• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제30권2호
• /
• pp.75-81
• /
• 2012

Molds cause severe cheese deterioration, even though some white and blue molds are used for the manufacture of Camembert and Blue cheese, respectively. The species of Geotrichum, Moniliella, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Mucor, Fusarium, Phoma, and Cladosporium are the main fungi that affect contamination during cheese ripening. Once deteriorated by fungal spoilage, cheese becomes toxic and inedible. Fungal deterioration of cheese decreases the nutritional value, flavor profiles, physicochemical and organoleptic properties, and increases toxicity and infectious disease. Fungal contamination during cheese ripening is highly damaging to cheese production in Korean farmstead milk processing companies. Therefore, these companies hesitate to develop natural and ripened cheese varieties. This article discusses the recent and ongoing developments in the removal techniques of fungal contamination during cheese ripening. There are 2 categories of antifungal agents: chemical and natural. Major chemical agents are preservatives (propionic acid, sodium propionate, and calcium propionate) and ethanol. Among the natural agents, grapefruit seed extract, phytoncide, essential oils, and garlic have been investigated as natural antifungal agents. Additionally, some studies have shown that antibiotics such as natamycin and Delvocid$^{(R)}$, have antifungal activities for cheese contaminated with fungi. Microbial resources such as probiotic lactic acid bacteria, Propionibacterium, lactic acid bacteria from Kimchi, and bacteriocin are well known as antifungal agents. In addition, ozonization treatment has been reported to inhibit the growth activity of cheese-contaminating fungi.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.161-166
• /
• 2005

In 1967, cheese was first produced with small scale of mozzarella cheese in Korea. The processed cheese market was highly grown after putting on the market of sliced cheese in the late 1980's, and the various products that complied with well-being trends such as organic and high functional cheese have been produced in the 2000's. The natural cheese opens up a new domestic market after producing camembert and brie cheese in the end of 2004. At present. the cheese market is expanded with differentiated products such as high value added and high functional cheese. The size of domestic cheese market remains about 200 billion won, but it is expected to go over a trillion won on account of growing preference of natural cheese with well-being trends. To promote domestic cheese industry, differentiation policy of raw milk price for cheese, diversification of cheese products, financial support to farm-made cheese industry and automation and processing development to improve productivity should be taken into account in the future in Korea.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.11-20
• /
• 2006

Korea dairy industry has a long and chronic problems to consume raw milk , those are surplus milk and decline the market milk consumption continued about 10 years. This study was aim to propose and to find the solution for dairy industry problems. After WTO system, with the importation of dairy products, domestic milk production has fell into the situation of excess supply and huge inventory of dried milk, the milk powder stocks have increased since 2002. That made a chronic decline milk consumption in Korea. The core of chronic problem of Korea dairy industry is the decreasing in market milk consumption. If they have a settlement of any other way using their raw milk to process and consumption to market milk, there will be a solution to solve the chronic problems in this situation. Especially, that will be a development of small farm scale natural cheese production and consume. This may be lead a situation of increase the raw milk consumption, because natural cheese making needs much of raw milk more than market milk. But there are very low technical level of farmers cheese making status, so they need a cheese making educational program for their commercial level of cheese products. Under these situation, there are needed a way out of educational system for the dairy farmers to obtain the high level of cheese making technology from the trustable and scientific organization. The natural cheese making technique of dairy farmers should be accumulated to get the consumers' solid recognition of high quality of natural cheese as LOHAS(Lifestyle Of Health And Sustainability) foods.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.70-74
• /
• 2003

국민소득의 증가와 수입자유화에 따라 치즈 소비량도 매년 증대되어 1991년 8천 5백톤에서 2001년에는 5만 3천여톤으로 10년간 6배 이상의 소비증대를 나타내었으며, 같은 기간 신선한 치즈(H.S. 0406.10.1000)의 수입량도 2톤, 3만 달러에서 2만톤, 4천 9백만 달러로 양으로는 만 배, 금액으로는 1,600여배 증가하였다. 또한, 가공 치즈에 있어서도 1991년 4,790톤에서 2001년 24,973톤으로 5.2배의 소비증가를 나타내었으나 성분규격 및 분류체계는 적절하지 못하게 규정되어 있다. 자연치즈의 경우 정의에 따라 총고형분이 유고형분과 차이가 없을 것으로 생각되며, 한 종의 연성치즈를 제외하고는 모두 규격을 만족시켰으나 유고형분 함량에 따라 '생치즈'와 '연성치즈'가 구별되지는 않았다. 따라서, CODEX의 규정을 참조하여 지방을 제외한 성분중 수분함량(MFFB)에 따라 초경질, 경질, 반경질, 연질로 구분하는 것이 치즈의 조직적 특성을 고려할 때 적절하리라 생각되며, 건물중 지방함량에 따라 60% 이상을 '고지방', 25∼60%를 '중지방', 25% 이하를 '저지방'으로 분류하는 것이 바람직하리라 생각된다. 가공치즈는 소비자의 기호에 따라 다양한 제품이 개발되고 있으며 앞으로도 더욱 소비확대가 기대되는 제품으로서, 유고형분 15∼34% 제품을 '치즈가공품'으로 분류하여 규정하는 것이 가공치즈의 개발 및 소비촉진을 위해 필요하다고 생각된다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제37권4호
• /
• pp.579-592
• /
• 2017

