• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.106-114
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• 2020

The development of transportation and the expansion of the pet market has become the main causes of the increase in the cross-border migration of non-native species. Moreover, recent sales over the Internet were a factor that has promoted pet trades. While the import of non-native species has been steadily increasing in the Republic of Korea, it is not clear how these imported species are traded and how large the trade is. Considering that most of the non-native species found in the wild are the results of release by humans understanding the present situation of pet trades can identify potential non-native species that can enter the wild. This study surveyed the number of species, frequency, and prices of non-native amphibians and reptiles sold in 25 online pet shops from January 22 to February 10, 2019. The results of the survey showed that a total of 677 species of non-native amphibians and reptiles were sold, and the Squamata group accounted for the largest part of them at 65.4% (443 species). The number of non-native amphibians and reptiles sold in online pet shops in 2019 was 2.1 times larger than the 325 species officially imported in 2015. The non-native amphibians and reptiles sold in most pet shops were Litoria caerulea (21 shops) and Correlophus ciliatus (24 shops). The lowest price for non-native amphibians and reptiles was 3,000 won, and the highest price was 100 million won for Rhacodactylus leachianus of Squamata. Among the non-native amphibians and reptiles sold in online pet shops, 11 species were found in the wild and were sold at relatively low prices. We confirmed that Mauremys reevesii, an endangered species class II and natural monument no. 453, and American bullfrogs (albino), an ecosystem disturbing species, were being sold in online pet shops. Moreover, 21.6% of the 677 non-native amphibians and reptiles sold in online pet shops were species designated as CITES. The results of this study can be the important reference data for understanding the status of non-native amphibians and reptiles that are imported and sold in Korea and evaluating and predicting the potential for them to enter the wild.

• Archives of design research
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• v.21
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• pp.109-121
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• 1997

The poster in America was considered merely a means of advertising until the late 1880s, and was not thought to have any intrinsic value. During the 1890s, the poster in America came into its own as a medium of artistic expression, and it was recognized anew as an medium of advertising. The production and circulation of posters became active, and it won the popularity of poster collectors. But the American poster renaissance flourished for a few brief years in the 1890s. In this thesis, I paid attention that the art poster in America was mainly a product of the publishing trade, and that it's rise and fall was connected with the circumstances of the publishing business. In chapterII, I discussed the growth of publishing business and the phenomenon of poster craze, and tried to figure out the characteristic of American poster design in 1890s. The American poster boom was formally initiated in Spring 1893, when Edward Penfield published the first of his monthly designs advertising Harper's Magazine. Penfield created a native American tradition of realism in the series of Harper's posters, his figures are realistic though anonymous, and are drawn without distortion or grotesquery, and details are reduced to essentials but not eliminated. In chapterIII, I discussed the change in book cover design in the 1890s. The rapid evolution of book and magazine covers was largely a reaction to the poster craze. Most magazines were issued with the same standard covers month after month at that time. In 1894, when William Bradley was asked to design a standard cover for the Inland Printer, he convinced the publishers to change the cover with every issue instead of designing one permanent cover. With the poster craze at its height, posters became big business, but still they were not very successful as advertisements. Because collectors of the 1890s were more interested in acquiring posters than in buying books. Significantly, this was also the moment when poster like designs began to appear on the covers of books and mass magazines. Publishers took notice of an idea. If the eye-catching design was on the cover itself rather than on a separate poster, the customer who wished to acquire the design would be obliged to buy the magazine. So there was no distinction stylistically between the posters of the 1890s and the magazine covers of the early 1900s. At the same time, the artistic poster was beginning to decline. While the most typical advertisements of the 1890s were the book and magazine posters of Bradley and Penfield, after 1900 advertisements for manufacturers' products played an increasingly prominent role. They would never again assume the leading role that they had played in the 1890s.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.375-382
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• 2005

