• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.283-292
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• 2005

This study investigated the effects of naringin, and chitosan in rabbits' corneas. Naringin, a glycone of naringenin, is a widely distributed bioflavonoid in the grapefruit and citrus peel, and it has already been reported as an antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer agent. It has been used as a food preservatives and cosmetics. One of the natural preservatives, chitosan has also used in food preservatives, health drinks, and teas. Chitosan is distributed in the epithelium of crustacea, insects, and fungi. Naringin and chitosan have no harmful effects of cytotoxicity in the human body and they are recognized as an antibacterial for various forms of bacteria. The purpose of this study is to search for the ideal percentage of natural products to substitute the chemical preservatives occuring within the cornea and conjunctiva cytotoxicity and inflammations as wearing on soft contact lens. The present study compared the morphology of corneal epithelium and endothelium observed by light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In vivo methods, We investigated the effects of natural preservatives on soft contact lens. We inserted 3-4 drops of the naringin and chitosan, directly on rabbits' corneas 4 times per a day during one week. After enucleation of cornea, morphorgical damages of the epithelium and endothelium were observed by LM and TEM. In view of ultrastructure, chitosan caused siginficant damage on the epithelium and endothelium of cornea. The damage of cells was higher in chitosan treated cornea than 0.01, 0.1, and 1% of naringin. The 1% of naringin also expressed cell damage seriously. The results suggest that the most important thing is to use the reasonable percentage of preservatives for contact lens solutions.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.351-356
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• 2011

Citrus unshiu (C. unshiu) Markovich were dried peel of mandarin orange, of which fresh fruit was one of the famous foods in Korea and Eastern Asia. In the oriental medicine, C. unshiu peel was known to have a diuretic effect and to strengthen spleen function. Recently, natural flavonoids of C. unshiu peel have been investigated. In this study, C. unshiu peel extract containing flavonoid-glycosides was cultured with Schizophyllum commune (S. commune) mycelia producing ${\beta}$-glu- cosidase and its biological activities were investigated. ${\beta}$-glucosidase of S. commune mycelia converted the flavonoid-glycosides (rutin and hesperidin) into aglycones (naringenin and hesperetin). Fermented C. unshiu peel extract compounds were analyzed by HPLC system. The photoprotective potential of fermented C. unshiu peel extract was tested in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) exposed to UVA. Fermented C. unshiu peel extract extract also showed notable in vitro anti-inflammatory effect on cellular systems generating cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) metabolites. Also, UVB-induced production of interleukin-$1{\alpha}$ in human HaCaT cells was reduced in a dose-dependent manner by treatment with fermented C. unshiu peel extract. These results suggest that fermented C. unshiu peel extract may mitigate the effects of photoaging in skin by reducing UV-induced adverse skin reaction.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.191-202
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• 2004

82 species of Korean medicinal plants were measured to their SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity, total phenol and individual phenol compounds. The SOD activity of medicinal plants was varied from 3.67% to 48.3%, and especially, 4 species including Polygala tenuifolia Willd. showed activity over 40% higher than other species. The 16 individual phenol compounds concentrations have a severe variation in medicinal plants. Codonopsis lanceolata is the highest concentration $(12,176\;{\mu}g/g)$, and 10 species including Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch were showed to concentrations more than $1,000\;{\mu}g/g$. And also, salicylic acid was generally found in many plants, but trans-cinnamic acid, naringenin and kampferol was little found in plants. The total phenol by Folin-Dennis methods showed a respectively variation $(3{\sim}249.731\;{\mu}g/g)$ in 82 medicinal plants, and 7 species including Astragalus membranaceus showed low total phenol concentrations less than $10\;{\mu}g/g$. In conclusion, we expect that selecting medicinal plants with high biological activity might develop to chemicals related to antioxidants, as well as these become most popular substance at many industrial materials, and suggest to more researchs in future.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.11
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• pp.1783-1791
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• 2013

