• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1078-1084
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• 2009

The Jindo dog is a Korean natural monument and is recognized by the Fédération Cynologique Internationale. A prominent feature is the diverse coat color within the breed. To analyze the genetic basis of variation in the Jindo coat color, we sequenced the protein-coding regions of the melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R). The MC1R coding sequence was determined from 154 dogs in five breeds (Jindo, Labrador Retriever, English Springer Spaniel, Belgian Malinois, and German Shepherd). To confirm the genetic structure of sampled populations, we tested for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and computed $F_{st}$ The sample populations did not significantly deviate from HWE. $F_{st}$ was 0.02 between white and fawn Jindo dogs; this was lower than $F_{st}$ between breeds. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in the MC1R coding region. Among the six SNPs, five were non-synonymous (S90G, T105A, Q159P, M264V, and R306ter) and one was synonymous SNP (Y298Y). From the SNPs, we predicted four haplotypes (H1, H2, H3, and H4) for Jindo MC1R. Jindo dogs had different haplotypes corresponding to different coat colors. H1 was frequently observed in white Jindo dogs with an odds ratio of 5.03 (95% CI: 2.27-11.18, p<0.0001), whereas H2 and H4 were observed only in fawn Jindo dogs. Our findings indicate that SNP haplotype can influence coat color. Knowledge of MC1R haplotypes can help discriminate white and fawn coats in Jindo dogs. We hope this report will trigger more research into the genetics of this traditional Korean dog and will be a reference for dogs of Asian origin. Also, our results will provide a useful genetic marker for Jindo dog breeders who have selected for specific colors.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.106-115
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• 2014

Traditional village forests called Dangsan forests represent unique cultural landscape as a national cultural asset in Korea with a history of more than several hundred years. Cultural heritage can retain their value when they are fully sustained their authenticity and management scheme. The Dangsan forests established in a large area have been designated as a natural monument by Cultural Heritage Administration. Small scale Dangsan forests, however, are not introduced to the public and on the verge of disappearance. Dangsan forests have a value as a core landscape element in rural landscapes of Korea. The two villages at Ijeon-ri, Cheongsong-gun have small Dangsan forests where Dangsan ritual is performed. At one of the villages, there is Jusanji Reservoir designated for Scenic Site # 105, from which the water is used for growing crops. In this study, the landscape characteristics of the Dangsan forests were investigated including rice paddy field, stream, and the Jusanji Reservoir. A conservation measure of rural landscape for sustainable management scheme was suggested by designating 'Conservation area of agricultural landscape ecology'. Dangsan forests, especially where they are in small scale like those of Ijeon-ri, tend to be neglected. The Dangsan forests ought to be recognized for their value and by providing a management scheme including neighborhood elements such as farm fields and streams they can be revitalized to be core areas for conservation of rural landscape.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.391-397
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• 2009

Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo kiautschensis) is a natural monument (No. 324) and is also classified as an endangered wildlife grade II the Ministry of Environment of Korea. Eurasian eagle owl is threatened by the human being. But the efficient rescue and treatment for Eurasian eagle owl are still problematic, due to lack of basic data. In this study, to obtain basic resources for establishing more efficient rescue system, we held a physical examination and measured size physical part. In addition, we analyzed blood sample and feces samples and autopsy. We conduct the physical examination with measuring tapes and scales for 16 live features and 11 dead features. After inhalation anesthesia take the blood samples from wing vein. Blood samples are analyzed in hematologic and chemistric methods. We collected the feces through individual floor of cages from 12 live features and conducted the feces analysis. Autopsy was conducted for 11 dead samples. In physical examination, the mean body weight and total length of live features was 2.26${\pm}$0.35kg, 61${\pm}$2.38cm, the mean body weight and total length of dead features was 1.57${\pm}$0.51kg, 59.31${\pm}$3.51cm. Mean PCV was 46.57${\pm}$4.97%, while mean TPP was 3.49${\pm}$0.57g/dL. In feces sample analysis, 9 of 12 owls(75%) were infested by gastrointestinal helminths. The infection rates were: Trematoda (41.7%), Capilaria sp.(66.7%), acanthocephalans (25%). In autopsy, we confirmed 11 features were infested by duplicated infection of more than 2 helminths. Result of this study will be used for establishing reference range for physical features, blood analysis in Eurasian eagle owl. Therefore, to obtain basic resources for establishing more efficient rescue system, we have to make long-term conservation plans for Eurasian eagle owl.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.35-47
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• 2009

