학교급식 식재료별 시장가격 조사 실태 분석 (Analysis of Surveys to Determine the Real Prices of Ingredients used in School Foodservice)
-
- 대한지역사회영양학회지
- /
- 제26권3호
- /
- pp.188-199
- /
- 2021
본 연구는 현재 영양교사·영양사들의 식재료 가격 조사방법에 대한 실태 및 향후 요구도를 파악하기 위해 진행되었다. 모집단인 전국 11,818개교에서 비례층화 표본방법으로 약 10%의 학교를 추출하였다. 총 1,158개교에 설문지를 배부하였고, 그 중 회수된 439부(회수율 37.9%)는 SPSS(ver 25.0) 통계 프로그램을 이용하여 분석을 진행하였다. 현재 시장가격 조사 방법에 대한 만족도가 낮은 식재료는 공산품(3.26점), 지역산 식재료(3.33점), 수산물(3.34점), 과일류(3.37점), 채소 및 서류(3.38점)로 나타났고, 이 중 공산품을 제외하고는 지역산 식재료를 포함하여 농산물로 대부분 구성되어있다. 식재료 시장가격 조사 시 공산품 7.94시간, 채소 및 서류 6.94시간, 친환경 식재료 6.25시간, 지역산 식재료 6.24시간, 과일류 6.16시간, 수산물 5.75시간 순으로 시간이 소요되며, 이는 식재료 시장가격 조사에 만족도가 낮은 식재료 종류와 중복되는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 또한 현재 학교에서 직접 가격 조사를 시행하는 빈도가 높은 식재료의 경우 공산품 227개교(52.9%), 과일류 168개교(38.5%), 특용작물 165개교(37.8%), 수산물 164개교(38.1%), 채소 및 서류 160개교(36.8%), 난류 144개교(33.3%), 절임가공품 150개교(37.9%)로 나타났다. 더불어 초등학교와 중·고등학교로 구분하여 현재 실시하고 있는 식재료 시장가격 조사 방법을 살펴본 결과, 초등학교는 식량작물, 채소 및 서류, 친환경 식재료, 지역산 식재료의 경우 학교급식지원센터에서 구성한 TFT에서 조사한 자료 사용에 대해 응답한 비율이 가장 높게 나타났으나 중·고등학교의 경우 인근 학교와 공동조사하거나 학교에서 직접 조사하여 활용하는 비율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 향후 원하는 식재료 시장가격 조사 방법을 살펴본 결과, 초등학교의 경우 식량작물, 채소 및 서류, 특용작물, 과일류, 난류, 수산물, 친환경 식재료, 지역산 식재료의 경우 학교급식지원센터에서 구성한 TFT에서 조사한 자료 사용에 대한 요구도가 높은 것으로 나타났으며 축산물, 공산품, 절임가공품은 교육청에서 외부전문기관에 의뢰하여 제공하는 조사자료 사용에 대한 요구도가 높았다. 중·고등학교의 경우 모든 식재료 품목에서 교육(지원)청에서 구성한 TFT에서 조사한 자료 사용에 대한 요구도가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 학교에서는 직접 식재료 시장가격을 조사하기보다는 공신력 있는 외부 기관이나 같은 교육(지원)청 내의 영양교사·영양사와의 협력을 통해 식재료 시장가격 조사에 투입되는 시간이나 비용을 효율적으로 사용하기를 원하는 것으로 판단된다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 시·도 교육청이나 교육지원청에서 구성하여 일괄 조사하거나 공인된 자료를 바탕으로 식재료 시장가격을 조사 및 분석, 외부 전문기관에 의뢰 등의 방법 개선이 필요하며, 각 지역의 학교급식지원센터와 같이 일괄적으로 식재료를 공급하는 곳에서 외부와 가격 비교가 어려운 식재료 품목만이라도 시장가격 공개 혹은 공유가 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 즉, 실제 학교급식에 납품되는 규격, 식재료 납품 단가 등에 대한 비교자료가 존재하지 않는 친환경 및 지역산 식재료의 경우 가격에 대한 평가가 불가능한 상황임을 고려하여, 우선적으로 시·도교육청에서 조사한 결과 혹은 학교급식지역센터에서 제공하는 가격정보를 바탕으로 통합적으로 운영할 수 있는 홈페이지를 운영하는 것이 필요할 것으로 판단된다. 더불어 향후에는 홈페이지를 통해 학교급식에서 사용하는 식재료의 품목 수를 증가시키는 것이 필요하며, 더불어 정보의 질 유지를 위하여 공신력 있는 기관에서 주관하여 운영하거나 위탁하여 운영하는 것이 가장 이상적일 것이라 판단된다. 따라서 본 연구 결과는 학교급식 식재료 시장조사수집에 대한 현주소를 보여줄 수 있는 의미 있는 결과물이 될 것이며, 향후 학교급식 식재료 가격 수집 및 공개방법에 대한 정책마련의 기초자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.