This study is investigated to evaluate the enhancement of antioxidant compound and activity of rough rice with different germination periods and high pressure treatment. The subject was germinated at $37^{\circ}C$ for 6 days (HP0), and then the germinated rough rice were subjected to 30 MPa for 24 hr (HP24) and 48 hr (HP48), respectively. HP0, HP24 and HP48 samples were prepared and extracted with 80% ethanol. The highest total polyphenol contents (5.15 mg/g) occurred in treating at HP48 after germination for 5 days. The total phenolic acid contents including gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, ${\rho}$-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, salicylic acid, naringin, myricetin, trans-cinnamic acid, naringenin and kaempferol increased from $37.26{\sim}204.32{\mu}g/g$ at HP0 to $77.29{\sim}283.05{\mu}g/g$ at HP48. In antioxidant activity analyses, HP48 extracts showed higher values in ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power, and $Fe^{2+}$ iron chelating effect than those of the HP24 and HP0 extracts. These results suggest that the combined treatment of high pressure treatment and germination process efficiently enhanced antioxidant compound and activity of rough rice.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Citrus and its peels have been used in Asian folk medicine due to abundant flavonoids and usage of citrus peels, which are byproducts from juice and/or jam processing, may be a good strategy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of bioconversion of Jeju Hallabong tangor (Citrus kiyomi ${\times}$ ponkan; CKP) peels with cytolase (CKP-C) in RAW 264.7 cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: Glycosides of CKP were converted into aglycosides with cytolase treatment. RAW 264.7 cells were pre-treated with 0, 100, or $200{\mu}g/ml$ of citrus peel extracts for 4 h, followed by stimulation with $1{\mu}g/ml$ lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 8 h. Cell viability, DPPH radical scavenging activity, nitric oxide (NO), and prostagladin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) production were examined. Real time-PCR and western immunoblotting assay were performed for detection of mRNA and/or protein expression of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines, respectively. RESULTS: HPLC analysis showed that treatment of CKP with cytolase resulted in decreased flavanone rutinoside forms (narirutin and hesperidin) and increased flavanone aglycoside forms (naringenin and hesperetin). DPPH scavenging activities were observed in a dose-dependent manner for all of the citrus peel extracts and CKP-C was more potent than intact CKP. All of the citrus peel extracts decreased NO production by inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity and $PGE_2$ production by COX-2. Higher dose of CKP and all CKP-C groups significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression of LPS-stimulated iNOS. Only $200{\mu}g/ml$ of CKP-C markedly decreased mRNA and protein expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Both 100 and $200{\mu}g/ml$ of CKP-C notably inhibited mRNA levels of $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$) and IL-6, whereas $200{\mu}g/ml$ CKP-C significantly inhibited mRNA levels of $TNF-{\alpha}$. CONCLUSIONS: This result suggests that bioconversion of citrus peels with cytolase may enrich aglycoside flavanones of citrus peels and provide more potent functional food materials for prevention of chronic diseases attributable to oxidation and inflammation by increasing radical scavenging activity and suppressing pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.599-605
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Citrus flavonoids have a variety of physiological properties such as anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-cancer, and anti-obesity. We investigated whether bioconversion of Citrus unshiu with cytolase (CU-C) ameliorates the anti-adipogenic effects by modulation of adipocyte differentiation and lipid metabolism in 3T3-L1 cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: Glycoside forms of Citrus unshiu (CU) were converted into aglycoside forms with cytolase treatment. Cell viability of CU and CU-C was measured at various concentrations in 3T3L-1 cells. The anti-adipogenic and lipolytic effects were examined using Oil red O staining and free glycerol assay, respectively. We performed real time-polymerase chain reaction and western immunoblotting assay to detect mRNA and protein expression of adipogenic transcription factors, respectively. RESULTS: Treatment with cytolase decreased flavanone rutinoside forms (narirutin and hesperidin) and instead, increased flavanone aglycoside forms (naringenin and hesperetin). During adipocyte differentiation, 3T3-L1 cells were treated with CU or CU-C at a dose of 0.5 mg/ml. Adipocyte differentiation was inhibited in CU-C group, but not in CU group. CU-C markedly suppressed the insulin-induced protein expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein ${\alpha}$ ($C/EBP{\alpha}$) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$) as well as the mRNA levels of $CEBP{\alpha}$, $PPAR{\gamma}$, and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c). Both CU and CU-C groups significantly increased the adipolytic activity with the higher release of free glycerol than those of control group in differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. CU-C is particularly superior in suppression of adipogenesis, whereas CU-C has similar effect to CU on stimulation of lipolysis. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that bioconversion of Citrus unshiu peel extracts with cytolase enhances aglycoside flavonoids and improves the anti-adipogenic metabolism via both inhibition of key adipogenic transcription factors and induction of adipolytic activity.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.135-142
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• 2018