The American bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana was imported from Japan for farming for the human consumption in 1970's and introduced populations were a great threat to native habitats in the pond and lake ecosystem. However, it is thought that the population of bullfrog has rapidly declined for past years in Korea. In this study, we investigated the intra-genetic diversity of R. catesbeiana habitated in Korea. The nucleotide sequences of 1,215bp mitochondrial ND1/tRNA region in bullfrogs sampled from 5 sites in Jeollanamdo were analyzed and compared to the original sequence of R. catesbeiara reported in Genbank. The nucleotide similarity between Korean and North American bullfrog was ranged from 98.7% to 100% based on kimura-2-parameter distance. In addition, bullfrogs analyzed in this study were clustered into two groups with one including Jangheung and the other including Gwangju populations in the neighbor-joining tree. North American R. catesbeiana was grouped in Jangheung cluster, indicating that there is the very low genetic difference between Korean and North American populations. The maximum parsimony tree in which North American R. catesbeiana was set as an outgroup suggests that Jangheung group represents the introduced population to Korea. Taken together, the results indicate that the population of R. catesbeiana in Korea has not segregated geographically yet, after the introduction.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.38
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• pp.191-214
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• 2015

Chinese American Writer, Ha Jin has been writing exclusively about the life in his native Communist China. His stories and poems are almost all about the Chinese people so far. In addition, the distinctive Chinese flavour and the inexorably repressive image of China in his works present an 'Other' to the American culture. Such kind of Chineseness can also be found in Ha Jin's works and his career as a writer. The continued demand for knowledge of China, which is created by China's increasingly important role in the globalized economy, sustains the country's position as an Other for America. In his early four novels, Ha Jin portrays a totally repressive image of Communist China, an image of which functions perfectly as a form of otherness for his American readers. In Ha Jin's portrayal, the Chinese masses are subjected to the Communist authority through its bureaucracy and state-economy mechanism, as well as through the godlike image of Mao Zedong. They are to follow the Communist conscience and subscribe to unity-in-difference. Deviation from the one-party rule is intolerable. In each of the novels, Ha Jin presents a specific system of repression. In In the Pond, confrontation against Party authority is contained by a process of complicity. In Waiting, the Party's power is upheld through a system of surveillance in which people act as agents, resulting in a web of power which paralyses love. The Crazed illustrates a play of power by Party officials which, against the backdrop of the Tiananmen Square Massacre, is full of craze itself, driving people either out of sanity or out of the country. War Trash exposes the Communist power's repression to the extreme by presenting a case of dishonour in those whose life is debased as trash by the Party. The repressive image of China produced in these stories, which span over half a century, makes Ha Jin's China a perfect Other for the West. To sum up, Ha Jin's novels construct a repressive image of China. In his novels, Ha Jin exposes the working of repression in particular systems. Through these systems, he problematizes the notion of personal autonomy for Chinese people and proposes for his western/American readers a solution which eventually turns into a re-presentation of American hegemony.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.61-67
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• 2018

Jens Jensen was an American landscape architect and early conservationist who pioneered a unique naturalistic landscape style. The purpose of the present study is to study Jensen's life, careers, design philosophy, and his contributions to the history of landscape architecture. Inspired by nature, Jensen worked closely with native plants, local materials, curvilineal and circular forms, and native scenery. His pioneering work in the Chicago's West Parks, including the design of Columbus Park and Humboldt, Garfield and Douglas Parks, was informed by his philosophical belief in the humanizing power of parks. In summary, first, Jensen played a prominent role in the creation of a unique native landscape style respecting regional landscape. Second, as a devoted conservationist and educator he organized conservation movements preserving landscape heritage and founded a education institution. Third, as a social reformer he emphasized the value of parks and nearby nature for urban citizens and children. Jensen's visions and philosophies have influenced on recent naturalistic landscape style and conservation efforts to preserve cultural landscape and natural environment.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.43-50
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• 1999