This study assessed the quantitative microbial risk of non-enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). For hazard identification, hazards of non-EHEC E. coli in natural and processed cheeses were identified by research papers. Regarding exposure assessment, non-EHEC E. coli cell counts in cheese were enumerated, and the developed predictive models were used to describe the fates of non-EHEC E. coli strains in cheese during distribution and storage. In addition, data on the amounts and frequency of cheese consumption were collected from the research report of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. For hazard characterization, a doseresponse model for non-EHEC E. coli was used. Using the collected data, simulation models were constructed, using software @RISK to calculate the risk of illness per person per day. Non-EHEC E. coli cells in natural- (n=90) and processed-cheese samples (n=308) from factories and markets were not detected. Thus, we estimated the initial levels of contamination by Uniform distribution ${\times}$ Beta distribution, and the levels were -2.35 and -2.73 Log CFU/g for natural and processed cheese, respectively. The proposed predictive models described properly the fates of non-EHEC E. coli during distribution and storage of cheese. For hazard characterization, we used the Beta-Poisson model (${\alpha}=2.21{\times}10^{-1}$, $N_{50}=6.85{\times}10^7$). The results of risk characterization for non-EHEC E. coli in natural and processed cheese were $1.36{\times}10^{-7}$ and $2.12{\times}10^{-10}$ (the mean probability of illness per person per day), respectively. These results indicate that the risk of non-EHEC E. coli foodborne illness can be considered low in present conditions.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.85-91
• /
• 2013

본 연구는 오색 채소 유래 천연 색소와 치즈의 첨가량에 따른 떡의 이화학적 변화와 관능검사를 통해 치즈와 우리나라 전통 떡을 이용한 새로운 제품의 생산 가능성을 살펴보기 위해 실시되었다. 오색의 치즈를 넣은 떡에서 대조 구에 비해 단백질과 지방 총 고형분 함량이 다소 높게 나타난 것으로 나타났고, pH 값도 치즈의 첨가량에 의해 더 낮은 값을 나타냈다. 미세구조를 알아본 결과, 치즈 첨가량이 많이 들어있는 첨가구일수록 더 촘촘한 표면을 나타내며, 기공의 입자가 덜 보이는 것을 알 수 있었다. 전체적인 기호도 부분에서는 대조구와 첨가 구에서 유의적 차이가 나타나지 않았지만, 부드러움은 대조구보다 첨가구 4%에서 가장 높게 나타났고, 특성 강도 검사에서는 치즈향과 유지방향 항목에서 치즈 첨가량이 많이 들어 갈수록 유의적으로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 견고성과 탄력성은 대조구가 실험 구에 비해 다소 낮았고, 그 외에 부서짐 성과 부착성에서는 실험구가 대조 구에 비해 다소 높은 경향을 보였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 오색 치즈 떡을 제조 시 물리적, 이화학적 결과를 고려하여 최적의 첨가량은 4%가 가장 적합할 것으로 사료되었다.

• 식품과학과 산업
• /
• 제52권3호
• /
• pp.272-286
• /
• 2019

전해오는 전설에 의하면 인류 최초의 치즈는 양의 위를 가지고 만든 주머니에 우유를 담아 사막을 횡단하던 아라비아 상인에 의해 발견된 것으로 전해오고 있다. 기원전 9,500년경부터 메소포타미아의 비옥한 초승달 지대에 살던 농부들은 인류의 문명만큼이나 오래된 치즈라는 유산을 남기게 되었다. 우리나라 최초의 치즈는 1964년 임실성당 주임신부로 부임한 지정환 신부에 의해서 1968년 제조에 성공한 까망베르 치즈이다. 이후 지정환 신부는 1970년 모짜렐라 치즈, 1972년 체다치즈를 생산, 유통 시킴으로서 한국 치즈산업 발전의 토대를 만들었다. 이후 1980년대 후반 슬라이스 형태의 가공치즈가 출시 됨에 따라 다양한 가공치즈 제품들이 생산되기 시작하였다. 2000년대에는 웰빙 트렌드에 힘입어 유기농 치즈와 다양한 기능성 성분을 첨가한 기능성 가공치즈의 전성기를 맞이하게 된다. 국산 자연치즈(숙성치즈)는 2004년 까망베르와 브리 치즈가 출시됨으로서 본격적인 숙성치즈 시대를 열게 되었다. 최근의 치즈 소비 트렌드는 진품치즈, 강렬한 풍미, 세련된 스낵치즈 및 전통적인 방식으로 제조한 치즈를 선호하며 음식점에서 인기 있는 치즈는 모짜렐라, 파르메산, 체다, 프로볼로네 및 페타 치즈 등이다. 현재 우리나라는 수입치즈의 영향으로 자연치즈 생산량은 감소, 가공치즈 생산량은 증가 추세에 있으며 전체적인 소비량 역시 매년 증가 추세이다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제40권1호
• /
• pp.35-47
• /
• 2022