We investigated the influence of germination and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment conditions on the conversion of functional compounds and antioxidant activity in adzuki bean. The adzuki bean germinated at $25^{\circ}C$ for three- or six-days, and was later subjected to HHP at 0.1, 50, 100, or 150 MPa for 24 h. The highest polyphenol content (5.36 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g) and flavonoid content (0.91 mg catechin equivalents (CE)/g) were observed after germination for six days and HHP treatment at 100 MPa for 24 h, respectively. The total phenolic acid contents increased with increasing applied pressure from 88.86 to $208.26{\mu}g/g$ (100MPa, 24h). Phenolic acids are divided into two categories; those that exhibit increased content upon HHP treatment, and those that exhibit decreased content. The increasing phenolic acids were gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, (+)-catechin, ${\rho}-coumaric$ acid, ferulic acid, heperidin, salicylic acid, protocatechuic acid, cinnamic acid, naringenin. The total anthocyanin content decreased with increasing applied pressure from 22.42 mg/100 g to 6.28 mg/100 g (150 MPa, 24 h). The highest ABTS radical scavenging activity (8.02 mg eq AA/g) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (1.22 eq Trolox/g) were observed after germination for six days and HHP treatment at 100MPa for 24h, respectively. These results suggested that the combination of HHP and germination can lead to improved functionality in adzuki bean.

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.198-205
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• 2004

Cytochrome P4501B1(CYP1B1) is known to be inducible by xenobiotic compounds such as policyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) and dioxins such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin(TCDD). And these induction of CYP1B1 is also regulated by many categories of chemicals. In order to investigate the effects of several chemicals on CYP1B1 gene expression in Hepa-I and MCF-7 cells, 5' flanking DNA of human CYP1B1 was cloned into pGL3 basic vector containing luciferase gene, and then transfected into these cells. After treatment of chemicals, the luciferase activity was measured. CYP1B1 enzyme metabolize PAHs and estradiol. CYP1B1 metabolize estradiol to 4-hydrozyestradiol that is considered as carcinogenic metabolite. Recent industrialized industrialized society, human has been widely been exposed to widespread environmental contaminants such as PAHs(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon) that are originated from the imcomplete combustion of hydrocarbons. PAHs are known to be ligands of the AhR(aryl hydrocarbon receptor). Induction of cytochrome P4501B1(CYP1B1) in cell culture is widely used as a biomarker for PAHs. Therefore we have studied the effect of PAHs in the human breast cancer cells MCF-7 to evaluate bioactivity of PAHs. We have used the United State of America EPA selected 13 different PAHs, PAHs mixtures and extracts from environmental samples to evaluate the bioassay system. We examined effects of PAHs on the CYP1B1-luciferase reporter gene and CYP1B1 mRNA level. Benzo(k)fluoranthene and dibenzo(a, h)anthracene showed strong response to CYP1B1 promoter activity stimulation, and also CYP1B1 mRNAs increase in MCF-7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. RT-PCR analysis indicated that PAHs significantly up-regulate the level of CYP1B1 mRNA. Some flavonoids such as genistein, daidzein, chrysin, naringenin and morin were also investigeted. These flavonoids decreased B(k)F infuced luciferase activity at low concentration. But, these flavonoids exhibited stimulatory effect at high concentration.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2012

In this study, the optimum conditions of fermentation were determined by isolating the microorganisms with the ability to bioconvert the Citrus peel flavonoid, and the effect of the fermented Citrus peel extract which was bioconverted on the oxidative damage of HIT-T15 cell was investigated. The Aureobasidium pullulans Y-12 was isolated and identified with the strains having bioconversion activity. The fermentation conditions for bioconversion activity were confirmed to be optimal when culturing for three days at $25^{\circ}C$, 150 rpm in a culture medium containing 5% Citrus peel power and 0.8% casitone. As a result of bioconversion, 32.8 mg/g and 21.5 mg/g of naringenin and hesperetin, which were aglycone flavones, were produced respectively. Also in the flavonoid content, it was confirmed that FCP produced 154.8 mg/g while CP produced 33.7 mg/g, thus producing more by approximately 4.6 times. As a result of treating FCP and CP after inducing the oxidative damage for HIT-T15 cell by treating the deoxy-D-ribose with $IC_{50}$ (38 mM) concentration, the surviving rate was recovered to 90% for FCP treatments in the 0.01 mg/mL concentration and for CP treatments in the 0.025 mg/mL concentration. Also in the insulin secretion rate, FCP treatments increased by 206% and CP treatments by 132% when treated in the 0.1 mg/mL concentration. As the bioconverted FCP can inhibit the oxidative damage of HIT-T15 cell in the low concentration, it was considered its usability as the functional material for prevention of the type 2 diabetes.