• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.207-220
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate sensibility words related with eco-friendly in the two media fashion magazines and internet newspapers and to analysis their appearance frequency and changes by the year through 1999~2010. Most frequently used words are 'nature, eco, cotton, natural fiber, health, fresh, clear, preservation, harmony, com fiber, and Lohas'. The words are divided in 4 groups: 'Nature/Environment, Material/Fiber, Human, and Adjectives/Micell'. A point of appearing time is analyzed: 'ecology, memory-shape material, organic, spa' were used before 2000, 'nature environment, eco-friendly, stretch material, wellbeing, substitute, recycling' were in 2000-2001, 'smart material, eco material, green' in 2002-2003, 'coolbiz, Lohas, natural dye' in 2004-2005, 'herb medicine, sustainable, warmbiz' in 2006-2007, 'greensumer, greenlife, solar energy, forest bath' in 2008-2009. Looking into their changes, in early 2000, the words of eco-friendly emotion and sensibility had appeared frequently relatively, but later on they decreased, and again recently increased showing highest appearing frequency. 'Nature/Environment' words have appeared recently very much, while 'Human' sensibility words have not changed much or decreased a little. 'Adjective/Micell' words has increased little bit recently. 'Material/Fiber' words showed decrease at fashion magazine, while they increased at the pages of internet news.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.411-418
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• 2014

This study seeks to identify the effects of light pollution and environmental factors on Great Tits(Parus major) bird's chirping at dawn. For this research, the campus of Sanji University, Wonju, South Korea was selected as the area with light pollution and the western forest of the Chiaksan National Park was chosen as the natural area herein. The Recording period was between March 26th and May 30th, 2014. As a result of analyzing the chirping time according to light pollution, it was found that the light pollution area clearly showed earlier chirping time than the natural area (p<0.05). Great Tits(P. major) normally start their first chirping before sunrise and in most of the days under investigation of this research, those in Sanji University started to chirp earlier. This faster chirping time seems to improve the chance for the female birds to mate with immature males thus, baby birds hatch earlier than the appropriate breeding season and results in the lack of feed resources. The correlation between Great Tits'(P. major) dawn chirping and environmental factors were investigated herein including the time of sunrise, civil twilight, navigation twilight, astronomical twilight, average temperature, highest temperature, lowest temperature, time of moonrise and cloudiness. The first chirping time of wild birds in the day was found to have correlations with all of the environmental factors excluding the time of moonrise and cloudiness. Great Tits(P. major) started their first chirping before sunrise when the day started to break around civil twilight. Along with the earlier sunrise and higher air temperature, their dawn chirping time was also quickened. The time of moonrise and cloudiness did not show a correlation and further follow-up studies will be necessary in this regard.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 2001

One-year-old cottonwood (Populus deltoides Bartr.) clones, which were classified as sensitive or tolerant, were exposed to 150 n1/1 ozone (O$_3$) over 8 days for 8 hours each day under glass chamber conditions with natural sunlight. The leaves of the sensitive clone had black stipple and bifacial necrosis after $O_3$ treatment. Photosynthesis and stomatal conductance were measured before, during, and after the $O_3$ treatment. The photosynthetic rates due to $O_3$ treatment were decreased 51 percent and 34 percent on the sensitive and tolerant clone, respectively. The stomatal conductance of the sensitive clone was more than 40 percent higher than that of the tolerant clone regardless of the $O_3$ treatment. As light intensity increased, the $O_3$ effect on photosynthesis was clear. Compared to the previous growth chamber studies, our natural light exposure system was able to maintain a stable photosynthetic responses of the control treatment throughout the fumigation period. In addition, changes in assimilation versus intercellular $CO_2$ concentration (A/C curves) showed that $O_3$ decreased the slope and asymptote of the curves for the sensitive clone. This indicates that $O_3$ decreases the biochemical capacity of photosynthesis on the sensitive clone. Chlorophyll contents and fluorescence of the two clones were analyzed to examine the $O_3$ effects on photosystem 11, but $O_3$ did not impact these variables on either clone. Although the tolerant clone did not show any foliar injury, we could not find any ecophysiological defensive responses to $O_3$ treated. Stomatal conductance of the tolerant clone was originally much lower than that of the sensitive one. Thus, the mechanisms of the tolerant clone in this system are to narrowly open stomata and efficiently maintain photosynthesis with a more durable biochemical apparatus of photosynthesis under $O_3$ stress. The sensitive clone has higher photosynthetic capacity and more efficient light reaction activity than the tolerant one under charcoal filtered condition, but is not as resilient under stress.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.123-129
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• 2012

