• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 2013

This study has been carried out with the purpose of coming up with suggestions for designation of domestic protection areas and improvement of their management through a comparative analysis of the systems of management of the protection areas in South Korea, Japan and China. Starting with the designation of natural reserves in 1962, South Korea has prepared legal systems for preserving ecosystems and biodiversity, while continuing to designate protected areas. As the state has so far monopolized the designation and management of all South Korean protection areas that take up 10.8% of its entire land area (as of Dec. 2011), with such persisting issues as multiple designations of one and the same area for protection, overlapping management authorities, and management of privately owned land in the protection areas. In Japan, which has protected area sizes and relevant legal systems similar to those in South Korea, the state provides the basic framework for management, while delegating most of the duties related to direct operation and management to specific municipalities. China, with an integrated administrative management of protected areas, has related government offices and municipalities responsible for the designation and management of individual protected areas. South Korea needs to provide a legally based support system that would further enhance the value of areal protection and contribute to the promotion of local economy and community.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.181-189
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• 2001

This study was conducted to clarify the characteristics, and proper way of protection and management of bird community in Geum river estuary from Nov. 1997 to Oct. 1998. Water was the most dominant factor of habitats. And there were cultivated area, forest, constructed area, reed bed and tidal fiat in study area. Total 104 bird species were recorded in Geum river estuary. Maximum 46 species in Apr. and 51,002 individuals in Feb. were observed. Dabbling ducks used islands and shallow area of river, and tidal flat. Gulls and waders were distributed in estuary and geese were in islands of the upstream and cultivated area of Sipjadeul. For the maintenance, protection and management of bird community in Geum river estuary, diversity of natural habitats, such as, tidal flat, cultivated area, islands and reed bed, should be maintained.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.359-368
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• 2000

Landscape change is the modification and replacement of landscape elements in accordance with human management and natural disturbance on land mosaics. During landscape change, changes in patterns such as heterogeneity, diversity and shape, and juxtaposition of spatial elements are also accompanied. For the sustainable landscape system, therefore, spatial characteristics of the landscape should be considered in implementation of landscape conservation and restoration planning. Short-term changes of land-use and landscape pattern during the 10 years of 1980s and 1990s were investigated in the agriculture-forestry dominated landscape system through the statistics and the analysis of landscape-vegetation map. Study area is Yangdong-myon, Yangpyung-gun (37°27′30"N, 127°46′50"E), Kyonggi-do, in central Korea. Landscape change of this region was significantly related to the recent industrialization according to socio-economic development. Analyses of landscape pattern show that the area of secondary forest sustained by human activity decreased and it was replaced with large exotic plantations during this period. Area of paddy field was also extended. Fractal dimension of the total landscape increased, but that of paddy field area decreased due to rearrangement for mechanized farming. Moreover, the area of landscape management regimes such as plantation and cultivation increased in land mosaics during this period.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.459-468
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• 2008

Methyl methacrylate(MMA) was grafted onto microcrystalline cellulose(MCC) with ceric ammonium nitrate(CAN) as a redox initiator at the various conditions. The cellulose triacetate(CTA) composite films added MCC and MMA-grafted MCC powders were prepared on a glass plate. The graft yield(GY) and graft efficiency(GE) of the grafted MCC were calculated with the simple equations by the weight balance method. The double bond of C=O on the grafted MCC surfaces was confirmed by the fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection(FT-IT ATR) spectrophotometer. After grafting, the degree of crystallinity of cellulose powders was decresed by judging from x-ray diffraction(XRD) data. Scanning electron microscope(SEM) photos showed the only solvent and CAN solution could change the roughness of MCC powders and the effect of powder dispersions in composite matrix. The tensile strength of MCC/CTA composite films was decreased with increase of MCC powder contents. When 5% grafted MCC was added, the tensile strength of grafted MCC/CTA composite films was increased from 82.3 MPa to 97.2 MPa. The thermal property of powders was also analyzed by the thermogravimetric analysis(TGA).

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.11-27
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the diversity of higher fungi in NaeJangSan National Park from April 2004 to November 2006. The obtained results from investigation were as follows. The total of 5 classes, 19 orders, 60 families, 168 genera and 418 species (including 10 families, 13 genera and 15 species unrecorded) including saprophytic and ectomycorrhizal fungi was investigated. The higher fungi were classified into 47 families, 143 genera and 384 species in Basidiomycotina, 9 families, 19 genera and 28 species in Ascomycotina and 4 families, 6 genera and 6 species in Myxomycota. It was turned out that most of the higher fungi belong to Hymenomycetidae in Basidiomycotina, for which 34 families 122 genera, and 353 species were observed. Dorminant species belonged to Tricholomataceae(64 species) Russulaceae(39 species), Polyporaceae(36 species) and Boletaceae(36 species). The mushroom occurrence of higher fungi was closely related to climatic conditions such as high air temperature and lots of rainfall from July to September. The environment which has a favorable influence of mushroom occurrence was air temperature, relative humidity and rainfall of climatic environment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