The deteriorations of stone monuments located in Gyeongju area are predicted in a modeling study. Artificial rain and accelerated weathering test are here applied to the Gyeongju Namsan granite and cement mortar. They are reacted with pH 4.0, pH 8.0 and pH 5.6 rain, respectively. The two former values are the limited acidity values in the Gyeongju (the acidity of rain of the Gyeongju were pH $4.93{\sim}6.39$ in 2005) and the latter is the limited acidity of acid rain. The rains of pH 5.6 and pH 8.0 reach close to a value of pH 7.0 after the reaction with the Gyeongju Namsan granite. After application of the artificial rain and weathering test, the weight of specimens were reduced and the contents of soluble ions in the specimens were increased. These results are attributable to solution of minerals in the specimens. At first, the microlithic have dissolved in ground from the reaction with acid rain. And then mainly quartz, plagioclase and orthoclase bound by the microlithic are disintegrated. The cement mortars are dissolved after the reaction with not only acid but alkali rain. The concentrations of ions in the dissolved cement mortar are higher than those in granite.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.432-441
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• 2014

April, 2005 to October, 2013. The collected species during the survey period were 17 species belonging to 6 families. Dominant species was Zacco koreanus(Relative abundance 59.9%) and subdominant species Pungtungia herzi(8.5%). Korea endemic species were 12, including Coreoleuciscus splendidus. The species of Hemibarbus mylodon was identified as natural monument, and Pseudopungtungia tenuicorpa and Gobiobotia brevibarba were endangered species. Water quality assessment of Gapyeong Stream, had lately maintained the rating of "very good" for nine years, based on the Ministry of the Environment standards notice. It was found that there was a tendency for populations which is Coreoperca herzi carnivorous species decreases, increases omnivorous species Zacco platypus. As a result of community analysis, dominant index was 0.58~0.86, diversity index was 0.94~1.77 and richness index was 0.99~2.39. As a result of using the Rarefaction curve, were analyzed occurrence species expected each year, number of species is estimated from a sample of 151 individuals, up to 12(2005) was at least 5(2007) species. The regression coefficient (b) in relation to length-weight on Z. koreanus population were annual average $3.29{\pm}1.11$, condition factor slope $0.0034{\pm}0.0021$, which maintained good growth condition and stabilized population.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.79-90
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• 1991

This study was conducted to investigate seasonal avifauna and to suggest a proper way how to manage and protect wild birds in Chirisan National Park. The survey was carried over 3 main trail districts by line transect method to figure out influence factor of inhabitation of wild birds from February to November in 1991. The study results are as follows : The observed birds were belong to 6 orders 24 families 49 species and 981 individuals and Falco tinnunculus(Natural monument No. 323). These birds also classified into 24 species for residents, 12 species for summer visitor. 9 species for winter visitor, 4 species for passage migrant, respectively. The observed average frequeney of birds was 2.09e.a./ha, and main dominant species were Parus varius, Parus major, Emberiza elegans, Garrolus glandarius, Sitta europaea, Hypsipetes amaurotis, Parus palustris in order. Cheoneun-sa trail route showed relatively decreasing trend of wild birds during spring and fall season because of the highest trail use of visitors. Maximum frequency of species and individuals appeared at Hwaum-sa route in spring and at Piagol route in fall. respectively. Those regions well explained the advantageous inhabitation area of birds in both regions. The diversity index of birds in winter showed little difference of similarity index due to balanced use of trails. Seasonal low similarity index in those 3 main trail district indicate a dissimilarity of environmental factors. Trail use restriction as a provision of proper management and protection of wild birds have to be made at Hwaum-sa route where propagation of birds actively occurred in spring and at Piagol route where birds wintering were observed will contribute to enhance species diversity in the future.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.382-391
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• 2004

This study was conducted to establish the effective and systematic counter plan of conservation by analyzing vegetation on Korean endemic plants and rare and endangered plants, Abeliophyllum distichum, habitats and to present the raw data and direction on counter plan of restoration. The dominant species of tree layers were Platycarya strobilacea(Goesan-gun Chujeom-ri I), Pinus densiflora(Goesan-gun Songdeok-ri II and Yulji-ri III), Robinia pseudo-acacia(Yeongdong-eup Maechon-ri IV), Quercus variabilis(Jincheon-gun Yongjeong-ri V) and Pinus densiflora$.$Quercus variabilis(Buan-gun Junggye-ri Ⅵ). Subtree layers were dominated by Quercus dentata(1st site), Quercus serratu(2nd site), Quercus acutissima(3rd site), Robinia pseudo-acacia(4th site), Zelkova serrata(5th site) and Quercus variabilis(6th site). And the dominant species of shrub layers were Lindera obtusiloba(1st and 5th site), Lespedeza bicolor(2nd site), Stephunandra incisa(3rd site), Quercus aliena(4th site) and Rhododendron schlippen-bachii(6th site). The dominant species of herb layers were surveyed Humulus japonicus$.$Pueraria thunbergiana(1st site), Oplismenus undulatifolius(2nd and 4th site), Carex siderosticta$.$Pueraria thunbergiana(3rd site), Streptolirion cordifolium$.$Humulus japonicus(5th site) and Sasa borealis(6th site). Among the surveyed sites, the Goesan-gun Yulji-ri supremely abounded in species and individuals, and there was surveyed each 21 species and 116 individuals. As well, this site showed the highest H'(1.123) and H'$_{max}$(1.322). Therefore, Goesan-gun Yulji-ri formed diverse vegetation and Yeongdong-eup Maechon-ri and Buan-gun Junggye-ri showed relatively poor vegetation.ation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.103-115
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• 2008