Salt marsh is an important transitional zone among terrestrial, riverine, and marine ecosystems and is a productive habitat that interacts extensively with adjacent landscape elements of estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Nowadays, in addition to various human activities, a variety of natural processes induce changes in salt marshes. This study aims to provide background information to restore disturbed salt marshes and to propose their ecological restoration using seed banks. The study area is a prepared area for the Gwangyang Container Port located in the southern Korea. This area was formed by accumulating mud soils dredged from the bottom of the forward sea. This land was created in a serial process of preparing the Gwangyang container port and the salt marsh was passively restored by seeds buried in mud soil dredged from seabed. As a result of stand ordination based on vegetation data collected from the land, stands were arranged according to tolerance to salinity in the order of $Suaeda$ $maritima$, $Salicornia$ $europaea$, and $Phragmites$ $communis$ communities on the Axis 1. Landscape structure of the projected area was analyzed as well. Edges of the projected area were divided from the marginal waterway by the dike. Four types of vegetation appeared on the dike: $Alnus$ $firma$ plantation, $Robinia$ $pseudoacacia$ plantation, $Lespedeza$ $cyrtobotrya$ plantation, and grassland. In the more internal areas, two types of vegetation sequences appeared: $Aster$ $tripolium$ community-$Suaeda$ $glauca$ community-$Salicornia$ $europaea$ community sequence and $Aster$ $tripolium$ community-$Suaeda$ $maritima$ community-$S.$ $europaea$ community sequence. Mixed community showed the highest species diversity (H' = 0.86) and $S.$ $europaea$ community showed the lowest (H' = 0.0). Evenness is the highest in Mixed community (J' = 2.26) and the lowest in $S.$ $maritime-S.$ $europaea$ community (J' = 0.0). Several plant communities were successfully established on the land created by mud soil dredged from the bottom of Gwangyang Bay. Moreover, community diversity in this area approached a similar level with those from other studies involving natural salt marshes. Therefore, restoration effect based on community diversity obtained in our study can be evaluated as a successful achievement. In this respect, although most salt marshes in Korea and other places worldwide have been destroyed or disturbed by excessive land use, feasibility of seed bank as a restoration tool is greatly expected.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.416-431
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• 2011

Hiking trails in Mt Jiri, and Mt Halla, National Park have been examined in terms of their degrading factors. The trails are deteriorated by natural erosion processes as well as human trampling. Trail deterioration is classified into tread lowering, sidewall retreat, path widening and divergence based upon a place where erosional processes occur. Tread lowering and sidewall retreat is generally produced by natural erosion factors, whereas path widening and divergence is generated by human trampling. Rainwash is the most contributing process to tread lowering. By contrast, several processes such as rainwash, needle ice action, deflation, tree falling and animal activity play a major role in sidewall retreat according to physical conditions of a hiking trail. Path widening and divergence could be classified by a factor producing human trampling. There are lots of cases related to rainwash such as the tree root, gravel, and bedrock, exposed by a surface flow lowering a tread and the riser produced by tread scouring. A puddle of rainwater on a flat tread and a fallen tree of Abies koreana in a forest region are also major factors to cause path widening and divergence. A paved tread with stones encourages a hiker to walk out of a trail. Taking a shortcut also results in path widening and divergence without a factor giving a hiker inconvenience on a trail.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.315-322
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• 2014

After the modern industrial revolution, rivers in cities became covered and disappeared due to the pressure to develop them. Likewise, their function which is to serve as the basis of natural ecology system in the cities began to be damaged. This research demonstrated that there are a total of 268 categories when it comes to the list of plants, including 64 families, 179 genera, 230 species, 36 varieties, and 1 subspecies. When the relative abundance of the plants that were found at the target research site was studied, the secondary survey demonstrated Bromus japonicus 22.97, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis 16.76 and Erigeron annuus 15.69 while third survey demonstrated Digitaria ciliaris 26.78, Ambrosia trifida 16.29 and Aster pilosus 14.31. There were 54 species of naturalized plants that appeared. Analysis demonstrated annual plant 23 classification category (43%), perennial 11 classification category (20%), multi-perennation 17 classification category (31%), woody plant 3 classification category (6%) and others. When the naturalized plants that were found at the target research site were analyzed by the place of origin, North America and EU took up 76%, which accounts for 3/4 of the all the naturalized plants. At the target research site, naturalization degree of 5 pertained to 22 classification category (41%), which was the highest, followed by 19 classification category (35%) with naturalization degree of 3, 8 classification category (15%) with naturalization degree of 2 and 5 classification category (9%) with naturalization degree of 4 in the order mentioned. Flora of Jungnangcheon did not manifest any change compared to 10 years ago. Thus, it is necessary to increase of biodiversity efforts to improve SeoulCity's natural environment and cityscape.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.3-19
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• 2014

