effective manner. It neither requires skilled operators nor generates hazardous waste. These findings may have practical importance to improve instrumental procedures for quick evaluation of broiler carcass composition.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.293-302
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• 1988

This study was performed to identify detailed informations on the nonvolatile flavor of Chinese quince fruits, Chaenomeles sinensis koehne. About 72% of the free amino acids were shown to be valine, asparagine, ${\gamma}-aminobutyric\;acid$, aspartic acid and serine. Arginine, tyrosine, methionine and tryptophan were not present. Glutamic acid and glutamine as a amino acid for peptides were the major components, whereas cysteic acid, methionine sulfone and tryptophan were not detected. The nucleotides attained were composed of cytosine, uridine-5'-monophosphate and cytidine-5'-monophosphate, and these were proved to be a very small quantity. Guanosine-5'-monophosphate, inosine-5'-monophosphate and adenosine-5'-monophosphate were not present. The major sugars were shown to be glucose, sorbose, sucrose and fructose. Fructose was the most abundant one among them. A total of 11 organic acids were identified by capillary gas chromatography and capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The major components identified were tartaric acid and α-ketoglutaric acid. The total content of vitamin C determined was 386.6mg%, and those of ascorbic, dehydroascorbic, and 2, 3-diketo-L-gulonic acid were 28.8mg%, 154.5mg% and 197.3mg%, respectively. Calcium and phosphorus were the major components, while heavy metals such as cadmium, copper and lead were determined to be a small amount. In the result of organoleptic test on the natural and synthetic extract of Chinese quince fruits, the principal taste components consisted of free amino acids, sugars, organic acids, vitamin C and minerals. Five groups mentioned would have a favorable influence upon the taste of fresh Chinese quince fruits.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.185-195
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• 1994

An experimental study of iron-aluminium partitioning between synthetic garnet and synthetic epidote was carried out, as equilibrium was maintained in the exchange reaction expressed as follows : $Ca_3Fe_2Si_3O_12\+\2\Ca_2Al_2AlSi_3O_12$(0H) = $Ca_3Al_2Si_3O_12\+\Ca_2Al_2FeSi_3O_12$(0H) Temperature has a pronounced effect on the distribution of Fe and A1 between the minerals. However, the pressure effect is not so drastic as in the exchange reaction. With increasing temperature, $Fe^{+3}$ becomes redistributed from garnet into epidote, whereas A1 becomes redistributed from epidote into garnet. This is in line with the general principle of phase correspondence, as the temperature increases the more electropositive metal aluminium redistributes from epidote into garnet. The agreement between the experimental results of this study and the natural samples suggests that $K_D=X^{Ep}_{Fe}/X^{Gr}_{Fe}$ may be a useful geothermometer for metamorphic rocks containing garnet and epidote that are close to binary Fe-A1 compounds.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2005

Although the bulk composition of materials is one of the major considerations in extractive metallurgy and environmental science, surface composition and topography control surface reactivity, and consequently play a major role in determining metallurgical phenomena and pollution by heavy metals and organics. An understanding of interaction mechanisms of different chemical species at the mineral surface in an aqueous media is very important in natural environment and metallurgical processing. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used as an ex-situ analytical technique, but the material to be analyzed can be any size from $100\;{\mu}m$ up to about 1 cm. It can also measure mixed solids powders, but it is impossible to ascertain the original source of resulting x-ray signals where they were emitted from, since it radiates and scans the macro sample surface area. The study demonstrated the ability of TOF-SIMS to detect individual organic species on the surfaces of mineral particles from plant samples and showed that the TOF-SIMS techniques provides an excellent tool for establishing the surface compositions of mineral grains and relative concentrations of chemicals on mineral species.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.202-210
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• 1983