The taste preference for cheese is primarily dependent on an individual's habitual experience, such as personal memories since childhood. Cheese is not a traditional food in Korea, and therefore, the liking of cheese is acquired mainly through the exposure to European natural cheese by frequent travels rather than habitual experience. Although Korean dairy farms started the production of European style natural cheese because of surplus milk undulation, yet its demand has been consistently increasing in the last decade. Most of the mountain cheese variety in Europe are produced during the summer season on mountain pastures, especially in countries surrounded by the Alps. Nevertheless, not only consumers but also mountain cheese producers cannot comprehensively explain the differences in the nutritional properties of the milk from cows that grazed on mountain pasture and cows that were raised indoors. As the demand for cheese consumption is steadily increasing in Korea, it is necessary to study the effects of providing marketing information regarding the health conditions and rearing system of dairy cows in relation to the nutritional composition of cheese. In addition to the marketing focus on health-promoting unsaturated fatty acid composition of milk and cheese, the relationship between providing the marketing information on the raising environments of cows and the overall liking of mountain cheese were also investigated.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제31권2호
• /
• pp.195-200
• /
• 2013

The ripening of cheese allows for the development of characteristic taste and flavour, nutritional substances, bio-active components and texture, helping to improve quality. Many different microbiological, biochemical and nutritional changes occur during the process depending on the quality of raw milk, added cultures and enzymes, as well as specific processing and ripening conditions. During the ripening lactose is hydrolyzed to lactic, propionic and acetic acid, helping to reduce potential effects of the problem of lactose intolerance. Fat is hydrolyzed to butyric, propionic and conjugated linoleic acid, which function as bio-active substances. Protein is hydrolyzed to different peptides and amino acids which all show various bio-activities. However, errors of cheese ripening can happen and affect the quality of the product. To guarantee good quality cheese the process needs to be managed carefully with the right microbes used and ensuring cleanliness of processing facilities, staff, ventilation and hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP). Research into and controlling of ripening technology is crucial for producing high quality cheeses.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제29권8호
• /
• pp.1188-1196
• /
• 2016

This study evaluated the risk of Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) foodborne illness from natural and processed cheeses. Microbial risk assessment in this study was conducted according to four steps: hazard identification, hazard characterization, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. The hazard identification of C. perfringens on cheese was identified through literature, and dose response models were utilized for hazard characterization of the pathogen. For exposure assessment, the prevalence of C. perfringens, storage temperatures, storage time, and annual amounts of cheese consumption were surveyed. Eventually, a simulation model was developed using the collected data and the simulation result was used to estimate the probability of C. perfringens foodborne illness by cheese consumption with @RISK. C. perfringens was determined to be low risk on cheese based on hazard identification, and the exponential model ($r=1.82{\times}10^{-11}$) was deemed appropriate for hazard characterization. Annual amounts of natural and processed cheese consumption were $12.40{\pm}19.43g$ and $19.46{\pm}14.39g$, respectively. Since the contamination levels of C. perfringens on natural (0.30 Log CFU/g) and processed cheeses (0.45 Log CFU/g) were below the detection limit, the initial contamination levels of natural and processed cheeses were estimated by beta distribution (${\alpha}1=1$, ${\alpha}2=91$; ${\alpha}1=1$, ${\alpha}2=309$)${\times}$uniform distribution (a = 0, b = 2; a = 0, b = 2.8) to be -2.35 and -2.73 Log CFU/g, respectively. Moreover, no growth of C. perfringens was observed for exposure assessment to simulated conditions of distribution and storage. These data were used for risk characterization by a simulation model, and the mean values of the probability of C. perfringens foodborne illness by cheese consumption per person per day for natural and processed cheeses were $9.57{\times}10^{-14}$ and $3.58{\times}10^{-14}$, respectively. These results indicate that probability of C. perfringens foodborne illness by consumption cheese is low, and it can be used to establish microbial criteria for C. perfringens on natural and processed cheeses.