Large-scale unband development resulted from the rapid economic growth in the Republic of Korea has brought about the habitat destruction for the native animals and plants living in forest and farmland. In order to resolve this problem, it is necessary to consider the natural ecosystem as an organism and to preserve the natural ecosystem by managing ecologically significant habitat consistently. Especially, the local governments should be able to establish regional ecologic networks in consideration of the ecological connectivity and the environmental and ecological excellence, and to reflect them into the local development plans. In regard to this, the methods of the regional ecological network establishment was presented, making use of the results including the national ecological network which assessed the ecological connectivity of the nation and the environmental and ecological assessment results of the Environmental Conservation Value Assessment Map which was designed to analyze and assess the national environmental and ecological values quantitatively. Making use of the case of Gyeongsangnam-do; the results presented that the existing national ecological network in the core region has expanded from $2,986km^2$ to $4,049km^2$ and the existing national ecological network in the buffer region has expanded from $2,940km^2$ to $3,006km^2$. Referring to the regional ecological network in the process of the local development plans could contribute to the increase in biodiversity and the integrated local environmental management including the ecosystem preservation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.130-138
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to analyze the trail deterioration conditions and to obtain the informations for the desirable maintenance and restoration of the trails in Woraksan National Park. To accomplish the purpose, not only trail condition such as altitude, entire width, bare width, maximum depth and slope of trail, but also deterioration types of trail were surveyed at the total 111 points for 13.5km in length on the four access trails to Yeongbong which is the main peak of Woraksan. Furthermore, impact rating class, which could be effective means to check the step and extent of deterioration process, was judged on each points of trail. Results informs us that the deterioration condition of the trail in Woraksan National Park is not reached the lev- el of grave concern yet, but the active counterplan to change over from the safety-centric facility station to the integrated and organized restoration aiming to natural environment conservation is urgently needed.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.78-90
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• 1998

An objective of this study was to provide database for the planting disign of buffer green space. Types, planting structure, and effect of vuffer green space were investigated in five housing complexes of newtown of metropolitan area, Korea. Buffer green space in the study sites were constructed as mounding, slope, and plate. The number of species was found 20 tree and sub-tree species(10 evergreen and 20 deciduous species ) and 13 shrub species. These species were planted in one-storyed planting structure and there was no difference with ornamental species in the urban parks. Effect of sound proof by the buffer green space was recognized but sound level in four types among the seven types was observed above standard sound level for housing complex(65dB). Effect of sound proof was especially most effective in the mounding type. It was found that planting density and index of plant crown volume were mot satisfied to the function of buffer green space because of lower density and crown volume than natural vegetation per unit. Based on these results, this study suggested that buffer green space is desirable to be developed in the mounding type over two meters height with multi-layer planting model. In addition, there is needed to consider vegetation structure of natural forest around the developing site.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.105-122
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• 2012

This study was carried out to illuminate the flora of vascular plants of islands at Chungnam. This study was conducted from March to November, 2010. Based on the voucher, vascular plants of in investigated islands were 105 families 326 genera 454 species 4 subspecies 45 varieties 9 forms, totally 512 taxa. Korean endemic plants were 6 species such as Aster koraiensis, Salix koriyanagi, Indigofera koreana, Hemerocallis taeanensis, Hepatica insularis, Philadelphus schrenckii, rare and endangered plants of designated by Korea Forest Service were 4 taxa, such as Magnolia kobus (planted), Koelreuteria paniculata, Berchemia racemosa var. magna, Glehnia littoralis respectively. Phytogeographical special plants were totally 69 taxa, which were grade I of 50 taxa, grade II of 1 axon, grade III of 11 taxa, grade IV of 4 taxa, and grade V of 3 taxa. 14 southern plants and 4 northern plant by criterion from climate change study were found in this area. Naturalized plants were 17 families 46 taxa, that was 9.1% of total vascular plants in this area. Even naturalized plants has not influence on the islands vegetation. However, regular passenger ferry between islands and increasing of visiter will be affecting vegetation.