In order to elucidate the taste compounds of Korean catfish, Parasilurus asotus, free amino acids, nucleotides and their related compounds, organic bases, sugars, organic acids and minerals in the extracts of Korean catfish were analyzed, and then evaluated by sensory test of synthetic extract prepared on the basis of the analytical data. Taste panel assessments of synthetic extracts prepared with each extractive component omitted were carried out by a triangle difference test, and changes in taste profile were assessed. In free amino acid composition, glycine was dominant occupying $25\%$ of total free amino acids. The other abundant free amino acids were lysine, taurine and alanine. Judging from the result of analysis of nucleotides, IMP was dominant showing about $70\%$ of total nucleotides while ATP, ADP, AMP, inosine and hypoxanthine were low in content. Among organic bases, total creatinine was abundant and its nitrogen content occupied more than $50\%$ of the total extractive nitrogen. The amount of betaine was 18mg/100g and trace amount of trimethylamine and trimethylamine oxide were detected. The main organic acids were succinic, butyric, propionic and valeric acid. On the other hand, oxalic, fumaric, maleic, tartaric and citric acids were analyzed in trace. As for the sugars, glucose was found to be the most abundant monosaccharide. Extremely small amounts of fructoae, inositol were also detected and ribose and arabinose were trace in content. $K^+,\;Na^+,\;PO_{4}^{3-}$ and $Cl^-$ were found to be the major ions and small amount of $Ca^{2+}$ were defected. The synthetic extract, prepared with about 40 pure chemicals based on the analytical data satisfactorily revealed the natural taste of the original extract except slight difference in meaty taste and mildness. From the results of omission test the major components which contribute to produce the taste were serine, IMP, succinic acid and $PO_{4}^{3-}$.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 2016

In order to improved use of Persicaria tinctoria seeds and to get basic information, general composition, fatty acid, mineral, amind acid analysis and physiological activity of methanol extract of Persicaria tinctoria seeds were investigated. Total calories of Persicaria tinctoria seeds were 348.00 kcal/100 g, general composition, carbohydrate, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash consisted of 7.85%, 67.90%, 10.10%, 4.00% and 10.15%, respectively. The amount of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids was showed 0.9048 g/100 g and 2,714 g/100 g, respectively. Minerals contained 100g of Persicaria tinctoria seeds were followed by K (549.5 ㎎), Mg (264.4 ㎎), Ca (216.2 ㎎), Fe (12.1 ㎎), Zn (3.0 ㎎). Total 15 kinds of amino acids were detected, these amino acids displayed higher value in the alanine (1,432.6 ㎎/100 g) and glutamic acid (1,088.8 ㎎/100 g). Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents were 11.08 ㎎/L and 3.56 ㎎/L, respectively. DPPH radical scavenging and ABTS radical scavenging activity in the methanol extract of 1,000 ㎎/L was showed 86.74% and 61.74%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.128-134
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• 2003

This study is focused on how much middle school students who study the chapter of first-grade science,'The Material and Change of the Earth's Crust', connect and understand what they learn with their environment and surroundings. This paper will discuss the connection between school education and living surroundings and how much the difference between the surroundings influences students' concepts and attitudes toward science. This study included 330students in the second year of middle schools from Jeonju, Buan and Jinan in Jeollabuk-do. This study analyzed students' concepts of mineral and rocks by having them observe samples in class. Only 16 percent of the students observe surrounding rocks with interest, but most of them are not interested. Chaesukgang and Mountain Mai are two local places in Jeollabuk-do which have a lot of specific stratum and geological structures, so it's easy for teachers to provide an outdoor experience by showing the students rocks and geological structures. Although which students have a little more observation experience than Jeonju area students, students who throughout the county seldom do outdoor observation learning. By collecting and observing the surrounding minerals and rocks, along with teaching the chapter 'The Materials and Change of the Earth's Crust', and by visiting outdoor locations while teaching about geological structures, we can improve our teaching.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.12
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• pp.1827-1834
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• 2014

Colon cancer is the third highest cause of death in Korea. Known dietary causes of colon cancer include a diet rich in fat and red meat as well as inadequate intake of dietary fiber, fruits, and vegetables. Therefore, recent research has focused on the anticancer effects of natural products. Opuntia humifusa is a type of prickly pear that is known to contain biologically active compounds that can be used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, arteriosclerosis, and hyperglycemia. The aim of this study was to determine whether or not O. humifusa extract affects proliferation, cell death, and DNA fragmentation in human carcinoma HT-29 cells. O. humifusa is rich in carbohydrates, minerals (Mg, K, and Ca), and total phenolics. HT-29 cells were treated with extracts of O. humifusa at concentrations of 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL for 24 or 48 hours. O. humifusa extracts inhibited HT-29 cell growth in a dose-dependent manner. Hoechst 33342/PI double staining and Comet assay were performed to observe changes in nuclei of cancer cells undergoing cell death. The results of both tests showed that O. humifusa extract induced cell shrinkage, DNA fragmentation, and chromatin condensation dose-dependently in HT-29 cells. The results of this study suggest that O. humifusa extract inhibits the growth of HT-29 via induction of DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation.