• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.85-97
• /
• 2010

This study analyzed the distribution, structure and environmental condition of the vegetation of the Chionanthus retusus Lindly et Paxton community at the Wansanchielbong in the Jeonju city to offer basic data for sustainable conservation and ecological management system. And the results are as follows; 1. The average pH of soil at the community was pH 5.69 and it was slightly higher than the average of forest soil pH of Korea. But if the degree of pH will be down, it will be needed some more fertilization of Calcium. 2. The total average for contents of organism was 4.98%. And the nitrate - nitrogen content(mg/kg) of A, B, C, D quadrat was 20.29%, 28.87%, 7.65%, and 23.3% respectively. And there were good condition except quadrat C which was contaminated by amount of earth and sand. 3. The flora of the Chionanthus retusus Lindly et Paxton community was listed as 60 taxa; 37 families, 50 genera, 47 species, 10 varieties and 3 forms. The average appearance species of each Quadrat were A sector 30, B sector 26, C sector 19 and D 19 taxa respectively. 4. Surveyed woody plants in the community were as follows : Chionanthus retusus, Zelkova serrata, Quercus variabilis, Cornus walteri, Robinia pseudo-acacia and those were mixed status. And Chionanthus retusus, Zelkova serrata, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Albizzia julibrisin, Cudrania tricuspidata, Symplocos chinensis for. pilosa were mixed in mid layer trees. Herbaceous plants were founded such as Chionanthus retusus, Zelkova serrata, Robinia pseudo-acacia, Grewia parviflora, Rosa multiflora, Trachelospermum asiaticum was dominant with 35~64% in the ground cover, and Commelina communis, Calamagrostis arundinacea, Dryopteris bissetiana, Lilium lancifolium were founded also. 5. The importance values of Chionanthus retusus was 40.2% in the quadrat A1, 50.2% at quadrat A, 50.0% B1, 45.2% B2, 22.4% C1, 73.6% C2, 33.2% D1 and the total average of I.V. was 44.9%. 6. The average height of surveyed Chionanthus retusus was 5.7m and the average DBH was 12.4cm. The number of trees higher than 2m were 107 and the number of trees lower than 2m were 63. The total numbers of Chionanthus retusus were 170. 7. The age of surveyed Chionanthus retusus were analyzed 42 thru 87 years old and that of Zelkova serrata were 42, Quercus variabilis were 60, Quercus aliena were 48, Robinia pseudo-acacia were 40. 8. The number of trees with DBH 40 through 50cm were 6, and that of 30~39cm were 3, and that of 20~29cm were 16, so the total number that was over 20cm was 25. And there were 70 trees under 10cm of DBH and 63 seedlings. It will be very important data to conserve the habitat that the structure and environmental condition of the Chionanthus retusus Lindly et Paxton community at the Wansanchielbong was stable, and sustainable monitoring will be needed. Now that community is nurse forest of Jeonju City but more positive preservation plan will be needed and assigning monument of city or province also be necessary.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.79 no.2
• /
• pp.127-137
• /
• 1990

This study was carried out to investigate some characteristics of selected trees recognized as natural hybrid between Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii for improving resistance to pine leaf gall midge. The results obtained were as follows. l. In the mean annual increment and the growth in the period of latest 5 years of DBH, hybrid pines showed intermediate value of the parents, Pinus densiflora and Pinus thunbergii. However, there was remarkable variation among individuals of hybrid pine. 2. The trees having resin duct index(RDI) value larger than 0.1 for the position of resin duct in needle was classified as hybrid pine. The leaf and leaf sheath of Pinus thunbergii was longer than that of Pinus densiflora and the distance between rows of stomata on needles of Pinus thunbergii was longer than that of Pinus detasiflora, and the values of those observations on hybrid pine were intermediate between the parent species. However, differences among individual was observed. 3. In the size of cone and seed, and weight of 1000 seeds, like in the leaf characteristics, Pinus thunbergii showed higher value than Pinus densiflora and those values of hybrid were intermediate between the parent species. 4. Assuming isoenzyme ADH-$B_2$, ME-$A_2$, PGI-$B_1$, and PGI-$B_2$ alleles observed in the hybrids were introgressed from Pinus thunbergii, the hybrid pine can be easily identified by these isoenzyme alleles. However, the individuals which do not have those alleles can not be identified.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.79 no.2
• /
• pp.196-204
• /
• 1990

Pinus densiflora is not only widely distributed but also one of the most economically important timber species in Korea. In Korea, this species is classified into four local forms according to tree forms, as it has widely geographical variations. Trees of Ankang form are dwarfish nearly like shrubs, and those of Keumkang form are very tall and straight. Those of flatland and highland forms are exhibited in-between Ankang and Keumkang forms. This study was carried out to examine biomass, net production and production efficiency among four local forms of Pirzus densiflora forests growing in Korea. For the study, dimension analysis was used for trees and harvest method for shrubs and herbs in four 30-40 year-old stands showing the typical tree forms. Stand biomass of Ankang, flatland, highland and Keumkang forms were 29.87, 110.89, 133.53 and 205.42 t/ha, respectively. As going in order of Ankang, flatland, highland and Keumkang forms, the proportions of stem woods to total tree biomass increased while the proportions of stem barks, live branches, needles and roots showed a tendency to decrease. Stand net productions of Ankang, flatland, highland and Keumkang forms were 3.716, 10.796, 13.097 and 16.500 t/ha yr., respectively. As going in order of Ankang, flatland, highland and Keumkang forms, the proportions of stem woods and lire branches to total tree net production increased while the proportion of needles decreased. In case of live branches, the opposite trend of biomss and net production proportion may be resulted from the differences in the ratio of self-pruning. Net assimilation ratios of Ankang, flatland, highland and Keumkang forms were 1.406, 1.920, 1.487 and 1.677, respectively. Efficiency of needles to produce stems in those forms were 0.239, 0.714, 0.572 and 0.771, respectively. Considering the difference in measuring time, net assimilation ratio and efficiency of needles to produce stems may increase as going in order of Ankang, flatland, highland and Keumkang forms.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.52 no.3
• /
• pp.245-265
• /
• 2019

Biotope, which represents the characteristic habitats of living organisms, need to be identified as essential for the efficient creation and sustainable management of urban ecosystems. This study was carried out to provide the basic information for ecological urban planning by analyzing types and attributes of the biotop established throughout the whole area of the Pohang city, a representative industrial city in Korea. The biotop established in Pohang city is composed of 12 types including forests (coniferous, deciduous, and mixed forests), agricultural fields (rice paddy and upland field), green facilities, river, reservoir, bare ground, residential area, public facilities, commercial area, industrial area, roads, and schools. As a result of analyzing the properties according to biotop types, industrial, commercial and residential areas, which represent urban areas, was dominated by introduced vegetation. Moreover the introduced vegetation is usually composed of exotic plants or modified forms for landscape architecture and horticulture rather than native plants, which reflects ecological property of both region and site. As the distance from the urban center increases, the agricultural field showed a form of typical farmland, whereas the closer it is, the more form of greenhouse farming. Natural green spaces were divided into riparian vegetation established along the stream and forest vegetation. Forest vegetation is consisted of secondary forests (seven communities) and plantations (three communities). The urban landscape of Pohang city is dominated by the industrial area. Among them, the steel industry, which occurs large amounts of heat pollution and carbon dioxide, occupies a large proportion. On the other hand, green space is very insufficient in quantity and inferior in quality. This study proposed several restoration plans and further, a green network, which ties the existing green spaces and the green space to be restored as a strategy to improve the environmental quality in this area.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.447-452
• /
• 2019

This study was conducted in 2016-2017 to provide the basic ecological data needed to establish environmental conditions for the cultivation of wild vegetables. It used TWINSPAN to classify the vegetation structure of natural habitats of wild vegetable nationwide and DCCA ordination to analyze the correlation between the by community structure and environmental factors. We performed TWINSPAN on 100 taxa with high importance values in 91 plots of major habitats of wild vegetables. The vegetation was classified into Cirsium setidens and Synurus deltoides group, Ligularia fischeri and Hemerocallis fulva group, Adenophora divaricata var. manshurica group, Platycodon grandiflorum and Aster scaber group, Aralia elata and Pteridium aquilinum group, and Pimpinella brachycarpa and Osmunda japonica group communities. We then performed DCCA ordination of 11 communities classified by TWINSPAN and 11 environmental factors. The results showed that the altitude had the strongest correlation with the vegetation. The Cirsium setidens, Synurus deltoids, and Lifularia fischeri communities were distributed in areas with similar environmental factors such as high altitude, gentle slope, and nutrient. The Aralia elata and Osmunda japonica communities were distributed in the location environment with low altitude, pH, O.M, T-N, $Ca^{2+}$, and C.E.C. The Hemerocallis fulva community was distributed in the location environment with moderate northeastern and northwestern slope, low altitude and pH, and high $P_2O_5$, whereas the Adenophora divaricata var. manshurica community was distributed in the location environment with gentle southeastern and southwestern slope, high altitude and pH, and low $P_2O_5$, which was the opposite tendency of the location environment from Hemerocallis fulva community. The Platycodon grandiflorum community was distributed in the location environment with gentle southwestern slope, low altitude, pH, O.M, T-N, $P_2O_5$, $Ca^{2+}$, and C.E.C., and high $Mg^{2+}$. The Pteridium aquilinum community was distributed in the location environment with southwestern slope, low altitude, O.M, T-N, C.E.C, $P_2O_5$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $K^+$. The Aster scaber and Pimpinella brachycarpa communities were widely distributed in many plots with various location environments.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.33 no.4
• /
• pp.422-439
• /
• 2019

The rear edge population is considered to have low genetic diversity and high risk of extinction according to a highly isolated distribution. However, the rear edge population is observed to have persisted for an extended period despite the low genetic diversity. As such, it is necessary to understand the ecological process involved in the persistence of the population. Viola mirabilis L. in Korea is considered the rear edge population from the perspective of the worldwide distribution. We surveyed the distribution range of V. mirabilis, which shows the isolated distribution in the central area of Korea, to find out the factors of its persistence. Next, we investigated and accessed the vegetational pattern of habitats, soil environment, phenology, self-compatibility, population structure, and extinction risk factors observed in the distribution area. V. mirabilis was distributed in the understory of the deciduous forest, planted forest of the deciduous conifer and deciduous broad-leaved trees, shrubland, and grassland in the limestone area. We also observed the re-establishment of seedlings in the population, and most of them showed a stable population structure. For chasmogamous flowers, the visit by pollinators has a significantly positive relationship with the production of fruits. However, we found that the production of the cleistogamous flowers was more numerous in all studied populations and that only the cleistogamous flowers were produced despite a more substantial plant size in some populations. The plant size was more related to the production of the cleistogamous flowers than that of the chasmogamous flowers. Accordingly, the cleistogamous flowers significantly contributed to seedling recruitment in the population. We found that the production of the chasmogamous flowers and the cleistogamous flowers did not have a correlation with the factors of the soil analysis except for phosphoric acid. V. mirabilis showed the self-incompatibility characteristics most likely due to the production capability of the cleistogamous flowers. Potential extinction risk factors observed in the distribution area was included the development of limestone mine, the expansion of agricultural fields, and the construction of houses. Although V. mirabilis showed an isolated distribution in the limestone area in the Korean peninsula, it showed a diverse distribution in a wide habitat environment ranging from the grassland to the understory of the trees with relatively low canopy closure rate. Moreover, we concluded that the persistence of the population was possible if we can maintain the current state of multiple populations and stable population structure.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.39 no.1
• /
• pp.100-107
• /
• 2021

Along with an increase in the frequency of high-concentration fine particulate matter in Korea, interest and research on ammonia (NH₃) are actively increasing. It is obvious that agriculture has contributed significantly to NH₃ emissions. However, studies on the long-term effect of fertilizer use on the ambient NH₃ concentration of agricultural land are insufficient. Therefore, in this study, NH₃ concentration in the atmosphere of agricultural land was monitored for 11 months using a passive sampler. The average ambient NH₃ concentration during the total study period was 2.02 ㎍ m^-3 and it was found that the effect of fertilizer application on the ambient NH₃ concentration was greatest in the month immediately following fertilizer application (highest ambient NH₃ concentration as 11.36㎍ m^-3). After that, it was expected that the NH₃ volatilization was promoted by increases in summer temperature and the concentration in the atmosphere was expected to increase. However, high NH₃ concentrations in the atmosphere were not observed due to strong rainfall that lasted for a long period. After that, the ambient NH₃ concentration gradually decreased through autumn and winter. In summary, when studying the contribution of fertilizer to the rate of domestic NH₃ emissions, it is necessary to look intensively for at least one month immediately after fertilizer application, and weather information such as precipitation and no-rain days should be considered in the field study.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.24 no.3
• /
• pp.145-154
• /
• 2022