Lichen had been used as dyestuffs before the discovery of synthetic dyes in Europe and by American Indians. To investigate the dyeability of Korean native lichens, 10 kinds of lichen were collected and colorants were extracted from them by boiling in water and fermenting in ammonia water. Silk fabrics were dyed with lichen extract, then the colour differences of dyed silk fabrics were measured before and after color fastness test. The most part of the lichen extracts(Fc, Hh, Me, Pl, Xm, Pr, Cj, Ld, Ry) dyed silk yellowish or reddish brown. The range of colors were 2.4Y 6.5∼10YR 6/7. Pa extract dyed silk purple(1.25RP 5/6). Color differences of laundered specimen with the silk before laundering were very small, but color of the dyed silks after exposing to light showed big differences with the specimen before exposing to light. The colors of the silks dyed with lichens changed from yellowish or reddish brown to greenish brown by laundering and by exposing to light. But the specimen dyed Pa extract changed from purple to blueish purple by laundering and reddish purple by exposing to light.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.475-479
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• 1994

Postweaning performance data were obtained on 401 group fed purebred Angus calves from 24 selected sires (12 high and 12 low feed conversion sires) from 1983 through 1986 at the Northwestern Branch of the Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center. A single generation divergent selection experiment was replicated four times (1983, 1984, 1985 and 1986) to obtain an realized heritability estimate for postweaning feed conversion. The 140-d postweaning period was divided into five 28-d periods. Realized heritability estimates for feed conversion by 28-d periods fluctuated greatly and demonstrated no particular pattern. Heritability was highest for the fourth period (between d 85 and 112 of postweaning period, 0.61). Thus, beef producers could successfully select for feed conversion.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.83-88
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• 2003

This study carried out an experimental English pronunciation assessment to see the differences in the relationship between the different rater categories. The result shows that i) correlation between Korean and Native American raters is high(r=.98) enough to be considered reliable, ii) previous instructions about assessment rubric and the knowledge about English phonetics and phonology exert little influence on the rating scores, iii) correlation between the automatic ILT(Interactive Language Tutor) rating using speech recognition technology and Natives' rating is stronger than that between ILT and Koreans' rating.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.206-206
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• 1996

Previous studies of American English(e.g. Sussman 1991, 1993, 1994) CVC coarticulation with initial consonants representing the labial, alveolar, and velar showed a linear relationship that fits to data points formed by plotting onsets of F2 transition along the y-axis and their corresponding midvowel points along the x-axis. The present study extends the locus equation metric to include the following places of articulation:uvular, pharyngeal, laryngeal, and emphatics. The question of interest is to determine if locus equation could serve as phonetic descriptor for the place of articulation in Arabic. Five male native speakers of Colloquial Egyptian Arabic(CEA) read a list of 204 CVC and CVCC words, containing eight different places of articulation and eight vowels. Average of formant patterns(Fl,F2,F3) onsets, midpoints, and offsets were calculated, using wide band spectrograms obtained by means of the kay spectrograph model(7029), and plotted as locus equations. A summary of the acoustic properties of the place of articulation of CEA will be presented in the frames of bVC and CVb. Strong linear regression relationships were found for every place of articulation.

• Korean Journal of English Language and Linguistics
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.123-147
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• 2002

As far as the recent ELT research concerned, it seems to have been no hot ‘theoretical’ issues, but ‘practical’ ones in general: e.g., learners and learning, components of proficiency, correlates of L2 learning, etc. This paper focuses on the theme given above, with a special reference to the sub-title: specifically, 1) World English, world Englishes and world's lingua franca; 2) ENL, ESL and EFL; 3) Grammars, style manuals, dictionaries and media; 4) Pronunciation models: RP, BBC model and General American, Network Standard; 5) Lexical, grammatical variations and discourse grammars; 6) Beliefs and subjective theories in foreign language research; 7) Dilemma among radical, canonical and eclectic views. In conclusion, the author offers a modest proposal: we need to appeal to our own experience, intention, feeling and purpose, that is, our identity to express “our own selves” in our contexts toward the world anywhere, if not sounding authentic enough, but producing it plausibly well. It is time for us (with our ethno-cultural autonomy) to need to be complementary to and parallel with its native speakers' linguistic-cultural authenticity in terms of the broadest mutual understanding.