Population growth and increasing consumption of resources in the process of the industrial development has caused environmental pollution, climate change, and resource exhaustion. Therefore 'sustainable development' has become the important issue for the future. The sustainable development aims at effective resource use, less environmental impacts, and higher social security. Generally the rural area including agricultural fields and forest has various and plentiful natural resources which could make future development sustainable. To develop potential rural resources, the values for energy, environment and economy should be assessed considering the life-cycle of resources. The purposes of this study are to suggest the E3 (Energy, Environment, and Economy) assessment model for rural biomass considering life-cycle of resource and to apply the model to rice, the major agricultural product. As the results of this study, it turned out through E3 assessment that economic gain of rice cultivation is 578,374 won/10a, carbon absorption is $1,530kgCO_2/10a$, carbon emission is $926.65kgCO_2/10a$, and bio-energy potential of by-product is 394,028 kcal/10a. When E3 assessment was applied to by province, the results varied by regions because of the amount of input during cultivation. These results would be useful to realize the rural biomass and design regional resources plan in integrated E3 perspective.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 2006

The microorganisms with the antifungal activity against Phytophthora capsici and Colletotrichum acutatum and the plant growth-promoting activity were screened from a forest and natural fields of Gajang-Dong, Sangju-city. One of the isolates, Streptomyces griseofuscus 200401, was selected as a good plant growth-promoting strain in this study. In greenhouse test, the number of leaf, fresh weight, and dry weight of pepper plants, that were grown with treatment of culture suspension or powder containing S. griseofuscus 200401, were higher than those without the bacterial cells. Cultivation of S. griseofuscus 200401 strain for 7 days in a nutrient rich medium produced ammonium chloride up to 0.13 ${\mu}g/ml$ in the culture solution of S. griseofuscus. Treatment of the selected strain significantly reduced the severity of the late blight of pepper plants to show the equivalent disease control activity to chemical fungicide. This study suggests that S. griseofuscus 200401 strain could be a potential biological agent with the biocontrol activity and the plant growth-promoting activity.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.251-259
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• 2007

Two isolates of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) originated from lily plants, named Ly2-CMV and Ly8-CMV, were compared with their pathological features in several host plants. Ly2-CMV and Ly8-CMV could induce systemic mosaic symptom in Nicotiana benthamiana, but Ly2-CMV could not systemically infect tomato and cucumber plants that have been used for CMV-propagative hosts. While Fny-CMV used as a control infected systemically the same host plants, producing typical CMV symptoms. Ly8-CMV could infect systemically two species of tobacco (N. tabacum cv. Xanthi-nc and N. glutinosa) and zucchini squash (Curcubita pepo), but Ly2 failed systemic infection on these plants. As resulted from tissue-print immunoblot assay, different kinetics of systemic movement between Ly2-CMV and Ly8-CMV were crucial for systemic infection in tobacco (cv. Xanthi-nc). Sequence analysis of full-length genome of two lily isolates showed Ly2 and Ly8 belonged to subgroup IA of CMV. The lily isolates shared overall 98 % sequence identity in their genomes. Coat protein, 3a protein, and 2b protein involved in virus movement was highly conserved in genomes of the isolates Ly2 and Ly8. Although there is the low frequency of recombinants and reassortants in natural CMV population, phylogenetic analysis of each viral protein among a number of CMV isolates suggested that genetic variation in a defined population of CMV lily isolates was stochastically produced.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.155-164
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• 2018

Nypa fruticans Wurmb is a species of palm, which is widely distributed in the mangrove forest of Southeast Asia. Various parts of N. fruticans has been used as a traditional medicinal plant. However, the physiological activities of N. fruticans has not yet been clarified well. Therefore, in this study, the 50% ethanol extract and its aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions of young shoots of N. fruticans were investigated for their antioxidant, cytoprotective effect, and antimicrobial activities. Every sample possessed very high free radical and various ROS scavenging capacities assessed by employing different in vitro assays such as $DPPH^{\cdot}$, $O_2^{{\cdot}-}$, ${\cdot}OH$, and $^1O_2$ scavenging activities. Based on these results, the cytoprotective effect was investigated using the oxidative hemolysis of erythrocyte. We found that the extract and fractions provide a greater protective effect compared with (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol. Furthermore, antimicrobial activities were confirmed against skin pathogens by broth microdilution assay. The ethyl acetate fraction had much higher antimicrobial activities than methyl paraben against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. Taken together, our results indicated that the young shoots of N. fruticans may have the potential role as a natural active ingredient through their antioxidant, cytoprotective effect, and antimicrobial activities.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.91-119
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• 2005

When the national disaster accident is occurred, it is difficult to maintain the mutual cooperation systems. In order to solve the problems, the construction of the national unified command wireless network is necessary. In this paper, the specified state of the characteristic frequency of the digital TRS wireless network constructed recently is investigated and analyzed. Through the analysis, the problems of the construction of the national unified command wireless network are grasped. To solve the problem, it is proposed that the digital TRS wireless network is connected with the satellite communication network, and connected with the existing wireless network, LMR. In the concretely it is proposed that the natural unified wireless network should be proceeded step by step. At first, for 2 years the existing networks of the Fire Fighting Agency, the Police, the Forest Service and so on must be utilized and prepared to link with TRS. The second, for 2 years it is carried forward a scheme to maintain the properties of the agencies concerned. Further, it must be prepared to connect with satellite network. At third, for 2 years all agencies concerned with the fire fighting and the disaster prevention must be unified, and the systems have to be promoted for the p1an of linkage of TRS network and the existing network. Next the agencies concerned have to be unified and the authority has to be intensified. When a disaster is occurred, the National Emergency Management Agency has to play a central role. In a local area it has to be given the Fire Fighting Agency an authority and a duty to get ready for each emergency situation.