목적: 유방암에 대한 방사선치료의 적정성과 안전성을 보장하고 궁극적으로 치료 효과를 향상시키기 위한 방사선치료 기술 표준화를 위하여 우리나라 전국의 병원을 대상으로 하는 치료 형태 조사연구(Patterns of Care Study)를 계획하였다. 그 첫 단계로 유방보존적 수술 후 시행한 방사선치료 방법에 대하여 조사하고 분석 하였다. 대상 및 방법: 조사하고자 하는 입력 문항을 개발하였고 동시에 인터넷을 통하여 조사자가 직접 입력할 수 있도록 Web 기반 입력 프로그램(www.pcs.re.kr)을 개발하였다. 대상 환자들은 1998년도와 1999년도에 유방보 존술 후 방사선치료를 받은 환자로 전수 조사를 하지 않고 표본 추출하여 조사하였다. 입력 문항은 127개로 병력과 이학적 소견, 수술 소견과 병리 소견, 항암화학요법, 호르몬요법, 방사선치료계획, 방사선치료, 치료 중 부작용, 치료 효과, 합병증, 미용 효과 등 10군으로 나누어져 있다. 15개 병원에서 입력된 261명의 데이터를 분석 하였다. 결과: 연령은 24
A survey was made of 976 students who were selected among students of 5 middle schools at Taegu so that it could furnish basic knowledge about sex education of adolescents by analyzing students recognition of sex, acquaintance with the opposite-sex, sex-education, The survery took a month from Nov. 1, to Nov 30, 1991. The results of this study are summarized as follows. 1. The general characteristics of the surveyed students. The survey consisted of 332 boys middle school student & 325 girls middle school students, 157 male & 162 female students of coeducational middle schools. 32.9% of them were from the first grade, 33.2% from the second grade & 33.9% from the third grade. 35.7% of them believed in Buddhism, 19% Christianism and the mode of their living standard, 86.7%, fell on 34.7% of their parents engaged in commerce and they were followed by salary man and public officals, 93.1 % of the students, parents were alive. 44.9% of their fathers were graduates of high school and 42.2% of their mothers middle school. 2. Sexual maturity 89.1 % of the surveyed girls had experienced menstruation. The mode of first menstruation, 48.2%, was at the age of 13 and the mean of it was 12.9, 3.7% the surveyed boys had exprienced a wet drem before. The mode of the first wet dream, 40.0%, was at the age of 14 and the mean was 13.4. 21.3% of surveyed students had the experience of masturbation but the number of girls fell far short of that boys. The mode of the first masturbation, 37.0%, was at the age of 14 and the mean was 13.4. 3. The acquaintance and sexual relations with the opposite sex 1) Analyzing the students actual conditions with the opposite, I found out that 52.3% of them wanted to have any kind of relations with the opposite and that 30.25 had already had some kind of relations. 73.2% of the students having relations with the opposite thought the other sex merely as a friend and the number of students who were thinking that way was distributed evenly among schools. 28.8% of the students had got acquainted with the other sex through their frieds and there were not much difference between boys and girls in the method of getting acquainated with the opposite. About 35.2% of the students having relations with the opposite came from the third grade. 47.8% of them answered that the meeting place was not fixed and 26.4% answered that they were meeting their parthers outdoors. 60.7% replyed that they were not disturbed in their studies by the relations with the other sex. 2) Most of the students 79.4%, answered that they had never had sexual relations and 16.3% of the rest said that thery were expressing their feelings by grasping each other's hand. 3) 16.6% of the surveyed students asid that they had the exprience of smoking, 1.1 % of an illusion caused by inhaling chemical addhesives, 44.0% of drinking and 41.4% of warching pornographic films. 4. The knowledge and attitude about the sex 1) The distribution and analysis according to schools and grades : 64.8% of the surveyed students answered correctly to the questions about mensturation, 49.3 % did so about wet dreams, 94.3 % did so about conception, 60.6% did so about child birth, 73.9% did so about AIDS and 50.1 % did so about sexual diseases. Roughly speaking, they had not much knowledge of sexual diseases. 2) The recognition of sex according to schools and grades : 39.0% of the students said that they had worries about sex. 33.1 % of what they worried was concerned with their bodies and 26.8% was about the acqaintance and relationship with the opposite sex. The girls were much more concerned about the former and the boys the latter. 