Due to abnormal weather conditions caused by climate change, natural disasters and damages are gradually increasing around the world. Global climate change as accompanied by warming is projected to exert adverse impact on production of potato, which is known as cool season crop. Even though, role of potato as a food security crop is expected to increase in the future, the climate change impacts on potato and adaption strategies are not sufficiently established. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the damage pattern of potatoes due to high temperature treatment and to evaluate the response of cultivars. T he high temperature treatment (35~38℃) induced heat stress by sealing the plastic house in midsummer (July), and the quantity and quality characteristics of potatoes were compared with the control group. T otal yield, marketable yield (>80 g) and the number of tubers per plants decreased when heat treatment was performed, and statistical significance was evident. In the heat treatment, 'Jayoung' cultivar suffered a high heat damage with an 84% reduction in yield of >80 g compared to the control group. However, in Jopung cultivar, the decrease was relatively small at 26%. Tuber physiological disturbances (Secondary growth, Tuber cracking, Malformation) tended to increase in the heat stress. Under heat conditions, the tubers were elongated overall, which means that the marketability of potatoes was lowered. T he tuber firmness and dry matter content tended to decrease significantly in the heat-treated group. T herefore, the yield and quality of tubers were damaged when growing potatoes in heat conditions. T he cultivar with high heat adaptability was 'Jopung'. T his result can be used as basic data for potato growers and breeding of heat-resistant cultivars.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
• /
• v.25 no.2
• /
• pp.72-87
• /
• 2022

For the sustainable development and conservation of the national land, planned development and efficient environmental conservation must be accompanied. To this end, it is possible to induce development and conservation to harmonize by deriving factors affecting development through analysis of previously developed areas and applying appropriate management measures to areas with high development pressure. In this study, the relationship between the area where the land cover changed from forest to urbanization and various social, geographical, and restrictive factors was implemented in a regression formula through logistic regression analysis, and potential development sites were analyzed for Yongin City. The factor that has the greatest impact on the analysis of potential development area is the restrict factors such as Green Belt and protected areas, and the factor with the least impact is the population density. About 148km²(52%) of Yongin-si's forests were analyzed as potential development area. Among the potential development sites, the area with excellent environmental value as a protected area and 1st grade on the Environment Conservation Value Assessment Map was derived as about 13km². Protected areas with high development potential were riparian buffer zone and special measurement area, and areas with excellent natural scenery and river were preferred as development areas. Protected areas allow certain actions to protect individual property rights. However, there is no clear permit criteria, and the environmental impact of permits is not understood. This is identified as a factor that prevents protected areas from functioning properly. Therefore, it needs to be managed through clear exception permit criteria and environmental impact monitoring.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.127-139
• /
• 2024

Climate change has increased extreme weather events likewise heatwaves, heavy rain, and drought. Unlike other natural disaster, drought is a slowly developing phenomenon and thus drought damage increases as the drought continues. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the characteristics and mechanism of drought occurrence. Agricultural drought occurs when the water supply needed by crops becomes insufficient due to lack of soil water. Therefore, soil water is used as a key variable affecting agricultural drought. In this study, we examined the spatio-temporal distribution and trends of drought across the Korean Peninsula by determining the soil available water content (SAWC) through a model that integrated soil, meteorological, and crop data. Moreover, an investigation into the correlation between meteorological variables and the SAWC was conducted to assess how meteorological characteristics influence the nature of drought occurrences. During the soybean cultivation period, the average SAWC was lowest in 2018 at 88.6% and highest in 2021 at 103.2%. Analysis of the spatial distribution of SAWC by growth stage revealed that the lowest SAWC occurred during the flowering stage (S3) in 2018, during the leaf extension stage (S2) in 2019, during the seedling stage (S1) in 2020, again during the flowering stage (S3) in 2021, and during the seedling stage (S1) in 2022. Based on the average SAWC across different growth stages, the frequency of upland drought was the highest at 22 times during the S3 in 2018. The lowest SAWC was primarily influenced by a significant negative correlation with rainfall and evapotranspiration, whereas the highest SAWC showed a significant positive correlation with rainfall and relative humidity, and a significant negative correlation with reference evapotranspiration.