This paper investigates the historical significance of Independence Park in Korean landscape architecture by examining the idea and goal, master plan and scheme, and meaning and limitation of the park The construction was announced in July and began with the Independence Arch in the middle of September, 1896. Dr. Philip Jaisohn (Suh Jai-Pil), Counselor of The Privy Office and president of the Independence newspaper, played an important role in park construction. He formally advised the arrangements and general planning of the park, but he actually played a leading role in the park as much as he designed and superintended the erection of the arch. He had the conception of a productive park for cultivating and experimenting with a variety of trees surrounding the monument. In terms of the history of Korean landscape architecture, Independence Park is important in that it is the first modem city park that was tried independently as part of the modernizing-Seoul project and the only park of which object and scheme were revealed. It also strengthens the roots of Korean modem landscape architecture by pushing Korean history of public parks into the prior time to Japanese colonial period and enriches the contents of Korean modem landscape architecture. Independence Park is the original realization of a public park because it was constructed with participation and donations from the planning stage to the construction and use. In addition, it is the goal and means to inspire the spirit of national independence and patriotism in Korean people and lead them to voluntary awakening, enlightenment, and participation. Independence Park, however, was not constructed according to Dr. Jaisohn's original intent due to the lack of funds and the rudimentary level of landscape construction technology. In addition, the location was too far from downtown and accessibility was very difficult. For these reasons, many do not consider the park as having been constructed. However, this kind of view must be changed. Other parks of the time were not detailed and decorated like typical western parks, but were left as public spaces. In other words, these parks should not be judged by comparing them to western parks. This is the same concept as that of the first parks of modem Korea being called 'park land.' These parks were more natural environments than planned gardens.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.1-10
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• 2013

This paper aims to make an aesthetic inquiry into representing modes of wilderness in western films. The western film was the first genre in earnest about natural landscape, covering vast areas of America from the East to the West. It adopted representative modes suited to physical characteristics of landscapes which produced aesthetic characteristics. In western films, wilderness was represented at a distance from the camera lens as a setting and an object of contemplation. In eastern forest landscapes, western films adopted the visual model of Hudson River School's landscape painting which expressed the transcendental sublime. The western semiarid region reproduced the warrior's gaze shot from a high angle, and, in this visual mode, wilderness was expressed as a demonic landscape derived from Burke's definition of the sublime. On one hand, the western desert was represented as a place of hardship shot at a low angle which expressed the vastness, unevenness and limitlessness of the desert owing to the absence of horizon. On the other hand, the mesas of Monument Valley have sublime characteristics of size and time. In western films, they play the role of an emblem by rising from the limitless desert on the horizon. The prospect-refuge relationship, the desire to see without being seen, is discovered in the representative mode of wilderness in western films. In this context, this study hopes to discover the archetype of landscape representation.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.268-271
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• 2015

About 2-year old northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) which is designated as natural monument (#323-1) in Republic of Korea was rescued by a local farmer and presented with a 2-weeks history of pain, swelling, stiffness and limping. On physical examination, plantar pododermatitis and digit IV weakness were observed. Radiographic findings also showed bone lyses with soft tissue swelling in the foot. A definite diagnosis was made as stage III bumble foot after multidisciplinary approach of the patient. Bacterial culture was performed, and concurrently antibiotic susceptibility testing is determined using wound site exudates specimen. Bacterial isolates were identified as Staphylococcus aureus, known normal skin flora. Treatment was initiated with surgical incision and necrotized tissues removal. Lavage-drainage and ball bandage were applied with topical mupirocin ointment application. Doughnut shaped pad was attached on bottom of the ball bandage to reduce weight bearing. After three weeks of intensive care, the wound site completely healed but digit IV weakness remained permanently. The goshawk returned to nature after eight weeks after treatment.