51.1 % of the students asid that they had no specific opinion of masturbation but 19.2% said that's alright if self-restrained. About the sexual intercourse before marriage, 75.7% said negatively. 5. The need for sex education most of the students, 99.4% said they needed sex education and there was not much difference in that thought among schools. And 49.7% answered that schools, families, and societies were equlally important in sex education. About half of the students, exactly 50.2%. considered it as the main reason of sex education to prevent accidents cauesd by ignorance of sex. 81.4% said that they had had some kind of sex education. Most of the educations, 87.0%, had taken place at schools but 5.2% said they were getting most of the knowledge about sex from therir friednds, juniors and seniors. 59.5% of the students who had ever had a sex education said "Just so, so" when asked of the level of their contentment but the number of students who said "satisfied" was only a few, 16.1 %. 20.7% of the survered answered that thery wanted sex education to be made in the course of home life, and 26.6 % of the students most wanted to know about the acquaintance and relationship with the oppostie sex, 29.0% preferred nurse teachers as proper councellors of sex education. The mode of their present councellors, 42.0%, was friends but only 7.6% answered they dicussed with teachers. 6. The correlation analysis between general characteristcs and sexual behaviors of the surveyed students revealed that sex had a signigicant(P<0.001) positive correlation with parents' love toward students(P<0.01), the experience of masturbation, smoking, an illusion caused by inhaling chemical adhesives and the experience of watching pornographic films. And the standard of living had a significant(P<0.01) positive correlation(P<0.01) with grade point average, parents' existence(P<0.01) and parents' love, but a significant(P<0.01) negative correlation with sexual worries. grade point average had a significant(P<0.01)negative correlation with the experience of an illusion caused by chemical adhesives(P<0.01) and smoking. Parents' existence had significant(P<0.01) positive correlations with parents' love and smoking but a significant(P<0.01) negative correlation with the experience of an illusion by chemical adhesives. There was a significant(P<0.01) negative correlations between parents' love and the experience of an illusion by chemical adhesives, and a significant(P<0.001) positive correlation among masturbation and sexual worries, smoking, an illusion by chemical adhesives and the experience of watching pornographic films. There was a significant(P<0.001) positive correlation among acquaintance with the opposite sex, smoking, the experience of an illusion by chemical adhesives and watching pornographic films. Sexual worries had significant(P<0.01) positive correlations with smoking, the experience of an illusion by chemical adhesives and watching pornographic films. smoking had a significant positive correlation with drinking the experirence of, an illusion by chemical adhesives and watching pornographic films. Finally, there was a significant(P<0.01) positive correlation between the drinking experience and the illusion experience by chemical adhesives. According to the results mentioned above, the fact is certain that there is a great need for sex education of adolescents. Therefore, it is desirable that the schools teach sexual physiology and normal positively and that sex education including hygien education be an independant course in the curriculums. Furthermore, it is essential that the schools should have enough nurse teachers to take up sex education, expand training opportunities for them and that they develop educational materials. Considering the unbalance of the level of sex educations between boys and girls, I want to suggest that all boys and girls have sex education evenly and lead happy lives by correction irrational thought about sex, that is to say, sex discrimination, Sex education programs, especially of middle school students, should be reexamined if it is to give the students effective and profitable knowledge about sex. In addition, the government should establish a policy of adolescents' sex education to have healthy opinions of sex settled nationwide.
The success of the family planning program in Korea is reflected in the decrease in the growth rate from 3.0% in 1962 to 2.0% in 1971, and in the decrease in the fertility rate from 43/1,000 in 1960 to 29/1,000 in 1970. However, it would be erroneous to attribute these reductions entirely to the family planning program. Other socio-economic factors, such as the increasing age at marriage and the increasing use of induced abortions, definitely had an impact on the lowered growth and fertility rate. Despite the relative success of the program to data in meeting its goals, there is no room for complacency. Meeting the goal of a further reduction in the population growth rate to 1.3% by 1981 is a much more difficult task than any one faced in the past. Not only must fertility be lowered further, but the size of the target population itself will expand tremendously in the late seventies; due to the post-war baby boom of the 1950's reaching reproductive ages. Furthermore, it is doubtful that the age at marriage will continue to rise as in the past or that the incidence of induced abortion will continue to increase. Consequently, future reductions in fertility will be more dependent on the performance of the national family planning program, with less assistance from these non-program factors. This paper will describe various approaches to help to the solution of these current problems. 1. PRACTICE RATE IN FAMILY PLANNING In 1973, the attitude (approval) and knowledge rates were quite high; 94% and 98% respectively. But a large gap exists between that and the actual practice rate, which is only 3695. Two factors must be considered in attempting to close the KAP-gap. The first is to change social norms, which still favor a larger family, increasing the practice rate cannot be done very quickly. The second point to consider is that the family planning program has not yet reached all the eligible women. A 1973 study determineded that a large portion, 3096 in fact, of all eligible women do not want more children, but are not practicing family planning. Thus, future efforts to help close the KAP-gap must focus attention and services on this important large group of potential acceptors. 2. CONTINUATION RATES Dissatisfaction with the loop and pill has resulted in high discontinuation rates. For example, a 1973 survey revealed that within the first six months initial loop acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts, and that within the first four months of inital pill acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts. These discontinuation rates have risen over the past few years. The high rate of discontinuance obviously decreases the contraceptive effectiveness. and has resulted in many unwanted births which is directly related to the increase of induced abortions. In the future, the family planning program must emphasize the improved quality of initial and follow-up services. rather than more quantity, in order to insure higher continuation rates and thus more effective contraceptive protection. 3. INDUCED ABORTION As noted earlier. the use of induced abortions has been increase yearly. For example, in 1960, the average number of abortions was 0.6 abortions per women in the 15-44 age range. By 1970. that had increased to 2 abortions per women. In 1966. 13% of all women between 15-44 had experienced at least one abortion. By 1971, that figure jumped to 28%. In 1973 alone, the total number of abortions was 400,000. Besides the ever incre.sing number of induced abortions, another change has that those who use abortions have shifted since 1965 to include- not. only the middle class, but also rural and low-income women. In the future. in response to the demand for abortion services among rural and low-income w~men, the government must provide and support abortion services for these women as a part of the national family planning program. 4. TARGET SYSTIi:M Since 1962, the nationwide target system has been used to set a target for each method, and the target number of acceptors is then apportioned out to various sub-areas according to the number of eligible couples in each area. Because these targets are set without consideration for demographic factors, particular tastes, prejudices, and previous patterns of acceptance in the area, a high discontinuation rate for all methods and a high wastage rate for the oral pill and condom results. In the future. to alleviate these problems of the methodbased target system. an alternative. such as the weighted-credit system, should be adopted on a nation wide basis. In this system. each contraceptive method is. assigned a specific number of points based upon the couple-years of protection (CYP) provided by the method. and no specific targets for each method are given. 5. INCREASE OF STERILIZA.TION TARGET Two special projects. the hospital-based family planning program and the armed forces program, has greatly contributed to the increasing acceptance in female and male sterilization respectively. From January-September 1974, 28,773 sterilizations were performed. During the same time in 1975, 46,894 were performed; a 63% increase. If this trend continues, by the end of 1975. approximately 70,000 sterilizations will have been performed. Sterilization is a much better method than both the loop and pill, in terms of more effective contraceptive protection and the almost zero dropout rate. In the future, the. family planning program should continue to stress the special programs which make more sterilizations possible. In particular, it should seek to add the laparoscope techniques to facilitate female sterilization acceptance rates. 6. INCREASE NUMBER OF PRIVATE ACCEPTORS Among the current family planning users, approximately 1/3 are in the private sector and thus do not- require government subsidy. The number of private acceptors increases with increasing urbanization and economic growth. To speed this process, the government initiated the special hospital based family planning program which is utilized mostly by the private sector. However, in the future, to further hasten the increase of private acceptors, the government should encourage doctors in private practice to provide family planning services, and provide the contraceptive supplies. This way, those do utilize the private medical system will also be able to receive family planning services and pay for it. Another means of increasing the number of private acceptors, IS to greatly expand the commercial outlets for pills and condoms beyond the existing service points of drugstores, hospitals, and health centers. 7. IE&C PROGRAM The current preferred family size is nearly twice as high as needed to achieve a stable poplation. Also, a strong boy preference hinders a small family size as nearly all couples fuel they must have at least one or more sons. The IE&C program must, in the future, strive to emphasize the values of the small family and equality of the sexes. A second problem for the IE&C program to work. with in the: future is the large group of people who approves family planning, want no more children, but do not practice. The IE&C program must work to motivate these people to accept family planning And finally, for those who already practice, an IE&C program in the future must stress continuation of use. The IE&C campaign, to insure highest effectiveness, should be based on a detailed factor analysis of contraceptive discontinuance. In conclusion, Korea faces a serious unfavorable sociodemographic situation- in the future unless the population growth rate can be curtailed. And in the future, the decrease in fertility will depend solely on the family planning program, as the effect of other socio-economic factors has already been maximumally felt. A second serious factor to consider is the increasing number of eligible women due to the 1950's baby boom. Thus, to meet these challenges, the program target must be increased and the program must improve the effectiveness of its current activities and develop new programs.